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利用烟草瞬时表达系统检测高等植物基因的剪接加工

利用烟草瞬时表达系统检测高等植物

基因的剪接加工*

高少培1)**牛向丽2)**罗

笛1)常丽娟1)喻

旭1)李欲翔1)刘永胜1,2)***

(1)四川大学生命科学学院,生物资源与生态环境教育部重点实验室,成都610064;2)重庆大学农学及生命科学研究院,重庆400030)

摘要解析基因的剪接加工机制是了解植物形态建成、生长发育和逆境胁迫应答的重要环节.与动物相比,植物中相应的研

究进展较为缓慢.利用农杆菌介导的烟草瞬时表达系统,分别对单子叶植物水稻BADH2和双子叶植物拟南芥GR7基因片段在烟草叶片中的转录后剪接加工进行分析.结果表明,一些重要剪接调控元件在植物中保守存在,而烟草瞬时表达系统可以作为研究高等植物剪接调控的重要工具,快捷灵敏地检测基因的剪接加工方式.关键词

RNA 剪接,烟草瞬时表达系统,高等植物

学科分类号

Q5,Q7

DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1206.2009.00735

生物化学与生物物理进展

Progress in Biochemistry and Biophysics 2010,37(6):662~670

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/1918536157.html,

*国家自然科学基金资助项目(30970260,30971752,30825030)和国家转基因专项课题资助项目(2009ZX08009-072B).**共同第一作者.***通讯联系人.

Tel:028-********,E-mail:liuyongsheng1122@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/1918536157.html, 收稿日期:2009-12-11,接受日期:2010-03-03

基因的剪接加工机制是现代生物学研究的重要热点内容之一.1977年,Sharp 和Roberts 分别提出断裂基因的概念,这一结论得到普遍认可,并很快在其他真核基因中得到证实[1].真核生物基因由多个序列长短不一的内含子和外显子组成,转录后生成前体mRNA .前体mRNA 通过剪接(splicing),将内含子去掉、外显子连接在一起,形成成熟mRNA .1978年,Gilbert [2]提出一个基因的不同外显子可以按照不同的组合方式而形成不同的剪接产物,即可变剪接(alternative splicing),1980年这一预测被Choi 等[3]证实.mRNA 的可变剪接使一个特定基因对应于不同的组织、发育阶段和外界生存条件,通过剪接方式的调控变化而组合产生不同的mRNA 及编码产物,因而可以极大提高基因产物的多样性和功能的可塑性,是存在于高等生物中的普遍现象.1989年,Werneke 等[4]报道植物mRNA 的可变剪接现象,此后的多项研究证实这一机制在植物中具有广泛的生理意义.如拟南芥FCA 基因通过选择性剪接形成α、β、γ和δ4种转录本,其中只有γ可以编码全长基因产物,而其他转录本对γ的丰度进行时空特异性调节,调控着植物从营养生长向开花的转变[5].烟草花叶病毒的抗性N 基

因可通过选择性剪接形成N L 和N S 两种产物,N L 由于一个可变外显子的保留发生移码,编码蛋白中丢失了LRR(leucine-rich repeat)结构域的大部分,N S 编码全长N 蛋白,具有不完全抗性,当N L 和N S 同时存在时植株才表现出对病毒的完全抗性[6].水稻直链淀粉合成所必需的淀粉合成酶Waxy 基因第1内含子剪接位点的碱基突变使其产生Wx a 和Wx b 两种转录本,淀粉合成酶活性发生变化进而影响水稻胚乳中直链淀粉的含量和稻米品质[7].

已有的研究结果表明,一些序列元件在剪接、可变剪接机制中发挥重要作用[8-11],如U2型内含子剪接识别位点GT-AG 、U12型内含子剪接识别位点AT-AC 是内含子剪接识别的最重要序列信号.此外,外显子与内含子序列中还有大量剪接调控元件(splicing regulation elements ,SRE)可以依据生物体

高少培等:利用烟草瞬时表达系统检测高等植物基因的剪接加工

2010;37(6)Primers Sequences (5′→3′)

The primer used for B2F CATAGTGACTGGATTAGGTTCTG Amplification of BADH2fragment B2R TCAACATCATCAAACACCACT Amplification of BADH2fragment GR7F GACTGCCTTCGCTCAATACG Amplification of GR7fragment GR7R GGCTTTCTCATCCTTGAAGG

