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正反译法

正反译法
正反译法

Review

1.The last person to be speaking about terrorism is the representative of country A.

最没有资格谈论恐怖主义问题的人就是A国的代表。

2.What, if any, effect do you feel the imports of Canadian gas will have on the

American producer?

你觉得进口加拿大的天然气对美国生产者可能产生什么影响吗?

3.他是一位中国现代优秀作家

He is an outstanding contemporary Chinese writer.

[误译分析]

【原文】 The roofs loomed in front of them with starting clarity.

暗礁在他们面前令人吃惊地清楚,时隐时现。

【改译】暗礁在他们面前隐隐呈现,看得越清楚就越感到毛骨悚然

英语句子经常使用连词、关系代词、关系副词、短语中又包括介词短语、动名词短语、分词短语、不定式短语等,汉语如果照译,读者可能不知所云。按照汉语习惯,可将这些英语特有的结构转译为短句。例如:

1.The idea of a fish being able to generate electricity strong enough to light

small bulbs, even to run an electric motor, is almost unbelievable.

鱼能发电,其强度足以点亮小灯泡,甚至能开动马达,这简直是令人难以置信

的。

2.Flooded with calls, the company is maximizing profits by handling in-city runs.

要车的人太多了,公司便只接来往于市区的生意,这样好多多赚钱。

【翻译技巧】转句译法 Conversion of words or phrases into sentences

有些词和各种短语所含的语义是相当的丰富,但是单靠换序、转性等方法还是

不能表达原文的真实含义,而要把原文的内容连词形式一起翻译成汉语几乎不

可能的,因此,不得不把这些词、词组转译成句子,称为转句译法。

1.Pressure of work has somewhat delayed my answer.

由于工作很忙,答复稍迟了一些。(主语转句)

2.Another hour’s ride will bring us to the village.

只要再行车一小时,我们就可以到达那个小村庄。(主语转句)

3.After an hour, the trail took them by a low, spreading tree strung thickly

with beads.

走了一个时辰光景,他们走到了一颗矮矮的枝繁叶茂的树旁,树上密密麻麻地挂满了念珠。(定语转句)

4.Nixon was greatly impressed by Stassen’s firm handshake.

史塔生紧紧的和他握手,尼克松对这一点印象很深刻。(逻辑主语转句)5.Heat is required to change ice to water.

冰变成水,就需要热。(不定式转句)

6.Illogically, she had expected some kind of miracle solution.

她满想会有某些奇迹般的解决办法,这是不合情理的事(状语转句)

7.Otitis is a frequent affection during infancy and early childhood, attacks

usually occurring in the cold season.

耳炎是婴儿和幼龄儿童的一种常见病,疾病发作通常出现在寒冷季节(状语转句)

8.He accused her of talking childish nonsense, not fluttering to the

intelligence of her audience.

他责备她讲了一些幼稚的废话,把听众当傻瓜看待。(状语转句)

9.“I t’s very bad, madam, obviously”

情况很不好,夫人,这是很明显的。插入语语转句

10.He was a tall, thin, elegant man with the air of thorough-bred.

他身材修长,温文尔雅,风度翩翩。定语转句

11.He crashed down on a protesting chair.

他猛然坐到一把椅子上,椅子被压得吱吱作响。定语转句

12.The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on

the inside.

虹有各种色彩,外圈红,内圈紫。介词短语转句

在汉译英时,原文若是形容词短语,名词性短语,数量词或介词短语,译文时常常采用系表结构,变短语为短句。

1.他们一定知道,这种打字机轻便高效,经久耐用,经济实惠,适合高中

生使用。

You are well aware that this type of typewriter is portable and durable, economical and practical for high school students.

2.金牌脾气床垫工艺先进,结构新颖,造型美观,款式繁多,舒适大方,

携带方便。

The Colden Cup brand air-filled cushion are made in advanced

technology. With novel structure, beautiful shape and various patterns, they are comfortable and convenient to carry.

3.他像大海捞针一样,在茫茫黑夜里寻找金色的梦。

Ile reached for his golden dream in the pitch dark of the night. It was just like fishing for a needle in the ocean.状语转句

4.冬天,快过阴历年的时候,余永泽从外面抱回许多好吃的东西。

It was winter. Not long before the Lunar New Year, Yu Yongze came home loaded with parcels.状语转句

句子转换成短语

1.的确,散文比诗容易写,但有必要下翻功夫,才能写好。

It is true that prose is easier to write than verse. But to write

prose well, we still have to make an effort.

2.目前下岗职工安排工作还有一定困难,具有高新技术的劳动力同样

感到不足。

At present, we still have difficulties in the replacement of laid-off

workers, in addition to a shortage of high-tech labor force.

翻译练习

1.His friends in the audience shout him to read the plaque.

Frozen on the stage, Bill cannot.

2.He arrived in Washington at a ripe moment internationally.

3.The very short wavelengths of ultrasound make a great

difference in what ordinary sound waves can do.

4.Fossils are early plants or animals once buried in the earth,

now hardened like rock.

5.Spring has so much more than speech in its unfolding flowers

and leaves, and the coursing of its streams, and in its sweet

restless seeking!(The Apple Tree)

第三节正反译法 Affirmative vs Negative

[误译分析]

【原文】All these metals are not good conductors.

[原译]这些金属都不是良导体

【改译】这些金属并不都是良导体

【基础知识】英汉否定的比较与翻译

Comparison of English and Chinese Negatives and their

Translation

“Are you not going tomorrow?”

“No, I’m not going.”

