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文献综述和外文翻译

文献综述和外文翻译
文献综述和外文翻译

文献综述和外文翻译设计题目:商城购物系统设计与实现

学院:计算机科学与工程学院

专业:信息管理与信息系统

年级:2012级

姓名:莫志兵

指导教师:火善栋

文献综述

摘要:Servlet程序在服务器端运行,动态地生成Web页面与传统的CGI和许多其他类似CGI的技术相比,Java Servlet具有更高的效率,更容易使用,功能更强大,具有更好的可移植性,更节省投资。

关键字:JSP技术,Servlet, HTTP 服务1.1Servlet 的功能

Servlets是运行在Web或应用服务器上的Java程序,它是一个中间层,负责连接来自Web浏览器或其他HTTP客户程序的请求和HTTP服务器上的数据库或应用程序。Servlet的工作是执行西门的任务,如图1.1所示。

图1.1 web中间件的作用(1) 读取用户发送的显式数据

最终用户一般在页面的HTML表单中输入这些数据。然

而,数据还有可能来自applet或定制的HTTP客户程序。

(2) 读取有浏览器发送的隐式请求数据

图1.1中显示了一条从客户端到Web服务器的单箭头,但实际上从客户端传送到Web服务器的数据有两种,它们分别为用户在表单中输入的显式数据,以及后台的HTTP信息。两种数据都很重要。HTTP信息包括cookie、浏览器所能识别的媒体类型和压缩模式等。

(3) 生成结果

这个过程可能需要访问数据库、执行RMI或EJB调用、调用Web服务,或者直接计算得出对应的响应。实际的数据可能存储在关系型数据库中。该数据库可能不理解HTTP,或者不能返回HTML 形式的结果,所有Web浏览器不能直接与数据库进行会话。即使它能够做到这一点,为了安全上的考虑,我们也不希望让它这么做。对应大多数其他应用程序,也存在类似的问题。因此,我们需要Web 中间层从HTTP流中提取输入数据,与应用程序会话,并将结果嵌入到文档中。

(4)向用户发送显式数据(即文档)

这个文档可以用各种格式发送,包括文本(HTML或XML),二进制(GIF图),甚至可以式建立在其他底层格式之上的压缩格式,如gzip。但是,到目前为止,HTML式最常用的格式,故而servelt 和JSP的重要任务之一就式将结果包装到HTML中。

(5)发送隐式的HTTP响应数据

图1.1中显示了一条从Web中间层到客户端的单箭头。但是,实际发送的数据有两种:文档本身,以及后台的HTTP信息。同样,两种数据对开发来说都式至关重要的。HTTP响应数据的发送过程涉及告知浏览器或其他客户程序所返回文档的类型(如HTML),设置cookie和缓存参数,以及其他类似的任务。

1.2动态构建网页的原因

预先建立的文档可以满足客户的许多请求,服务器无需调用servlet就可以处理这些请求。然而,许多情况下静态的结果不能满足要求,我们需要针对每个请求生成一个页面。实时构建页面的理由有很多种:

1、网页基于客户发送的数据

例如,搜索引擎生成的页面,以及在线商店的订单确认页面,都

要针对特定的用户请求而产生。在没有读取到用户提交的数据之前,我们不知道应该显示什么。要记住,用户提交两种类型的数据:显示(即HTML表单的数据)和隐式(即HTTP请求的报头)。两种输入都可用来构建输出页面。基于cookie值针对具体用户构建页面的情况尤其普遍。

2、页面由频繁改变的数据导出

如果页面需要根据每个具体的请求做出相应的改变,当然需要在请求发生时构建响应。但是,如果页面周期性地改变,我们可以用两种方式来处理它:周期性地在服务器上构建新的页面(和客户请求无关),或者仅仅在用户请求该页面时再构建。具体应该采用哪种方式要根据具体情况而定,但后一种方式常常更为方便,因为它只需简单地等待用户的请求。例如,天气预报或新闻网站可能会动态地构建页面,也有可能会返回之前构建的页面。