Amplification of GR7fragment B2F1AAGCTTACCCTGGTGTAGACAAGCGACAG Mutation at BADH25′splice site,gt →cg B2R1GGATCCACTCCCAGTAAATGCAACGCAACAG Mutation at BADH23′splice site,ag →gc

5B2F1AAGCTTACCCTGGTGTAGACAAGGTACAG Control construct introduction

5B2F2AAGCTTACCCTGGTGTAGACACGGTACAG Mutation at BADH25′splicing boundary sequence,A →C 5B2F3AAGCTTACCCTGGTGTAGACAATGTACAG Mutation at BADH25′splicing boundary sequence,G →T 5B2F4AAGCTTACCCTGGTGTAGACACTGTACAG Mutation at BADH25′splicing boundary sequence,AG →CT

5B2R GGATCCTCAACATCATCAAACACCACT Construction BADH25′mutation minigenes

J5B2F AAGCTTACCCTGGTGTAGAC

Determination splicing products from BADH25′mutation constructs 3B2F AAGCTTCATAGTGACTGGATTAGGTTCTG Construction/determination of BADH23′mutation minigenes

3B2R1GGATCCACTCCCAGTAAATGCAACCTAAC Control construct introduction

3B2R2GGATCCACTCCCAGTAAATGCAAGCTAAC Mutation at BADH23′splicing boundary sequence,G →C 3B2R3GGATCCACTCCCAGTAAATGCAGCCTAAC Mutation at BADH23′splicing boundary sequence,T →C 3B2R4GGATCCACTCCCAGTAAATGCAGGCTAAC Mutation at BADH23′splicing boundary sequence,GT →CC

5LGR7F1GCTCAATACGGCGACGTTATTGATTCCAAGGTC Control construct introduction

5LGR7F2GCTCAATACGGCGACGTTATTGATTCCACGGTC Mutation at GR75′splicing boundary sequence,A →C 5LGR7F3

GCTCAATACGGCGACGTTATTGATTCCAATGTC

Mutation at GR75′splicing boundary sequence,G →T

Table 1

Oligonucleotide primers for construction and detection

的内外生存环境变化促进、抑制剪接复合体的结合

而调控基因的可变剪接.虽然基因剪接调控的重要性已受到广泛重视,但是由于剪接调控机制的复杂性,仍可能存在大量剪接调控元件及其机制有待发现,尤其是植物研究领域.本研究分别将单子叶模式植物水稻BADH2(betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2,GenBank 登录号:AK071221)、双子叶模式植物拟南芥GR7(glycine-rich RNA-binding protein 7,GenBank 登录号:AY042826)基因片段构建于CaMV 35S 启动子驱动的pHB-GUS 植物表达载体,并通过引物设计对这两个基因片段的一些剪接元件行定点突变,利用农杆菌介导转化方法在烟草叶片中进行体内瞬时表达以检测这些元件对剪接的影响.另一方面,烟草瞬时表达系统因操作简单快捷而被用于外源重组蛋白瞬时表达以及启动子、转录因子活性鉴定和RNA 干涉、植物病毒防御基因功能分析[12-15].本研究通过对一些典型剪接元件的突变分析检验该系统用于快速检测植物基因体内剪接方式的灵敏性.

1材料与方法

1.1植物材料及菌株

烟草(Nicotiana tabacum cv.Xanthinc)、拟南芥(A rabidopsis thaliana line Columbia)、水稻(Oryza sativa cv.Nipponbare)在温室培养,生长条件为

22℃,昼夜12h/12h ,100μmol/(m 2

·s 1).生长至6周左右的烟草植株叶片用于农杆菌注射.植物表达

载体pHB-GUS 、大肠杆菌DH5α菌株、农杆菌EHA105菌株均为本实验室保存.1.2主要试剂

T4DNA 连接酶、限制性内切酶、pMD 18-T 载体、DNase 、RNase H(Takara 公司);DEPC 、乙酰丁香酮(Sigma 公司);Trizol(Invitrogen 公司);第一链cDNA 合成试剂盒(Toyobo 公司);植物基因组提取试剂盒、质粒提取试剂盒、胶回收试剂盒、RNA 纯化试剂盒(Omega 公司);Taq DNA 聚合酶(天根生化科技有限公司);Agrose(Spain 公司).其他化学试剂均为国产分析纯.引物采用Primer 5.0设计(表1),由上海英骏生物技术有限公司合成.序列测定由上海英骏生物技术有限公司完成.