英语在表达否定概念方面,从词汇手段到表达方式都与汉语有

很大区别。词汇方面,英语表示否定的词比汉语多,按词分

类,有名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词等。按

意义分类,有全部否定、部分否定、双重否定。就表达方式来

说,有用单词或词组表示的,也有用特殊结构表示的。有些单

词或词组还有一些特殊的习惯用法。

此外,不少英语句子在形式上时肯定的,而实际上是否定的,

或在形式上式否定的,而实际上是肯定的,

翻译时,必须先彻底理解这些句子的内在含义,然后选择恰当

的正译或反译将其意义准确地表达出来。

一、全部否定 full negatives

英语表示全部否定的词有not, no, never, none, nobody, nothing,

nowhere, neither…nor等,翻译时要注意这些词在句子中的位置和它们与其他词组成的习惯用语,例如

1.Matter can neither be created nor be destroyed.

物质既不能生又不能灭。

2.There is no denying the facts.

不能否认这些事实。

二、部分否定 partial negatives

英语中,在谓语动词前面的not,有时并非否定谓语动词,而是否定

其他成分;而汉语中的否定词,如“不”,“非”,“没有”等都直接放在被否定词的前面。翻译时应加倍小心。例如

3.I don’t remember all their names.

我没有把他们的名字全部记住。

比较:I remember none of their names.

他们的名字我全都不记得了。

三、双重否定 double negatives

双重否定是一种富于修辞作用的语法结构,起强调和加强语气的作

用。英语的双重否定往往借助 no doubt, no wonder, nothing but,

nothing more than, no/not ….without, not …beyond等词语或短

语。译成汉语要表现得明确而有力,可译成汉语的双重否定句,但有些应译成汉语的肯定句。例如

4.He is too sensitive not to notice that.

他那么敏感,不会不注意到的。

5.His theory is not unobjectionable.

他的学说并非没有可以反驳之处

四、正说与反说 Affirmative and Negative

正说就是把英语的否定形式,用汉语的肯定形式来表达;反说就是英语的肯定形式,用汉语的否定形式来表达。例如

6.Says a Pentagon officer with with undisguised delight:“I

think it's great. It tickles me to death”

五角大楼有个军官喜形于色地说道:“这事真妙,都快把我乐死

了”正说

7.That the British and American governments remained

unperturbed was due in great part to a unique service provided

by British Broadcasting Corporation.

当时,英美政府之所以能够保持镇定自若,主要是由于英国广播

公司提供了一项很不寻常的服务。反说

五、英语中表示否定可以通过两种方法,一是借助词汇,二是借助结构和表

达方式。在借助词汇方面,英语中在表达否定是除了用上述词汇之

外,还有:

动词:fail, deny, defy, miss, lack, ignore, refuse, neglect, overlook,

exclude, withhold, refrain, prevent.

名词:absence, omission, failure, refusal, lack, ignorance, neglect,

exclusion, denial, scarcity

形容词: missing , ignorant, free from, far from, safe from, short

of , blind to, deaf to , dead to ,

副词或短语:otherwise, no longer

连词:but, without, above, except, beyond, instead of, in place of,

out of , anything but

前后缀:no-, dis-, nor-, un-, in-, -less

在借助结构和表达方面,英语中常用、比较结构迂回说法和赌咒、感叹的方式来表示否定。

常见的可用于表示否定意义的比较结构有

more…than…can ,more...than…,…other than …,…rather than …,

would rather… than …, know better than + to do sth等,这类比较

结构是使用形容词、副词的比较级及其其他形式,通过than把需要

否定的部分引出,另外,all..not.., both…not.., not…because..也常

用于表示否定的含义。

采用迂回的说法表示否定是指不直接说出“不”字,而是通过种种方式暗示出否定的含义,英语形式上为肯定,但暗含否定的意思,通常使用下列方法,使用the last, the least, the limit等含有极限意义的

词;above, beneath, beyond等超越某种界限意义的介词与名词或代

词搭配;使用too..to,或too..for..结构来表示“太…..而不。。。”这样的否定意义。

8.I’ll see you dead before that happens.

我绝不同意

9.The little bridge is anything but safe.

小桥极不安全

从以上论述可以看出,英语表示否定意义的方式比汉语丰富得多,在翻译时要充分考虑译语的习惯,利用译语的特色,尽量使译文准确、地道、易懂

【翻译技巧】正反译法

Affirmative vs negative

由于英汉两种语言习惯不同,在肯定与否定的表达上也常常不同。英语中正说的句子翻译成汉语时,可能不得不处理成反说,或者正说反说均可,知识处理成反说更好一些,反之亦然,这种把正说处理成反说,把反说处理成正说的译法,就是正反译法

英语中含有never, not , non- , un- , im-, ir-, il- ,-less等词或成分,汉语中含有不、没有、非、无、末、别、甭、莫、勿,毋等词的为“反说”,不含这些词或成分的为“正说”

英语中反说被处理成汉语中的正说:

1.Don’t make your conclusion before the end of the year.

到年底再下结论吧。

2.The train coming from Moscow will arrive in no time.

来自莫斯科的列车很快到达

3.The windows of that room were never open.

那个房间的窗户总是关着的。

英语中肯定形式被处理成汉译中的否定形式:

4.The world today is far from peaceful.

今天的世界很不安宁

5.Mr. White has refrained from making any official comment

on the coup in that country

怀特先生并没有对该国的政变发表正式评论。

6.She was the last person that I expected to see.

她是我最不想见的人

7.It was more than I could bear.

这非我所能忍受的。

英语中的双重否定被处理成汉译中的肯定形式

8.Today we cannot walk a few steps with noticing advertising.

今天我们只要走几步路,一定会注意到两旁的广告。

9.No pains, no gains.

一分耕耘,一分收获。

大多数情况下,汉语的否定形式是可以译成英语的否定形式

的。

1.现在装一台电视机并不难。

Nowadays it is not difficult to assemble a TV set.