3、页面中使用了来自公司数据库的信息

如果数据存储在数据库中,那么,即使客户端使用动态Web内容,比如applet,我们依旧需要执行服务器端处理。想象以下,如果一个搜索引擎网站完全使用applet,那么用户将会看到:“正在下载50TB的applet,请等待!”。显然,这样很愚蠢;这种情况下,我

们需要与数据库进行会话。从客户端到Web层再到数据库(三层结构),要比从applet直接到数据库(二层结构)更灵活,也更安全,而性能上的损失很少甚至没有。毕竟数据库调用通常是对速度影响最大的步骤,因而,经过中间层可以执行高速缓存和连接共享。

理论上讲,servelt并非只用于处理HTTP请求的Web服务器或应用服务器,它同样可以用于其他类型的服务器。例如,servlet能够嵌入到FTP或邮件服务器中,扩展他们的功能。而且,用于会话启动协议服务器的servlet API最近已经被标准化。但在实践中,servelt的这种用法尚不流行,在此,我们只论述HTTP Servlet。

1.3Servlet相对于“传统”CGI的优点

和传统CGI及许多类CGI技术相比,Java servelt效率更高、更易用、更强大、更容易移植、更安全、也更廉价。

1、效率

应用传统的CGI,针对每个HTTP请求都用启动一个新的进程。如果CGI程序自身相对比较简短,那么启动进程的开销会占用大部分执行时间。而使用servelt,Java虚拟机会一直运行,并用轻量级的Java线程处理每个请求,而非重量级的操作系统进程。类似地,应用传统的CGI技术,如果存在对同一CGI程序的N个请求,那么CGI

程序的代码会载入内存N次。同样的情况,如果使用servlet则启动N个线程,单仅仅载入servlet类的单一副本。这种方式减少了服务器的内存需求,通过实例化更少的对象从而节省了时间。最后,当CGI程序结束对请求的处理之后,程序结束。这种方式难以缓存计算结果,保持数据库连接打开,或是执行依靠持续性数据的其他优化。然而,servelt会一直停留在内存中(即使请求处理完毕),因而可以直接存储客户请求之间的任意复杂数据。

2、便利

Servelt提供大量的基础构造,可以自动分析和解码HTML的表单数据,读取和设置HTTP报头,处理cookie,跟踪会话,以及其他次类高级功能。而在CGI中,大部分工作都需要我们资金完成。另外,如果您已经了解了Java编程语言,为什么还有学校Perl呢?您已经承认应用Java技术编写的代码要比Visual Basic,VBScript或C ++编写的代码更可靠,且更易重用,为什么还有倒退回去选择那些语言来开发服务器端的程序呢?

3、强大

Servlet支持常规CGI难以实现或根本不能实现的几项功能。Servlet能够直接于Web服务器对话,而常规的CGI程序做不到这一

点,至少在不使用服务器专有API的情况下是这样。例如,与Web服务器的通信使得讲相对URL转换成具体的路径名变得更为容易。多个servelt还可以共享数据,从而易于实现数据库连接共享和类似的资源共享优化。Servelt还能维护请求之间的信息,使得诸如会话跟踪和计算结果缓存等技术变得更为简单。

4、可移植性

Servelt使用Java编程语言,并且遵循标准的API。所有主要的Web服务器。实际上都直接或通过插件支持servlet。因此。为Macromedia JRun编写的servlet,可以不经过任何修改地在Apache Tomcat,Microsoft Internet Information Server,IBM WebSphere,iPlanet Enterprise Server,Oracle9i AS 或者StrNine WebStar上运行。他们是java2平台企业版的一部分,所以对servlet的支持越来越普遍。

5、廉价

对于开发用的网站、低容量或中等容量网站的部署,有大量免费或极为廉价的Web服务器可供选择。因此,通过使用servelt和jsp,我们可以从免费或廉价的服务器开始,在项目获得初步成功后,在移植到更高性能或高级管理工具的昂贵的服务器上。这与其他CGI方案