663··

生物化学与生物物理进展Prog.Biochem.Biophys.2010;37(6)

Primers Sequences (5′→3′)

The primer used for

5LGR7F4GCTCAATACGGCGACGTTATTGATTCCACTGTC Mutation at GR75′splicing boundary sequence,AG →CT

5GR7R GGATCCGGCTTTCTCATCCTTGAAGG

Construction GR75′mutation minigenes

5LGR7F0AAGCTTGACTGCCTTCGCTCAATACGGCGACGTT Elongation/determination of GR75′mutation constructs 5LGR7MF GCTCAATACGGCGACGTTATTGATTCCAAGGTATGT

Mutation at GR75′splicing boundary sequence,C →A

5GR7F1AAGCTTGTTATTGATTCCAAGGTCTGT Control construct introduction

5GR7F2AAGCTTGTTATTGATTCCACGGTCTGT Mutation at GR75′splicing boundary sequence,A →C 5GR7F3AAGCTTGTTATTGATTCCAATGTCTGT Mutation at GR75′splicing boundary sequence,G →T 5GR7F4AAGCTTGTTATTGATTCCACTGTCTGT Mutation at GR75′splicing boundary sequence,AG →CT J5GR7F GAAGCTTGTTATTGATTCCA Determination splicing products from GR75′mutation constructs

GUSR

CCTGCCCAACCTTTCGGTAT

Detection primer designed from GUS gene sequence

1.3载体质粒的构建、鉴定与转化

以水稻和拟南芥基因组DNA 为模板,用引物B2F 、B2R 和GR7F 、GR7R(表1)分别扩增水稻BADH2基因片段(第6外显子第61碱基至第8外显子第56碱基,460bp ,图1)和拟南芥GR7基因

片段(418bp ,图2),PCR 产物连接于pMD 18-T 载体,转化大肠杆菌DH5α感受态细胞,将鉴定阳性克隆送测序,测序正确克隆作为载体构建扩增模板备用.设计对照、定点突变并带相应酶切位点的PCR 特异引物(表1)克隆目标片段,将得到的PCR 产物连接于pMD18-T 载体,经酶切和测序验证正确后,从pMD18-T 载体上酶切、回收,连接于植物表达载体pHB-GUS(图3),转化大肠杆菌DH5α感受态细胞,然后鉴定阳性克隆并抽提质粒.将质粒通过冻融转化法导入农杆菌EHA105感受态细胞中,鉴定农杆菌阳性克隆,备用.

Continued

Fig.1Sequence and diagram of rice BADH2gene fragment

(a)Sequence of rice BADH2gene fragment.Introns and exons are indicated by uppercase and lowercase letters,respectively.Intron border sequences at splicing junctions tested here are underlined and the adjacent corresponding exon border sequences used for mutations are marked by asterisk.Interrupted lines represent the sequence not shown here.(b)Diagram of rice BADH2gene fragment.Introns and exons are indicated as lines and boxes,respectively.Exon/intron border sequences at splicing sites are indicated by uppercase and lowercase letters,respectively.

Fig.2Sequence and diagram of Arabidopsis

GR7gene fragment

(a)Sequence of Arabidopsis GR7gene fragment.The 5′and 3′alternative splicing sites tested in this study are underlined,and the nucleotides used for mutations are marked by asterisk.(b)Diagram of Arabidopsis GR7gene fragment.The splicing sites as well as mutation sites in (a)are shown.

CATAGTGACTGGATTGGTTCTGAAGCCGGAGCTC CTTTGTCATCACACCCTGGTGTAGACAAGgtacagcta ttcctcctgtaatcatgtataccccatcaatggaaatgatattcctctcaata catggtttatgttttctgttagGTTGCATTTACTGGGAGTTATG AAACTGGTAAAAAGATTATGGCTTCAGCTGCTCCT ATGGTTAAGgtttgtttccaaatttctgt//tatggttcgtcttttcttgaca gCCTGTTTCACTGGAACTTGGTGGAAAAAGTCCTA TAGTGGTGTTTGATGATGTTGA

**

**

(a)(b)

(b)

(a)GACTGCCTTCGCTCAATACGGCGACGTTATTGATT

CCAAGGTCTGTTACACGCCGAGATCGGACTCCG AGTGATATCGATGATCTCATCCTCGACGGATCTGT TCCGATCTTGTGTTTCTCTGTTACTTGATTCGATTA CTCTGTTACTATTCTCGTTCTTTGTTACTACTACTA CTACTACTGTTACTTGTATTTTCCCAAATCGGTAC GTTCATCTTCCTGCTTCTGTGAGCCCGGAGATCG ATCGGATTTTTTTGTATTTTGTATATTTGTTGTAGAT CTAAATGCTTTTGTTCAGTTTTGTTGGATTGTTTTG