将汉语的否定形式译成英语的肯定形式:英语中表示否定并不一定使用否定词no, not, nor, neither, never等来否定谓语,多少时候往往借助其他含有否定意义的词类来否定句子的某个成分。

例如

2.她抱怨名单上没有她的名字

She complained about the omission of her name from the list.

3.在收据尚未签字之前不得付款。

Before the receipt has been signed, the money must not be

paid.

4.那座大楼处于无人管理的状态

That building is in a state of neglect

5.他们不准小孩入内

They excluded children(from) getting in.

6.我们还没到达机场,飞机就已经起飞了

The plane had taken off before we arrived at the airport.

将汉语的肯定形式译成英语的否定形式:

7.这些细菌要在温度达到一百摄氏度时才会死亡

These bacteria will not die until the temperature reaches 100℃

8.他们工作时总是互相帮助

They never work without helping each other.

9.他一直希望自己能成为老板的助手。

The idea that he should become an assistant to his boss has

never deserted him.

10.她光着脚走进房间

She came into the room with on shoes on.

11.孩子现在完全能自己走路了。

The kid can walk without any help now.

在翻译中,除了部分否定以外,还有一种否定现象要特别注意,这就是实际表示否定意义的双重否定。一般来说,双重否定等于肯定(否定之否定等于肯定:Two noes make a yes),但作为一种粗俗英语或亚标准英语,一直被以英语为母语的人,特别是英语国家的不少劳动人民所使用,表示强调否定之义。这种双重否定的语言现象在不少书中,如马克吐温的The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn一书中使用得很多。遇到这类句子,一定要认真研究上下文,弄清到底肯定还是否定。如果是一种亚标准英语,就不要译成肯定形式。

1.We never thought of nothing wrong.

[正译] 我们从来没有想到有什么错误。

【误译】我从来都想到了有错误。

2.They would not eat themselves, and would not let others neither.

他们自己不吃(东西),也不让别人吃(东西)。

第四节语态变换法

Conversion of Voices

[基础知识]无灵名词作主语时的汉译

Translation of English unanimated subjects

英语把表示有生命事物的名词称为“有灵名词”(Animate Nouns),如boy,researcher,engineer等把表示无生命事物的名词称为“无灵名词”(Unanimate Nouns),如rock,clothes,earthquake等。

用无灵名词作主语,是英语中常用的表达手段,着力突出事物、事件及过程本身,而不需要有意避免指出实际动作或思维动作的动词,却通过“拟人”或“隐喻”的手段,越来越多地被借来与主语的无灵名词连用试比较下列A、B两组句子,同一个词,用A组无灵名词作主语的句中,表示隐喻意义;用于B组有灵名词作主语的句子,则表示动词的基本意义。

1. A. The scheme promises well.这个计划大有希望。

B. They promised and immediate reply.他们答应立即回复。

2. A. The weather favored our voyage. 天气有利于我们航行。

B. A teacher should not favor a new of his pupils while discriminating against

others. 老师不该偏爱少数学生,而歧视其他学生。

3. A. The drain just refused to work。排水管就是不通。

B. The horse refused to jump the wall.这马拒绝跳墙。

翻译“隐喻”的动词,必须根据上下文的内在联系,结合具体语言环境来确定其词义。

现代汉语受西方语言的影响,或因修辞的需要,用无灵名词作主语的句子比过去多了些,但还是不能滥用,要严格以拟人化的用法有限,切忌超出拟人的范围。

4.An earthquake comes like a thief in the night, without warning.

地震到来,犹如夜贼,不宣而至。

5.Rome witnessed many great historic events.

罗马城目睹过许多重大的历史事件。

【翻译技巧】语态变换法

英语中,被动语态使用广泛,这是区别于汉语的又一特点。凡是不必说出施事者,不愿说出施事者,不知施事者是谁,或者便于上下文的衔接等原因,均用

被动语态。科技英语被动语态用得多,是应为被动结构主观成分很少,更注重客观事实;更能突出主要论证,说明对象,引人注目;而且在许多情况下,英语被动语态比主动语态更加简短。

汉语中被动语态用的少,是因为汉语往往将宾语提前作为说话的主题,而在动词上暗示被动语气,即用词汇手段来表示被动。汉语使用被动结构时,大部分情况下要求施事者出现,否则就用主动加结构,例如

1.We haven’t been told about it

没有人通知我们这件事。(施事者出现在译文中)

2.It must be dealt with at the appropriate time with appropriate means.

这件事必须在适当的时候,用适当的手段予以处理(用词汇手段便是被动)

被动语态的翻译有以下几种方法:

一、按原句顺序翻译

用被、由、受、给、遭、挨、加以、为…..所….等表示被动意义例

如:

3.All the buildings were destroyed in a big fire.

所有建筑均被大火焚毁。

4.The patient is being operated on by the doctor.

病人正在由医生手术。

5.Like the Los Angeles Olympics, Mexico’s World Cup is funded by private

businesses.

同洛杉矶奥运会一样,墨西哥世界杯大赛也是由私人企业出钱赞助的。

6.Such records can be made use of immediately while the radiosonde is

ascending and descending.