形成鲜明的对比,这些CGI方案在初期都需要为购买专利软件包投入大量的资金。

价格和可移植性在某种程度上是相互关联的。例如,Marty记录了所有通过电子邮件向他发送问题的读者的所在国。印度接近列表的顶端,可能仅次于美国。Marty曾在马尼拉讲授过jsp和servlet培训课程,那儿对servelt和jsp技术抱很大的兴趣。

那么,为什么印度和菲律宾都对这项技术着呢感兴趣呢?我们推测答案可能分两部分。首先,这两个国家都拥有大量训练有素的软件开发人员。其次,这两个国家的货币对美元的汇率都极为不利。因此,从美国公司那里购买专用Web服务器会消耗掉项目的大部分前期资金。

但是,使用servlet 和JSP,他们能够从免费的服务器开始:Apache Tomcat。项目取得成功之后,他们可以转移到性能更高、管理更容易,但需要付费的服务器。他们的servelt和jsp不需要重写编写。如果他们的项目变得更庞大,他们或许希望转移到分布式环境。没有问题:他们可以转而使用Macromedia JRun Professional,该服务器支持分布式应用。同样,他们的servelt和jsp没有任何部分需要重写。如果项目变得极为庞大,错综复杂,他们或许希望使用

Enterprise JavaBeans来封装他们的商业逻辑。因此,他们可以切换到BEA WebLogic或Oracle9i AS。同样,不需要对servlet和jsp做出更改。最后,如果他们的项目变得更庞大,他们或许将他从Linux转移到运行IBM WebSphere的IBM大型机上。他们还是不需要做出任何更改。

6、安全

传统CGI程序中主要的漏洞来源之一就是,CGI程序常常由通过的操作系统外壳来执行。因此,CGI程序必须仔细地过滤掉那些可能被外壳特殊处理的字符,如反引导和分号。实现这项预防措施的难度可能超出我们的想象,在广泛应用的CGI库中,不断发现由这类问题引发的弱点。

问题的第二个来源是,一些CGI程序用不自动检查数组和字符串边界的语言编写而成。例如,在C和C++中,可以分配一个100个元素的数组,然后向第999个“元素“写入数据——实际上是程序内存的随机部分,这完全合法。因而,如果程序员忘记执行这项检查,就会将系统暴露在蓄意或偶然的缓冲区溢出攻击之下。

Servelt不存在这些问题。即使servelt执行系统调用激活本地操作系统上的程序,它也不会用到外壳来完成这项任务。当然,数组

边界的检查以及其他内存包含特性是java编程语言的核心部分。

7、主流

虽然存在许多很好的技术,但是,如果提供商助支持他们,或开发人员不知道如何使用这些技术,那么它们的优点又如何体现呢?servelt和jsp技术得到服务器提供商的广泛支持,包括Apache,Oracle,IBM,Sybase,BEA,Maromedia,Causho,Sun/iPlanet,New Atlanta,ATG,Fujitsu,Lutris,Silverstream,World Wide Web Consortinrm ,以及其他服务器。存在几种低廉的插件,通过应用这些插件,Microsoft IIS和Zeus也同样支持servlet和jsp技术,它们运行在Windows,Unix/Linus,MacOS,VMS,和IBM大型机操作系统之上。它们用在航空业、电子商务、在线银行、web搜索引擎、门户、大型金融网站、以及成百上千您日常光顾的其他网站。

当然,仅仅是流行并不能证明技术的优越性。很多泛美的例子。但我们的立场是:服务器端Java本非一项新的、为经证实的技术。外文翻译

An Overview of Servlet and JSP Technology Abstract:Servlet program running in the server-side, dynamically generated Web page with the traditional CGI and many other similar compared to CGI techno logy, Java Servlet with a more efficient, easier to use, more powerful and has better portability, mor e savings to invest .