CTGATCTGGTTTTTGTATTATTTGGATAACAGATCA TTAACGATCGTGAGACTGGAAGATCAAGGGGATT CGGATTCGTCACCTTCAAGGATGAGAAAGCC ***

A

664··

高少培等:利用烟草瞬时表达系统检测高等植物基因的剪接加工

2010;37(6)Fig.4Splicing alteration of rice BADH2intron 6by mutation at 5′and 3′splicing site

(a)Structure of rice BADH2fragment tested.Exons and intron are indicated as boxes and line,respectively.The mutated nucletides are shown at the intron boders.(b)Agarose gel electrophoresis analysis of RT-PCR amplification products derived from the transiently expressed minigene constructs in infiltrated tobacco leaves.1:From the control minigene construct of BADH2fragment;2:From the mutated minigene construct at both 5′and 3′splicing sites of BADH2intron 6.The structures of the PCR-amplified products are indicated on the right.

Fig.3Schematic diagram of T ?DNA region

of minigene construct

MG represents introduced gene fragments.Bar,Hpt indicate herbicide resistant gene and hygromycin phosphotransferase gene,

respectively.

(a)

(b)

gt

cg

gc 1

2

1.4农杆菌介导烟草叶片瞬时转化

将已鉴定的农杆菌单克隆接种到5ml 含抗生素的LB 培养基(10g/L 蛋白胨,10g/L 氯化钠,5g/L 酵母提取物,60mg/L 利福平,50mg/L 卡那霉素)28℃培养20h 后,加至50ml 培养基(10g/L 蛋白胨,10g/L 氯化钠,5g/L 酵母提取物,10mmol/L 2-吗啉乙磺酸(MES,pH 5.7),20μmol/L 乙酰丁香酮),28℃培养16~20h 至A 600=0.5.将菌液4000r/min 离心10min ,用50ml 缓冲液(10mmol/L 氯化镁,10mmol/L MES ,150μmol/L 乙酰丁香酮)重悬,室温放置至少3h .以3ml 无菌医用注射器吸取菌液,去除注射针头,注射器尖端贴紧烟草叶片,将菌液从下表皮缓缓注射进叶片中,36~48h 后注射叶片从烟草植株上取下[15].注射实验重复3次.

1.5烟草叶片总RNA 提取和cDNA 合成

取下的烟草叶片在液氮中快速研磨,参照Trizol 法提取总RNA .RNA 以适量DNase 37℃处理30min 后,用纯化试剂盒进行RNA 纯化.取约1μg 总RNA 合成第一链cDNA ,反转录完成后加入1μl RNase H ,37℃处理30min ,-20℃储存备用.

1.6基因剪接结果检测

以1μl 烟草cDNA 为模板,分别用正向检测引物J5B2F 、3B2F 、J5GR7F 、5LGR7F0和反向检测引物GUSR 分析基因的剪接情况.PCR 反应条件为:94℃预变性4min ;94℃变性40s,53~56℃退火30s ,72℃延伸30~40s ,30个循环,最后72℃总延伸10min .反应结束后,取5μl PCR 产物进行1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测,电泳结果用软件AlphaImager(Alpha Innotec)进行分析,并将PCR 产物进行连接、测序.

2结果

2.1水稻BADH2基因片段剪接加工分析

2.1.1内含子5′端剪接位点gt 和3′端剪接位点ag

突变对剪接的影响.已知的绝大部分U2型内含子

剪接识别位点符合gt-ag 规则,如拟南芥的剪接位点生物信息学分析结果认为不符合这一规则的非标准剪接位点(noncanonical splice sites)仅占0.7%[11].本实验中以已获得的水稻BADH2第6外显子~第8外显子(460bp)基因组序列为模板,利用引物B2F1、B2R1将第6内含子5′、3′端剪接识别位点gt 和ag 分别突变为cg 和gc(图4a),并通过引物5B2F1、3B2R1扩增相应正常对照序列(外显子6第108碱基~外显子7第18碱基,exon 6.108~exon 7.18,119bp).扩增片段经测序验证后分别构建于植物表达载体pHB-GUS 、转化EHA105.按上述方法平行注射烟草叶片,以引物J5B2F 、GUSR 对注射叶片cDNA 样品进行检测.结果如图4b 所示,与正常对照(图4b ,第1泳道)相比,BADH2第6内含子5′、3′端剪接识别位点gt 、ag 突变后内含子不能被有效识别,在电泳(图4b ,第2泳道)和随后的PCR 产物连接、测序分析中均未能发现BADH2第6内含子正常剪接转录本,说明gt-ag 也是这一植物基因内含子的最基本识别信息.