当无线电高空控制测候器升降时,这些记录就立即可以得到利用。

二、译文不需使用表示被动的词,而用一个概念的动词表示主动,代替

被动概念的动词,而被动为主动,例如:

分译法

翻译技巧第六节分译法 英汉两种语言的语法和表达习惯存在很多差异。因此在翻译中既保留原文结构,又忠实于原文意思往往会有困难。当二者不可兼得时,往往改变原文结构,保留原文意思。为达到这一目的,常用的方法之一是分译法,即把原文的某个成分从原文的结构中分离出来,译成另一成分。例如英文句子We tried in vain to persuade her to give up her wrong idea. 可以分译为“我们尽力劝说她放弃错误的观|点,但是没有成功”。原文中的in vain是介词短语作状语,意思是“徒劳地(做某事)”,如果该句翻译为“我们徒劳地尽力劝说她放弃错误的观点”,不仅意思含糊,而且句子也不符合汉语表达习惯。把它分译出来,意思清楚,句子流畅。 无论是英译汉,还是汉译英,都存在分译的问题。处理分译的原则是,把原文中较长的句子成分,或者不易安排的句子成分分出来另作处理,一般译为短语或独立结构。分译得当可以使译文在意思上忠实原文,结构上层次分明,语言简练明确。就分译成分的结构而言,分译大体可以分为单词的分译、短语的分译和句子的分译三种情况。 一、英语单词的分译 单词分译指的是把原文中的一个单词译成一个独立成分、从句或并列成分。 (一)单词词义分译 英语有些单词一个词里包含几个语义成分。译成汉语时,很难找到合适的对等词,将其词义一下全部表达出来。这种情况下,汉译时可采用分译法分译英语原文,将其语义成分分布到几个不同的词语上。例如: (1)The little girl twirled mechanically a ribbon of her cap around one of her fingers. 这个小女孩老是把帽子上的一段绸带在手指上绕过来,绕过去。 此句中mechanically分作三处译出,即“老是”,绕“过来”,绕“过去”,使译文生动,意思完整。 (2)The maidservant inspected the dressing-table for dust with her hand. 女仆用手抹抹梳妆台,看看有没有灰尘。 此句中inspected也是分作三处译出,即“抹抹”、“看看”、“有没有”。这种译法既能把原文译透,又能使译文通顺。 (二)单词搭配分译 英语句子中有些词语间的搭配关系,汉译时要按照汉语习惯,打破原文的结构,将有关词语分别译出。例如: This young man had such a kindly, smiling, tender, gentle, generous heart of his own. 这个年轻人心地善良,性格温柔,气量又大,为人又乐观。 此句中heart一词被译为“心地”、“性格”、“气量”和“为人”四个词,来与前边的五个形容词搭配。 单词搭配分译一般可细分为: 1. 主谓搭配分译 (1)Their wealth enables them to do everything. 他们有钱,什么事都能干。 (2)The small village boasts a beautiful lake. 这个小村庄有个美丽的湖,人人以此为自豪。 2. 动宾搭配分译 (1)Our armies had outrun our supplies at that time. 那时我们的军队发展壮大太快,给养供应不上。 (2)I always avoid the temptation to think about that matter 我总是克制自己,不去想那件事。 3. 状语与中心词的搭配分译 (1)Some young people relentlessly tear at the flowers they see. 有些年轻人看见花就摘,一点也不爱惜。 (2)He passes his hands lovingly about the smooth skin of a silver birch or the rough shaggy bark of a pine.

翻译的正反译法

一.一.用反面表达法处理下列各句中的斜体动词: 1. 1.The ache that had persisted in his chest had turned to severe pain. 2. 2.“If we lose our lives, then you’ll lose yours!” she said with a laugh. 3. 3.If he had kept his temper, the negotiation would probably have been a success. 4. 4.The two teams tied. 二.二.用反面表达法处理下列各句中的斜形容词: 1. 1.Appearances are deceptive. 2. 2.The teacher found some of the pupils absent. 3. 3.Her face had a strange, lost look. 4. 4.I’m terribly sorry to have given you such a lot of trouble. 三.三.用反面表达法处理下列各句中的斜前置词: 1. 1.But that’s very extraordinary. It seems against nature. 2. 2.Never mind, we can manage without help. 3. 3.His answer is beside the mark. 4. 4.Under fifty people were there. 四.四.用反面表达法处理下列各句中的斜体名词: 1. 1.Her abstraction was not because of the tea party. 2. 2.He did not want to hurt her, but an itch to dominate push him on to say… 3. 3.Silence reigned all over for a while. 五.五.用反面表达法处理下列各句中的斜体副词: 1. 1.He said idly,“Well, what does it matter?” 2. 2.They resumed their seats moodily. 3. 3.She always seemed too busy in the house. 4. 4.Slowly he pulled the letter out of the envelope, and unfolded it. 六.六.用反面表达法处理下列各句中的斜体连接词: 1. 1.The stranger had already gone before he hurried to the hotel. 2. 2.She couldn’t sit still till her native country was free. 3. 3.They would rather have the blue one than the green one. 4. 4.You will fail unless you work harder. 七.七.用反面表达法处理下列各句中的斜体短语: 1. 1.You should seize the opportune moment to put in a word for me. 2. 2.The news of the assassination of President Lincoln spread like wild fire. 3. 3.The pioneers made light of difficulties and dangers. 4. 4.Miss Firelie kept to her room all day. 八.八.用反面表达法处理下列各句中的斜体从句或句子: 1. 1.As was expected, the enemy walked right into the trap. 2. 2.It had been six or seven hours since I had had anything to eat, drink or smoke. 3. 3.Mr. Will was a short and skinny white man with dark hair and gray eyes, a smile that seemed to be frozen on his face and everybody knew it was anything else but a genuine smile. 九. 试译下列各句,用正面表达法处理斜体部分: 1. For him the wheel of slumber was wont to turn noiseless and slick and swift. 2. Generally she accepted the family life in all its crowded inadequacy. 3. Jim was no end upset because he couldn’t go swimming. 4. Sir Percival’s spies were not going to lose sight of me.