Key words: JSP Technology, Servlet, HTTP server 1.1 A Servlet's Job Servlets are Java programs that run on Web or appl ication servers, acting as a middle layer between r equests coming from Web browsers or other HTTP clie nts and databases or applications on the HTTP serve r. Their job is to perform the following tasks, as illustrated in Figure 1-1.

Figure 1-1

1.Read the explicit data sent by the client

The end user normally enters this data in an HTML form on a W eb page. However, the data could also come from an applet or a custom HTTP client program.

2.Read the implicit HTTP request data sent by the browser Figure 1-1 shows a single arrow going from the client to the Web server (the layer where servlets and JSP execute), but there are really two varieties of data: the explicit data that the end user enters in a form and the behind-the-scenes HTTP information. Both varieties are critical. The HTTP information inc ludes cookies, information about media types and compression schem es the browser understands, and so on.

3.Generate the results.

This process may require talking to a database, executing

an RMI or EJB call, invoking a Web service, or computing the r esponse directly. Your real data may be in a relational database . Fine. But your database probably doesn't speak HTTP or return results in HTML, so the Web browser can't talk directly to th e database.

Even if it could, for security reasons, you probably would not want it to. The same argument applies to most other applications .You need the Web middle layer to extract the results inside a Document.

4.Send the explicit data to the client

This document can be sent in a variety of formats, inclu ding text (HTML or XML), binary (GIF images), or even a compres sed format like gzip that is layered on top of some other unde rlying format. But, HTML is by far the most common format, so an important servlet/JSP task is to wrap the results inside of HTML.

5.Send the implicit HTTP response data.

Figure 1-1 shows a single arrow going from the Web middl

e layer (the servlet or JSP page) to the client. But, there ar e really two varieties o

f data sent: the document itself and th e behind-the-scenes HTTP information. Again, both varieties are cr itical to effective development. Sendin

g HTTP response data involv es telling the browser or other client what type of document is being returned (e.g., HTML), setting cookies and caching paramet ers, and other suc

h tasks.

1.2 Why Build Web Pages Dynamically?

many client requests can be satisfied by prebuilt documents , and the server would handle these requests without invoking se rvlets. In many cases, however, a static result is not sufficien t, and a page needs to be generated for each request. There ar e a number of reasons why Web pages need to be built on-the-fl y:

1.The Web page is based on data sent by the client

For instance, the results page from search engines and ord er-confirmation pages at online stores are specific to particular

user requests. You don't know what to display until you read the data that the user submits. Just remember that the user sub mits two kinds of data: explicit (i.e., HTML form data) and imp licit (i.e., HTTP request headers). Either kind of input can be used to build the output page. In particular, it is quite com mon to build a user-specific page based on a cookie value. 2.The Web page is derived from data that changes frequently If the page changes for every request, then you certainly ne ed to build the response at request time. If it changes only p eriodically, however, you could do it two ways: you could period ically build a new Web page on the server (independently of cli ent requests), or you could wait and only build the page when the user requests it. The right approach depends on the situatio n, but sometimes it is more convenient to do the latter: wait for the user request. For example, a weather report or news hea dlines site might build the pages dynamically, perhaps returning a previously built page if that page is still up to date. 3.The Web page uses information from corporate databases or

other server-side sources

If the information is in a database, you need server-side pr ocessing even if the client is using dynamic Web content such a s an applet. Imagine using an applet by itself for a search en gine site:

"Downloading 50 terabyte applet, please wait!" Obviously, that is silly; you need to talk to the database. Going from the c lient to the Web tier to the database (a three-tier approach) i nstead of from an applet directly to a database (a two-tier app roach) provides increased flexibility and security with little or no performance penalty. After all, the database call is usually the rate-limiting step, so going through the Web server does n ot slow things down. In fact, a three-tier approach is often fa ster because the middle tier can perform caching and connection pooling.