2.1.2内含子5′端和3′端剪接识别位点gt 、ag 旁侧外显子碱基突变对剪接的影响.

在内含子剪接位点识别中,除gt 、ag 二核苷酸外,其邻近碱基也有一定的保守性.通过对数据库中大量基因的生物信息学分析发现,与脊椎动物相似,在植物内含子5′端、3′端分别是碱基AG/gtaagt 、cag/GT (斜线代表外显子、内含子交界)

665··

生物化学与生物物理进展Prog.Biochem.Biophys.2010;37(6)

Fig.6Splicing alterations of rice BADH2intron 6

through mutations of 3′splicing boundary sequence

(a)Structure of the rice BADH2fragment tested.Exons and intron are indicated as boxes and line,respectively.The position of GT nucleotides used for mutations are shown.(b)Agarose gel electrophoresis analysis of RT-PCR amplification products derived from the transiently expressed minigene constructs in infiltrated tobacco leaves.Nucleotide mutations are indicated by uppercase letters at the bottom of each lane.1:From the control;2:From the mutation of GT →GC;3:From the mutation of GT →CT;4:From the mutation of GT →CC.The structures of the PCR-amplified products are indicated on the right.(c)Ratio of unspliced products to spliced products.Each bar represents three replications.Error bars represent standard errors.

Fig.5Splicing alterations of rice BADH2intron 6

through mutation of the 5′splicing boundary sequence

(a)Structure of rice BADH2fragment tested in this study.Exons and introns are indicated as boxes and lines,respectively.The position of AG nucleotides used for mutations are shown.(b)Agarose gel electrophoresis analysis of RT-PCR amplification products derived from the transiently expressed minigene constructs in infiltrated tobacco leaves.Nucleotide mutations are indicated by uppercase letters at the bottom of each lane.1:From the control;2:From the mutation of AG →CG;3:From the mutation of AG →AT;4:From the mutation of AG →CT.The structures of the PCR-amplified products are indicated on the right.(c)Ratio of unspliced products to spliced products.Each bar represents three replications.Error bars represent standard errors.

(a)

(b)

12GT

34

GT GC CT CC

(a)(b)

AG

1234

AG

CG

AT

CT

(c)

(c)

出现的频率较高,且越靠近gt 、ag ,碱基的保守性越强[11].本实验通过引物设计(表1)分别在5′端、3′端对BA DH2第6内含子gt 、ag 旁侧外显子碱基进行突变:

a .利用引物5B2F1-4、5B2R(exon 6.108-exon 8.56,413bp)分别构建BADH2第6内含子5′端剪接供体位点gt 上游碱基AG 突变系列载体,即对照、AG →CG 、AG →AT 、AG →CT ,而其他序列经测序验证保持不变(图1、图5).将农杆菌阳性转化克隆分别平行注射烟草叶片,以引物J5B2F 、GUSR 对注射叶片cDNA 样品进行扩增检测.结果如图5

b 、

c 所示:与对照(图5b ,第1泳道)相比,5′端剪接识别位点gt 旁侧外显子碱基AG 突变使BADH2第6内含子未剪接转录本比例明显升高,且突变碱基越靠近gt 升高程度越大(图5c ,未剪接/剪接转录本比例从左至右依次为0.42、1.29、9.03、18.03).

b .BA DH2第6内含子5′端序列不变,利用引物3B2F 、3B2R1-4(exon 6.61-exon 7.18,166bp)分别构建3′端剪接受体位点ag 下游碱基GT 突变系列载体,即对照、GT →GC 、GT →CT 、GT →CC (图1、图6).将农杆菌阳性转化克隆分别平行注射烟草叶片,以引物3B2F 、GUSR 对注射叶片cDNA 样品进行扩增检测.结果如图6b 、

c 所示:与对照(图6b ,第1泳道)相比,3′端剪接识别位点ag 旁侧外显子碱基GT 突变使BA DH2第6内含子未剪接转录本比例升高,且突变碱基越靠近ag 升高程度越大(图6c ,未剪接/剪接转录本比例从左至右依次为1.08、2.11、3.59、6.31).

