山东省自考英语二Unit 8

Unit 8

（山东省自考英语）Text A

How to Give a Good Speech 怎样做好演讲

(We are all called upon to make a speech at some point in life，but most of us do not do a very good job．

生活中我们都会有被邀请就某一问题做演讲的时候，但是大多数人都做得不很好。

This article gives some suggestions on how to give a good speech．

这篇文章就如何才能做好演讲提出了一些建议。)

So，you have to give a speech——and you are afraid．Y ou get nervous，you forget what you want to say，you stumble over words，you talk too long，and you bore your audience．

好吧，你不得不做一次演讲。但你怕，你紧张，你忘记了想说的话，你结结巴巴地讲话，你讲话的时间过长，你使听众厌烦。

Later you think. “Thank goodness，it's over．I’m just no good at public speaking．I hope．I never have to do that again．”

讲完后你会这样想“谢天谢地，总算讲完了。我就是不善于在公众面前讲话。我希望我再也不要干这种事了。”

Cheer up! It doesn’t have to be that bad!．

别泄气演讲并不一定就那么令人不愉快。

Here are some simple steps to take a pain out of speech-making．

下面向你介绍一些解除演讲痛苦的几个简单步骤。

First of all，it is important to plan．Do your homework．

首先，重要的是要拟个计划，作好准备，

Find out everything you can about your subject．

找到与你演讲题目有关的一些材料。

And，at the same time，find out as much as you can about your audience．

与此同时，要尽可能多地了解你的听众。

Who are they ? What do they know about your subject ?

他们是谁?他们对你讲的主题有何了解?

Do they have a common interest?

他们是否有共同的兴趣?

Why are they coming to hear you speak?

他们为什么来听你的演讲?

Put yourself in their shoes as you prepare your speech．

在你准备演讲时，要设身处地为他们着想。

Ask yourself the purpose of your speech．What is the occasion? Why are you speaking?

你要问问自己，你演讲的目的是什么? 是在什么场合?你为什么要演讲?

Are you introducing another speaker? Moderating a discussion ? Giving a lecture? Convincing someone ?

你是在介绍另一位演讲的人，调解一次讨论，还是在讲课，还是在劝说某人?

There are many possible speaking roles , and each one has its own special characteristics．

讲话人的角色可以有许许多多，而且彼此各有自己的特点。

Make sure you know into which category you fit．

你一定要搞清楚自己属于哪一类。

Don’t spoil your speech by confusing one speaking role with another．

不要把一种讲话的角色和另一种角色弄混而使自己的演讲砸锅。

Let us suppose that you have been asked to introduce the main speaker at a meeting．

让我们假设，你要在会上介绍一位主讲人。

First，find out the most important and interesting things about the speaker．

首先就要了解清楚一些有关讲演者最重要和最有意思的事情。

Then, summarize this information in a few words．

然后，用几句话把这些加以概括。

It is all right to tell a joke if it is in good taste and will not embarrass the speaker．

如果格调高雅并且不使讲演者难堪，讲几句笑话也是可以的。

And，most important,be brief．

最重要的是简短。

Remember，you are not the main speaker；you are introducing the main speaker．

记住，你不是主讲人，而是在介绍主讲人。

If you are a moderator，you should begin by giving a quick introduction of the people on the panel．

假如你是一个主持人，你应该先简短介绍在座的人员。

After that，you should try to keep the discussion running smoothly，and you should try to focus on the connections between the speakers．

之后，你应该保持讨论的顺利进行，重点放在演讲人之间的内容衔接上面。

Keep yourself in the background．Don’t talk too much，and don’t cut in．

你要站在暗处，不要说太多，也不要插话。

Be skillful and considerate．

还要有技巧，考虑要周到。

If you are giving a lecture or explaining an idea，gather as many facts as you can on your subject．

假如你在上课或在解释一个概念，你要收集有关这一主题的材料，越多越好。

Spend plenty of time doing your research．

你要花大量时间进行研究。

Then spend plenty of time organizing your material so that your speech is clear and easy to follow．

然后花大量的时间组织材料，以使你的演讲清楚和易于理解。

Use as many examples as possible，and use pictures, charts or graphs if they will help you make your points more clearly．

如果例子和图表有助于你更清楚地阐明你的观点的话、就尽可能多地采用。

Never forget your audience．

永远也不要忘记你的听众，

Don’t talk over their heads，and don’t talk down to them．

不要讲得太深，也不要讲得太浅，

Treat your audience with respect．

要尊重你的听众。

They will appreciate your thoughtfulness．

他们对你周到细心的准备是会非常欣赏的。

If you are trying to sell something，you will need to convince your audience．

如果你在设法进行销售，你就需要使你的听众信服。

Do you want them to vote for Candidate A?