英语正反译法练习

正反译法练习之一 1.The newspaper accounts are far from being true. 报纸上的报道一点儿也不真实。 2.Mr. Thompson was above reproach. 汤姆森先生的行为是无可非议的。 3.Keep dry and the top side up! 请勿倒立,防止受潮! 4.Such a chance was denied to me. 这个机会跟我无缘。 5.All are not thieves that dogs bark at. 被狗叫的人不一定都是贼。(犬之所吠,并非皆贼) 6.He kept himself apart from the other children. 他和其他孩子保持距离,一个人待着。 7.No deposit will be refunded unless ticket produced. 如果不出示票据,押金是不会返还的。 8.他决不会说出这样的话. He should never have dreamt of saying such a thing. 9.她抱怨名单上没有她的名字. She complained about her name should be on the list. 10.他尽力克服技术资料的不足. He tried his best to overcome the lack of technical data. 11.在收据尚未签字以前不得付款. Don’t pay unless the receipt was signed. 12.他上火车站去接他的朋友,可是在人群中没见到他。(miss) He goes to the railway station to meet a friend, but he missed his friend in the crowd. 13.他直到三年级才认识到广泛阅读的重要性。(not…until) He did not realized the importance of the wider reading until three grade. 14.我警告过你,不要跟陌生人谈论我的事。(warn against) I have warned you against talking about me with strangers.

翻译技巧英语笔译技法——正反译法

【翻译技巧】英语笔译技法——正反译法 由于国家、历史、地理、社会文化背景和生活习性的不同,汉英两种语言在表达正说和反说时有很大差异,尤其英语在否定意义的表达上更为复杂,有时形式否定而实质肯定,或形式肯定而实质否定。在两种语言互译时,原文中正说的句子可能不得不处理成反说,或是用反说表达更为合适。反之亦然。翻译中,这种把正说处理成反说、把反说处理成正说的译法,就称为正反译法。 正反译法是翻译技巧中的一个重要方法,属于引申和修辞范围。 笼统的说,英语句子中含有“never”、“no”、“not”、“un-”、“im-”、“in-”、“ir-”、“-less”等否定词以及否定前缀或后缀的单词,以及汉语句子中含有“不”、“没”、“无”、“未”、“甭”、“别”、“休”、“莫”、“非”、“勿”、“毋”等否定词的即为反说,不含有这些否定词的即为正说。 但实际操作时,正说和反说的界限又变得极为模糊,例如“correct”可以翻译成“正确”(正说),也可以翻译成“没有毛病”(反说)。因此,到底译文要采用正说还是反说,就完全要看译文语言的惯用表达和上下文的语气语态了。 在正反译法中,英译汉正转反(正说反译法)和汉译英反转正(反说正译法)是最为重要的两种正反译法。 英译汉正转反 英语中有些否定概念是通过含有否定意义或近似否定意义的词来表达的,虽然形式是肯定的,但这类词大多是某些肯定词所引申或变化出来的反义词,或经过长期历史演变而引申出其他否定词义,即所谓的“含蓄否定词”或“暗指否定词”,这类词在译成汉语时,需要变成汉语的否定词组,必要时还需要作词类转换。 1、名词 —含蓄否定名词主要有:shortness / shortage(不够;不足)、lack(缺乏;没有)、absence (不在)、failure(未能;不成功)、defiance(不顾;无视)、denial(否认;否定)、exclusion (排除)、freedom(不;免除)、refusal(不愿;不允许)、loss(失去)等。 Shortness of time has required the omission of some states. 由于时间不够,没能访问那些国家。 Behave yourself during my absence. 我不在时要规矩点。 We were perplexed by his failure to answer the letter. 他何以不回信,我们大惑不解。 2、动词或动词短语 —英语中常见的含蓄否定动词包括:refuse(不愿;不肯;无法)、lack(缺乏;没有)、defy(不服从;不遵守;不让)、forbid(不许)、stop(不准;别)、ignore(不理;不肯考虑;无视;不顾)、hate(不愿意)、miss(没听清楚;没赶上)等。

常用十大翻译技巧之五:正反译法

译国译民 专心翻译 做到极致 常用十大翻译技巧之五:正反译法 正译法和反译法: 这两种方法通常用于汉译英,偶尔也用于英译汉。所谓正译,是指把句子按照与汉语相同的语序或表达方式译成英语。所谓反译则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语序或表达方式译成英语。正译与反译常常具有同义的效果,但反译往往更符合英语的思维方式和表达习惯。因此比较地道。如: (1) 在美国,人人都能买到枪。 In the United States, everyone can buy a gun. (正译) In the United States, guns are available to everyone. (反译) (2) 你可以从因特网上获得这一信息。 You can obtain this information on the Internet. (正译) This information is accessible/available on the Internet. (反译) (3) 他突然想到了一个新主意。 Suddenly he had a new idea. (正译) He suddenly thought out a new idea. (正译) A new idea suddenly occurred to/struck him. (反译) (4) 他仍然没有弄懂我的意思。 He still could not understand me. (正译) Still he failed to understand me. (反译) (5) 无论如何,她算不上一位思维敏捷的学生。 She can hardly be rated as a bright student. (正译) She is anything but a bright student. (反译) (6) Please withholdthe document for the time being. 请暂时扣下这份文件。(正译) 请暂时不要发这份文件。(反译)

2016考研:认识英语翻译中的“分译法”