2.1.3基因片段长度对剪接的影响.在上述2.1.1部分,剪接位点突变对照载体(图4a ,exon 6.108-exon 7.18,119bp ,命名为SWT)与2.1.2部分3′端旁侧碱基突变对照载体(图6a ,exon 6.61-exon 7.18,166bp ,命名为LWT)相比,下游外显

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高少培等:利用烟草瞬时表达系统检测高等植物基因的剪接加工

2010;37(6)Fig.8Splicing alterations of Arabidopsis GR7fragment through mutations of 5忆splicing boundary sequence

(a)Structure of the Arabidopsis GR7gene fragment tested.The 5′and 3′alternative splicing sites are indicated at GT and AG,respectively.Nucleotides used for mutations are shown by italic AG.(b)Agarose gel electrophoresis analysis of RT-PCR amplification products derived from the transiently expressed minigene constructs in infiltrated tobacco leaves.Nucleotide mutations are indicated by italic letters at the bottom of each lane.1:From the control;2:From the mutation of AG →CG;3:From the mutation of AG →AT;4:From the mutation of AG →CT.The structures of the PCR-amplified products are explained on the right.

Fig.7Splicing analysis of rice BADH2intron 6

with different size

Agarose gel electrophoresis analysis of RT-PCR amplification products derived from the transiently expressed minigene constructs in infiltrated tobacco leaves.1:From the expressed minigene constructed from 108th base of BADH2exon 6to 18th of exon 7;2:From the expressed minigene constructed from 61st base of BADH2exon 6to 18th of exon 7.The structures of amplification products in lane 1and lane 2are explained on the left and right,

respectively.

1

2

(a)

(b)

GT

1234

AG CG AT CT

AG

AGGT

子7序列相同,而上游外显子6序列LWT 较SWT

长47bp ,距离BA DH2第6内含子5′端剪接位点分别为64bp 和17bp(图7,基因片段结构简图所示).将这两个载体农杆菌阳性克隆平行注射烟草叶片,对注射叶片cDNA 样品进行扩增检测.结果如图7所示:与载体LWT(第2泳道)相比,载体SWT(第1泳道)的内含子6剪接效率降低,说明基因片段长度对剪接也有影响.另一方面,这两个载体烟草正常剪接转录本的存在也说明:虽然外显子序列最远端距剪接位点仅有十几个碱基,如载体SWT 距BADH2第6内含子5′端剪接位点17bp ;载体SWT 和LWT 距第6内含子3′端剪接位点均为18bp ,也可以部分满足剪接复合体的结合需要,使剪接反应正常进行.

2.2拟南芥GR7基因片段剪接加工分析

2.2.15′端剪接识别位点gt 旁侧外显子碱基突变对剪接的影响.

为了试验烟草瞬时表达系统在检测其他植物基因剪接中的可行性,另选双子叶模式植物拟南芥GR7基因进行验证,该基因已在预实验中发现存在可变剪接产物(图2中划线部分标明其5′端可变剪接识别位点).以GR7基因序列(418bp)为模板,通过引物设计突变相应碱基序列构建植物表达载体.

a .利用引物5LGR7F1-4、5GR7R 获得GR7基因第1个5′端识别位点(图2)上游碱基AG 突变扩增片段,即对照、AG →CG 、AG →AT 、AG →CT ,然后4个扩增产物再分别用引物5LGR7F0向GR7基因5′端上游延伸,测序验证后构建突变系

列载体.将农杆菌阳性转化克隆平行注射烟草叶片,以引物5LGR7F0、GUSR 对注射叶片cDNA 样品进行扩增检测.结果如图8所示:与对照(图8b ,第1泳道)相比,第1个5′端选择性识别位点上游碱基AG 的突变很大程度抑制了从该位点的剪接,仅在AG →CG 载体(图8b ,第2泳道)测序结果中发现极少量选择这一5′端剪接位点的转录本.说明与上述水稻BADH2检测结果相似,拟南芥GR7基因5′端剪接位点上游碱基AG 也在剪接中发挥作用.

b .如上述,已知生物信息学分析结果表明5′端剪接识别保守序列为AG/gtaag [11](斜线代表外显子、内含子交界).GR7基因第1个5′端识别位点边界序列碱基为AG/GTCTG (图2),利用引物5LGR7MF 将识别位点下游碱基C 突变为A(图9a),然后扩增产物用引物5LGR7F0向GR7基因5′端上游延伸,测序验证后构建载体,与相应对照载体农杆菌阳性转化克隆平行注射烟草叶片,以引物5LGR7F0、GUSR 对注射叶片cDNA 样品进行扩增检测.结果如图9b 所示,与对照(图9b ,第1泳道)相比,这一碱基的点突变使该剪接位点的效率显著提高.