In principle, servlets are not restricted to Web or applicati on servers that handle HTTP requests but can be used for other types of servers as well. For example, servlets could be embed

ded in FTP or mail servers to extend their functionality. And, a servlet API for SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) servers was recently standardized (see https://www.sodocs.net/doc/1b18252676.html,/en/jsr/detail?id=116). In p ractice, however, this use of servlets has not caught on, and w e'll only be discussing HTTP servlets.

1.3 The Advantages of Servlets Over "Traditional" CGI

Java servlets are more efficient, easier to use, more powerfu l, more portable, safer, and cheaper than traditional CGI and ma ny alternative CGI-like technologies.

1.Efficient

With traditional CGI, a new process is started for each HTTP request. If the CGI program itself is relatively short, the ov erhead of starting the process can dominate the execution time. With servlets, the Java virtual machine stays running and handles each request with a lightweight Java thread, not a heavyweight operating system process. Similarly, in traditional CGI, if ther e are N requests to the same CGI program, the code for the CG I program is loaded into memory N times. With servlets, however,

there would be N threads, but only a single copy of the serv let class would be loaded. This approach reduces server memory r equirements and saves time by instantiating fewer objects. Finally , when a CGI program finishes handling a request, the program t erminates. This approach makes it difficult to cache computations, keep database connections open, and perform other optimizations that rely on persistent data. Servlets, however, remain in memory even after they complete a response, so it is straightforward to store arbitrarily complex data between client requests.

2.Convenient

Servlets have an extensive infrastructure for automatically par sing and decoding HTML form data, reading and setting HTTP heade rs, handling cookies, tracking sessions, and many other such high -level utilities. In CGI, you have to do much of this yourself. Besides, if you already know the Java programming language, why learn Perl too? You're already convinced that Java technology m akes for more reliable and reusable code than does Visual Basic, VBScript, or C++. Why go back to those languages for server-si

de programming?

3.Powerful

Servlets support several capabilities that are difficult or im possible to accomplish with regular CGI. Servlets can talk direct ly to the Web server, whereas regular CGI programs cannot, at l east not without using a server-specific API. Communicating with the Web server makes it easier to translate relative URLs into concrete path names, for instance. Multiple servlets can also sha re data, making it easy to implement database connection pooling and similar resource-sharing optimizations. Servlets can also mai ntain information from request to request, simplifying techniques like session tracking and caching of previous computations.

4.Portable

Servlets are written in the Java programming language and fol low a standard API. Servlets are supported directly or by a plu gin on virtually every major Web server. Consequently, servlets w ritten for, say, Macromedia JRun can run virtually unchanged on Apache Tomcat, Microsoft Internet Information Server (with a separ

领导风格外文翻译文献

领导风格外文翻译文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 原文: 1. Introduction The leadership in organizing a government so far has tended to be only one leadership style for all employees’ abilities, namely instruction leadership style, so it has impacted and caused low-level service performance, [1]. An ofiicer’s leadership is no more than as a power figure, who is highly chained by formal rules. So, there is no possibility for appreciations to occur. The implication which occurs toward human resources of employees is that there is a strong tie with formal rules, so there is no room for employees to take initiatives, innovative actions, and to make significant development. Therefore, the time has come for the single-style bureaucratic leadership style orientation to change into the situational leadership style, a style based on situations and conditions of the subordinate/employees’ abilities. Besides the leadership style, the officer’s motivation also plays an important role in achieving high performance because it is related with :

英文文献翻译

中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离,该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好,但是其需要消耗大量的时间,并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时,这些问题显得更加突出。近年来,几种制备系统已经进行了改进,能将分离时间减少到1-3h,并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥(使用薄层色谱分析进行分析)。在这些方法中,在我们的实验室中,媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近,我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术,可用于反应产物的常规提纯,我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等(ΔR f≥),而且构建这个系统花费非常低,并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础,专门针对快速分离,介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的,优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本,放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内,使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间(r)和峰宽(w,w/2)的比率进行测定的(Figure 1),结果如图2-4所示,图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。

外文翻译 - 英文

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