2016考研:认识英语翻译中的“分译法” 提起“分译法”这个学术名词,很多考研的小伙伴可能感到陌生。其实,这是一种翻译中的灵活处理方法,在具体情境中有具体的使用情况。一起来看看下面几个例子吧。你会发现,“分译法”一点也不陌生,你可能已经在不知不觉中使用过了呢。 一、单词分译 单词分译是指把原文中的一个单词拆译成一个小句或句子。采用单词分译主要有两个目的:一是为了句法上的需要,由于一些单词的搭配、词义等方面的特点,直译会使句子生硬晦涩,翻译腔十足,而把某个单词分译却能使句子通顺,且不损伤原意;二是为了修饰上的需要,如加强语气,突出重点等。英语中的名词、动词、形容词和副词等都可以分译。 【例句】We recognize that China’s long-tern modernization program understandably and necessarily emphasizes economic growth. 【译文】我们意识到,中国的长期现代化建设以发展经济为重点,这是可以理解的,也是必要的。 【解析】将句中understandably和necessarily两个单词分译成两个句子,使中文表达更通顺、更明确。 二、短语分译 短语分译是指把原文中的一个短语分译成一个独立的句子。英语常用短语做修饰语,而汉语常用短句做修饰语,遇到这种情况,可以把短语摘出来单独翻译。名词短语、分词短语、介词短语等通常都可以分译成句。 【例句】Invitingly green Angle Island, once a military installation, contains meandering trails and picnic spots ideal for a day’s excursion. 【译文】迷人的天使岛郁郁葱葱,小径蜿蜒,是一日游的理想野餐场所。但在过去它是一个军事基地。 【解析】contains meandering trails被译为一个单独的句子“小径蜿蜒”,打破了原句的顺序和结构,更简洁、更符合汉语逻辑。 三、句子分译 英语中有些句子的结构十分奇怪复杂,其主谓宾等成分在翻译成汉语时无法对号入座,这时就需要从整体入手,打乱安排,重新分译。句子分译又可以分为以下几种不同的情况: 1、简单句的分译 【例句】Daybreak comes with thick mist and drizzle. 【译文】黎明时分,大雾弥漫,细雨蒙蒙。 【解析】将一个句子分译成几个短句,不仅简洁,而且意境全出来了。 2、并列复合句的分译 英语并列复合句常常在分句连接处加以切分,译成两个或两个以上句子 【例句】The entire cable-car system recently got an overhaul after more than

正反译法

Review 1.The last person to be speaking about terrorism is the representative of country A. 最没有资格谈论恐怖主义问题的人就是A国的代表。 2.What, if any, effect do you feel the imports of Canadian gas will have on the American producer? 你觉得进口加拿大的天然气对美国生产者可能产生什么影响吗? 3.他是一位中国现代优秀作家 He is an outstanding contemporary Chinese writer. [误译分析] 【原文】 The roofs loomed in front of them with starting clarity. 暗礁在他们面前令人吃惊地清楚,时隐时现。 【改译】暗礁在他们面前隐隐呈现,看得越清楚就越感到毛骨悚然 英语句子经常使用连词、关系代词、关系副词、短语中又包括介词短语、动名词短语、分词短语、不定式短语等,汉语如果照译,读者可能不知所云。按照汉语习惯,可将这些英语特有的结构转译为短句。例如: 1.The idea of a fish being able to generate electricity strong enough to light small bulbs, even to run an electric motor, is almost unbelievable. 鱼能发电,其强度足以点亮小灯泡,甚至能开动马达,这简直是令人难以置信 的。 2.Flooded with calls, the company is maximizing profits by handling in-city runs. 要车的人太多了,公司便只接来往于市区的生意,这样好多多赚钱。 【翻译技巧】转句译法 Conversion of words or phrases into sentences 有些词和各种短语所含的语义是相当的丰富,但是单靠换序、转性等方法还是 不能表达原文的真实含义,而要把原文的内容连词形式一起翻译成汉语几乎不 可能的,因此,不得不把这些词、词组转译成句子,称为转句译法。 1.Pressure of work has somewhat delayed my answer. 由于工作很忙,答复稍迟了一些。(主语转句) 2.Another hour’s ride will bring us to the village.

最新【翻译技巧】英语笔译技法——正反译法

1 【翻译技巧】英语笔译技法——正反译法 2 由于国家、历史、地理、社会文化背景和生活习性的不同,汉英两种语言在表达正3 说和反说时有很大差异,尤其英语在否定意义的表达上更为复杂,有时形式否定而实质4 肯定,或形式肯定而实质否定。在两种语言互译时,原文中正说的句子可能不得不处理5 成反说,或是用反说表达更为合适。反之亦然。翻译中,这种把正说处理成反说、把反6 说处理成正说的译法,就称为正反译法。 7 8 正反译法是翻译技巧中的一个重要方法,属于引申和修辞范围。 9 10 笼统的说,英语句子中含有“never”、“no”、“not”、“un-”、“im-”、11 “in-”、“ir-”、“-less”等否定词以及否定前缀或后缀的单词,以及汉语句子中12 含有“不”、“没”、“无”、“未”、“甭”、“别”、“休”、“莫”、“非”、13 “勿”、“毋”等否定词的即为反说,不含有这些否定词的即为正说。 14 15 但实际操作时,正说和反说的界限又变得极为模糊,例如“correct”可以翻译成16 “正确”(正说),也可以翻译成“没有毛病”(反说)。因此,到底译文要采用正说还17 是反说,就完全要看译文语言的惯用表达和上下文的语气语态了。 18 19 在正反译法中,英译汉正转反(正说反译法)和汉译英反转正(反说正译法)是最20 为重要的两种正反译法。 21