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生物化学与生物物理进展Prog.Biochem.Biophys.2010;37(6)

Fig.10Splicing alterations of truncated Arabidopsis GR7fragment through mutations of 5′splicing

boundary sequence

(a)Structure of Arabidopsis GR7gene fragment tested.The alternative splicing sites are indicated,and the nucleotides used for mutations are shown by italic.(b)Agarose gel electrophoresis analysis of RT-PCR amplification products derived from the transiently expressed minigene constructs in infiltrated tobacco leaves.Nucleotide mutations are indicated by italic letters at the bottom of each lane.1:From the control;2:From the mutation of AG →CG;3:From the mutation of AG →AT;4:From the mutations of AG →CT.The structures of the PCR-amplified products are indicated on the right.

Fig.9Splicing analysis of Arabidopsis GR7fragment through mutation of 5′splicing boundary sequence

(a)Structure of Arabidopsis GR7gene fragment tested.The mutation site and alternative splicing sites are shown.(b)Agarose gel electrophoresis analysis of RT-PCR amplification products derived from the transiently expressed minigene constructs in infiltrated tobacco leaves.1:From the control;2:From the mutation of C →A.The structures of the PCR-amplified products are indicated on the right.

(a)

(b)

1

2

(a)

(b)

GT

1234

AG CG AT CT

AG

AGGT

2.2.2基因片段长度对剪接的影响.当利用引物5GR7F1-4、5GR7R 进行扩增、构建时,所获得的GR7基因对照、AG →CG 、AG →AT 、AG →CT 载体系列与上述2.2.1部分载体系列相比,差异仅在于上游序列距第1个5′端剪接位点由40bp 缩短为15bp(表1、图2).烟草瞬时表达检测结果显示:对照载体(图10b ,第1泳道)剪接主要发生于第2个5′端识别位点(图2,第207个碱基),对第1个

5′端剪接位点的识别被抑制.而对第1识别位点上

游碱基AG 的突变也得到相似剪接加工结果,在电泳(图10b ,第2~4泳道)和随后的PCR 产物连接、测序分析中均未发现识别第1个5′端剪接位点的转录本.

3讨论

本实验中,水稻BADH2(betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2)和拟南芥GR7(glycine-rich RNA-binding protein 7)基因是在前期研究结果[16]中发现可进行剪接、可变剪接而随机选取的,它们分别来源于单、双子叶模式植物,说明该烟草系统可广泛应用于植物基因的剪接研究.植物表达载体pHB-GUS 中GUS (β-glucuronidase)基因的作用主要是:a .提高剪接产物检测的特异性.实验中所使用反向检测引物GUSR 是基于植物外源GUS 基因序列设计的特异引物,因而可以尽量避免烟草内源非特异扩增产物的干扰.在预试中对未转化烟草叶片样品进行相应检测引物PCR 扩增未发现非特异产物.b .方便剪接产物的检测.检测所使用反向引物均为GUSR ,可以为小的剪接产物片段(本实验中最短为41bp)提供骨架(GUS 基因扩增片段为260bp)以方便随后的琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析,并保证同一突变系列不同载体检测的均一性.另一方面,GUS 基因在植物基因剪接产物中的融合表达,也可以为以后可变剪接产生不同编码产物的Western blot 检测等提供便利.

在模式植物拟南芥和水稻中,通过对已有的EST 、cDNA 序列分析发现,可变剪接的发生率分别为21.8%和21.2%[17],推测植物可能通过可变剪接调控蛋白质比率、分布、功能结构域以及磷酸化状态的改变等以适应发育需要和环境变化,但对由此所产生的植物生理功能多样性的具体细节及其调控机制所知甚少.早期对植物剪接的研究主要是通过获得检测基因片段的转基因植物后代,或用电击等转化方法使检测基因在烟草、玉米质体中进行瞬时表达,后又利用烟草叶片愈伤组织瞬时转化[18],这些方法主要缺点是耗时较长或操作不方便.烟草叶片注射系统建立后多用于外源重组蛋白瞬时表达,此后通过对绿色荧光蛋白、GUS 和荧光素酶等报告基因的表达检测,该系统被进一步用于启动子、转录因子活性鉴定和RNA 干涉、植物病毒防御基因功能分析[12-15].在本实验中,烟草叶片注射系统不需要昂贵的特殊试剂和培养条件,从注射到

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高少培等:利用烟草瞬时表达系统检测高等植物基因的剪接加工

2010;37(6)Fig.11

Effects of point mutation in the rice BADH2exon 6on downstream intron splicing

(a)Structure of rice BADH2fragment tested.Exons and intron are indicated as boxes and line,respectively.The mutation site is shown.(b)Agarose gel electrophoresis analysis of RT-PCR amplification products derived from the transiently expressed minigene constructs in infiltrated tobacco leaves.1:From the control;2:From the point mutation in exon 6.The structures of the PCR-amplified products are indicated on the right.