22 英译汉正转反 23 24 英语中有些否定概念是通过含有否定意义或近似否定意义的词来表达的,虽然形式25 是肯定的,但这类词大多是某些肯定词所引申或变化出来的反义词,或经过长期历史演26 变而引申出其他否定词义,即所谓的“含蓄否定词”或“暗指否定词”,这类词在译成27 汉语时,需要变成汉语的否定词组,必要时还需要作词类转换。 28 29 1、名词 30 —含蓄否定名词主要有:shortness / shortage(不够;不足)、lack(缺乏;没31 有)、absence(不在)、failure(未能;不成功)、defiance(不顾;无视)、denial 32 (否认;否定)、exclusion(排除)、freedom(不;免除)、refusal(不愿;不允33 许)、loss(失去)等。 34 Shortness of time has required the omission of some states. 由于时间不够,35 没能访问那些国家。 36 37 Behave yourself during my absence. 我不在时要规矩点。 38 39 We were perplexed by his failure to answer the letter. 他何以不回信,我40 们大惑不解。 41 2、动词或动词短语 42

英语翻译的十大方法

英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异,因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难,需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中,也可以运用于口译过程中,而且应该用得更加熟练,因为口译工作的特点决定了译员没有更多的时间进行思考。 一、增译法 指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式,在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子,以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多,而英语句子一般都要有主语,所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候,除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外,一般都要根据语境补出主语,使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高,凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时,必须在前面加上物主代词。因此,在汉译英时需要增补物主代词,而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示,而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此,在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外,在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语,以确保译文意思的完整。总之,通过增译,一是保证译文语法结构的完整,二是保证译文意思的明确。如: ①、What about calling him right away? 马上给他打个电话,你觉得如何(增译主语和谓语) ②、If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations. 要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊!(增译主句) ③、Indeed, the reverse is true. 实际情况恰好相反。(增译名词) ④、就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。 Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.(增译物主代词) ⑤、只许州官放火,不许百姓点灯。 While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps. (增译连词) ⑥、这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。 This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.(增译介词) ⑦、在人权领域,中国反对以大欺小、以强凌弱。 In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak.(增译暗含词语) ⑧、三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮。 Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.(增译注释性词语) 二、省译法 这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法,即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词,以避免译文累赘。增译法的例句反之即可。又如: ①、You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing. 你在北京访问期间就住在这家饭店里。(省译物主代词) ②、I hope you will enjoy your stay here.

英汉翻译法7——正反译法

?在翻译时,对于中国学生来说,某些否定句犹如陷阱,稍有不慎,就会掉入其中。鉴于此,我们在翻译某些含有否定意义的句子时,应当把握两点:一、英语里有些从正面表达的词或句子,译文可从反面来表达,即正说反译法;二、英语里有些从反面表达的词或句子,译文可从正面来表达,即反说正译法。例如: ?1) Only five customers remained in the bar. ?酒吧间只有五个顾客还没走。 ?(原文从正面表达,译文从反面表达。如译成“还留着”,或“还呆在那里”,则不如“还没有走”更符合汉语习惯。) ?2)Anyone wants to get out? Over my dead body! ?只要我活着,谁也别想出去。(the original English sentence implies “nobody can get out unless you kill me). ?3) Mother said Father would come soon, but Mary knew better. ?妈妈说爸爸很快就会来了,玛丽知道不会。(“know better” implies that Mary thoug ht differently or disagreed with Mother, it means “think otherwise”) ?5) A radar screen is not unlike a television. ?雷达荧光屏跟电视荧光屏一样。 ?(如译成“雷达荧光屏不是不象电视荧光屏一样”则不符合汉语习惯。) ?我们可以看到,正面译不顺,不妨从反面译;反面译不顺,不妨从正面译,因为同一个概念,一个民族正面说,认为是合乎表达习惯的,而另一个民族则认为反着说才顺嘴。 ?下面从正说反译和反说正译这两个方面来探讨英语否定结构汉译的一般原则 ?一、正说反译法(Affirmative in English, but Negative in Chinese) ?英语中的含蓄否定词或含蓄否定短语一般都要译成汉语的否定词组。下面按词性列举它们的翻译方法。 ?1.名词 ?1) There was a complete absence of information on the oil deposit in that area. ?关于该地区的石油储藏情况,人们毫无所知。 ?(absence可译为“不在”、“毫无”、“不在……时间”等。) ?2) Her child was in a terrible state of neglect. ?她的孩子简直没人管。 ?(neglect可译为“不留心”,“没人管”。) ?3) All international disputes must be settled through negotiations and the avoidance of any armed conflicts. ?一切国际争端应通过谈判而不是武装冲突来解决。 ?(avoidance 可译为“不采取”。) ?作为名词用的含蓄否定词还有:defiance (不顾,无视),denial (否认,否定),exclusion (排除),anything but (根本不,决不),lack (无,缺乏),failure (不成功,不足,不履行),refusal ( 不愿,不允许),loss (失去)等。