Fig.12Splicing alteration through point mutation

in the rice BADH2intron 6

(a)Structure of rice BADH2fragment tested.Exons and intron are indicated as boxes and line,respectively.The mutation site is shown.(b)Agarose gel electrophoresis analysis of RT-PCR amplification products derived from the transiently expressed minigene constructs in infiltrated tobacco leaves.1:From the control,2:From the point mutation in intron 6.The structures of the PCR-amplified products are indicated on the right.

(a)

(b)

G 1

2

T

(a)

(b)

a

g 1

2

样品提取仅需2~3天,可以灵敏地检测到单个碱

基突变对剪接的影响(图5、6、8、9),并具有较好的重复性,适合于检测植物基因的剪接调控.

动物基因可变剪接及其调控机制的研究远较植物丰富,借助于细胞系培养及转染系统,在动物的外显子与内含子序列中鉴定了大量剪接增强、抑制元件[8-10].可以预见,植物基因外显子、内含子中也会存在许多剪接调控元件.在本实验载体构建过程中,经测序发现了一些点突变基因片段,所构建载体经烟草注射、检验后发现:其中水稻BA DH2基因外显子6(124bp)第112碱基突变(T →G),与相应载体相比使第6内含子剪接效率降低(图11,第2泳道);而BADH2内含子6(84bp)第71碱基突变后(a →g),与相应载体相比其未剪接转录本比例增加(图12),表明植物外显子、内含子中一些序列元件对剪接有调控作用.

对于内含子剪接识别边界序列,已有研究结果认为,植物、动物基因剪接识别序列较为保守[11].利用人类基因剪接数据库(human splicing finder ,http://www.umd.be/HSF/HSF.html)对本工作中选取的水稻BADH2基因外显子6-外显子7序列进行剪接位点预测,结果表明预测剪接发生几率最大的位点正是经本实验验证的第6内含子剪接位点.在动、植物保守的剪接识别序列中,5′端、3′端外显子/内含子交界序列出现频率最高的均为AG/GT ,并且在本实验和其他已有报道中[8,11]显示这些碱基影响着剪接的效率.而本课题组在对水稻BADH 等基因的研究中报道了短正向重复序列介导的转录后加工现象[16],AGGT 是否是这种短正向重复序列的特例,这两种剪接加工机制是否有关联,将会是一个很有意义的研究课题.

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*This work was supported by grants from The National Natural Science Foundation of China (30970260,30971752,30825030)and The National Mega-transgenic Project (2009ZX08009-072B).**These authors contributed equally to this work.***Corresponding author.

Tel:86-28-85460570,E-mail:liuyongsheng1122@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/1918536157.html, Received:December 11,2009

Accepted:March 3,2010

Application of Tobacco Transient Expression System

to Detect Gene Splicing in Higher Plants *

GAO Shao-Pei 1)**,NIU Xiang-Li 2)**,LUO Di 1),CHANG Li-Juan 1),

YU Xu 1),LI Yu-Xiang 1),LIU Yong-Sheng 1,2)***

(1)Key Laboratory of Bio ?resources and Eco ?environment Ministry of Education,College of Life Science,Sichuan University,Chengdu 610064,China;

2)

College of Agricultural and Life Sciences,Chongqing University,Chongqing 400030,China)

Abstract To dissect the splicing mechanism is a critical step in understanding the plant morphogenesis,growth,development and responses to https://www.sodocs.net/doc/1918536157.html,pared to animals,the research on RNA splicing is progressing poorly in plants.The splicing patterns of gene fragments derived from monocot rice BADH2and dicot Arabidopsis GR7were detected by Agrobacterium-mediated tobacco transient expression system.The results indicated that the fundamental splicing regulatory elements are conserved in plants.The tobacco transient expression system could be used as an important tool for fast and sensitive detection of gene splicing regulation in higher plants.Key words RNA splicing,tobacco transient expression system,higher plants DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1206.2009.00735

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