英语长句的翻译方法

长句的翻译方法 1.顺序翻译法 (1)The problem is that the last gerention or so we’re come to assume that women should be able, and should want, to do everything that by tradition men have done at the same time as prettywell everything that by tradition women have done.问 题是,在过去二十年时间里,我们已经认定, 妇女们应该能够且应该想做男人们想做男人们 传统上所做的一切,而同时也能够做得跟妇女 们传统上所做的一切同样好。 2. 逆序翻译法 (1)It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waster their opportunities, there will have to be much detailed information about courses and advice. 因此,如果要使学生充分利用(上大学)的机会,就得为他们提供关于课程的更为详尽的信息,作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。 3. 分译法 翻译英语句子时,有时我们可以把原文的句子结构整个保存下来或只作稍改变即可,但在不少情况下则必须将原来的句子结构作较大的改变。把原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子,这叫分译法。使用分译法,可以把原句中的一个词,一个短语或一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。 一、把原文中单词译成句子 (一)副词 1.They tried vainly to blame us for the breakdown in the truce talk. 他们试图把和谈的罪名加在我们头上,但没得逞。 2.The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements. 中国人似乎为他们在经济上取得的成就而自豪,这是合乎情理的。(副词分译) 3.Not surprisingly, he was constantly receiving complaints from all of them about his not giving value for money.毫不奇怪,他经常受到来自他们 之中的种种埋怨,说他光拿钱不干活。 4.Characteristically, Mr. Smith concealed his feelings and watched and learned. 怀特先生没有表露自己的感情,只是察言观色,心领神会,他的特点就是这样。 (二)形容词 1.That region was the most identifiable trouble spot. 那地区是个麻烦的地方,这是大家最容易看得出来的。(形容词分译) 2.She is grateful for his defense.他为她挺身而出,她很感激。 3.The guest was pleased by the distinction but not overwhelmed. 来宾对这种破格礼遇感到高兴,但没有受宠若惊。 4.Suddenly the door bursts and Gorge appears, dirty, disheveled, and bed ragged, with a nasty cut on his chin.突然,门开了,乔治出现了。他十分肮 脏,衣冠不整,浑身是泥,下巴严重划伤。 5.The elements are less reserved and distinct. 宇宙各种元素并不像以前那么含蓄,也不像以前那么截然不同。 (三)名词 1.He shook his head and his eyes were wide , then narrowed in indignation . 他摇了摇头,两目睁得圆圆的,接着又眯成一 条线,脸上露出了愤怒的神色。(名词分译)2.It was our mistake to have kept nagging you.我们老是唠叨着催你,是我们不对。 3.The truth is I have someone in my mind some time but I’ve been postponing telling my parents. 实际情况是,一段时间以来我已经有了心上人,不过我一直拖着,没有告诉父母。 4.I wanted to laugh at their harmlessness.它们无法作恶了,我真想放声大笑。 二、把原文中的短语译成句子 1.I wrote four books in the first three years , a record never touched before . 我头三年写了四本书,打破了以往的记录。(名词短语分译) 2.She had such a kindly , smiling , tender , gentle , generous heart of her own. 她心地厚道,性格温柔可疼,器量又大,为人又乐观。(单词搭配分译) 3.And in their further disputes she always returned to his point ,”Get me a situation –we hate each other , and I am ready to go .” 从此以后他们每拌一次嘴,她就回到老题目, 说道:“给我找个事情,反正咱们你恨我,我嫌 你,我愿意走。”(修辞需要词语分译)4.Because of their origions in the public school system , these institutions do respond to the needs and desires of the community . 由于社会学院源自公立教育体系,它们必须按照社区的需求去做。(介词短语分译) 5.To compare the weight of different types of objects , we should have to weigh equal volumes of each . 要比较两种不同物体的重量,就必须取同样的 体积进行称量。(不定式短语分译) 6.Handsome young men must have something to live on, as well as the plain. 美男子和凡夫俗子一样,也要有饭吃,有衣穿。 7.Please reply at your earliest convenience.您要是方

分译法练习答案

分译法练习 36.He visited many places, in all of which he was received with the usual enthusiasm which attended his arduous labors.他访问了许多地方,到处受到热烈的欢迎。他的艰苦努力是经常受到热烈欢迎的。(此句原文中有两个定语从句,将这样一个英文长句翻译成两个独立的句子,意思更清楚。) 37.They try to stamp out the revolt, which spread all the more furiously throughout the country. 他们企图扑灭反抗,结果反抗愈来愈猛,遍及全国。 38.But, occasionally, through haste and carelessness, mistakes were made, so that at the end of the business day one teller would be short on cash, the other long. 但是,偶尔也有这种情况,由于仓促匆忙或者粗心大意而造成错误,结果当天停业结算时,有的出纳会少了现金,而有的会多了。 39.But they had become nomads of the desert, living on the ground and under the sky, and they loved it.可是,他们都变成了沙漠里的牧民了,生活在苍天之下,黄土之上(风餐露宿)。可他们也喜欢这中生活。 40. They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all. 他们根本没有答复,这是不足为奇的。(分译副词) 41. He tried vainly to talk us into agreement with the unrealistic proposal. 他试图劝说我们同意接受这项不切实际的建议,但还是白费了力气。(副词的分译) 42. No longer are the problems which they foresaw lodged safely in some distant future. 他们所预见到的问题,必须马上解决,否则今后就会出麻烦了。(副词的分译) 43. Jordan cannot politely turn down the invitation to an Arab foreign ministers conference. 约旦如拒绝接受阿拉伯外长会议的邀请,这在礼貌上也说不过去。(副词的分译) 44. She was pardonably proud of her wonderful cooking. 她自夸她有高超的烹调技艺,这是情有可原的。(副词的分译) 45. Characteristically, Mr. Harold concealed his feelings and watched and learned. 海罗德与众不同,他隐藏着自己的感情,边看边学。(分译单词) 46. The powerful P.L.A. is an oddly unmilitary army. 强大的人民解放军是不拘军队礼仪的,这是罕见的。或:强大的人民解放军是世界上罕见的不拘军队礼仪的军队。(副词的分译) 47. With the fear of imaginary plots against his leadership, his self-confidence seemed totally to desert him. 由于害怕有人阴谋推翻他的领导,他似乎完全丧失了自信,但所谓的阴谋只不过是他的凭空想象罢了。(形容词的分译) 48. The computer can give Mary the right lesson for her:neither too fast nor too slow. 计算机能给玛丽上课,上得恰倒好处,既不太快也不太慢。(形容词的分译) 49. One problem in trying to discuss my reporting is its sheer volume. 我的报告篇幅特长,要对它进行讨论,这就成了一个问题。(名词的分译)

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