你想要他们投票支持候选人甲吗?

Are you offering them a new improved tooth brush ?

你是向他们推销一种改进型新牙刷吗?

This kind of speech is usually dramatic，but here too，you must do your research and know your facts．

这种讲话通常是很生动有趣的，但是在这里也是一样，你也必须作一些研究，要熟悉你要讲到的一些事实。

When you are making your speech，try to relax．

演讲时，要极力放松。

Speak slowly and clearly and look at people in your audience．

讲话要慢、清楚，眼睛看着你的听众。

Use simple vocabulary and expressions whenever possible．

只要有可能就要用简单的词汇和表达方式。

Stop for a few seconds now and then to give your audience a chance to think about what you have said．

不时地停下几秒钟，让你的听众有机会想想你所讲过的东西。

Make sure that everyone in the room can hear you．

要确保屋子里的每一个人都听到你的讲话。

If it is a large room or an auditorium，you will probably have to use a microphone．

如果是个大屋子，你或许应当用扩音器。

Just remember：be prepared．

记住：要有准备。

Know your subject, your audience,and the occasion．

要了解你讲演的主题，你的听众和场合。

Be brief．Say what you have to say and then stop．

要简短。说你必须说的，然后就结束。

Let your personality come through so that you make person-to-person contact with your audience．让你的个性显示出来，这样你就能和听众交心。

If you follow these simple steps，you’11 see that you don’t have to be afraid of public speaking．如果你遵守这些简单的步骤，你就明白没有必要害怕在公众面前讲演。

In fact，you may find the experience so enjoyable that you ask to make more speeches!

实际上，你会感到这种经历是饶有兴味的，你会想要再做更多的演讲。

Y ou’re not convinced yet? Give it a try and see what happens．

现在你还不相信?请试一试，看情况会如何。

第八课

1、你务必于下午两点半来参加会议

Be sure to attend the meeting at half past two in the afternoon. (2006-4考过了)

2、假定明天没有课，我们将去爬长城。

Suppose that we had no classes, we would go to the Great Wall.

3、一位好的领导，应该时刻和人民群众保持密切的联系。

As a good leader, one should keep close contact with the masses（群众）now and then.

4、如果你处在他的位置上，你就会同情他了。

If you put yourself into his shoes, you will be sympathetic( 同情) with him.

5、老人已经九十岁了，手术后能活下来真是幸运。

The old man was 90 years old and lucky to come through his operation（手术）.

6、当别人讲话时，不要插嘴。

Please don’t cut in when someone is speaking.

7、只要你找出你的弱点，并加以克服，你一定会成为一名优秀生。

As long as you find out your shortcoming and overcome it, you are sure to become one excellent （极好的）student.

8、上课集中注意力听老师讲解意味着课后少花力气。

Listening to the teacher carefully in class means little work after class.

9、在重要的场合，要穿着得体大方。

When you are in important occasion（场合）, you must wear in good taste（味道）.

10、当你读完这本小说后，你会看到一个戏剧性的结局。

When you finish reading the novel, you will get a dramatic（戏剧性的）end.

11、这些数学题我解答不了。

These mathematics questions are over my head.

12、如果你想解决这个问题，你最好先找出基本的矛盾。

If you want to solve the problem, you had better find out the principal contradiction.

CLOZE

17．Cloze．Please pay attention that there are more words than are necessary?

age audience appreciate contact for example

function hair include living grow

outward plant process reach skin

Aging is the process of growing old．It occurs eventually (最终)in every living thing provided(倘若)，of course，that an illness or accident does not kill it prematurely(过早地)．The most familiar outward signs of aging may be seen in old people，such as the graying of the hair

and the wrinkling of the skin Signs of aging in a pet (宠物)dog or cat include loss of playfulness and energy，a decline in hearing and eyesight，or even a slight graying of the coat. Plants age too，but the signs are much harder to detect(探测)．

衰老是逐渐变老的过程。衰老发生在每个有生命的事物中，除非疾病或其他缘故过早地将之损害。衰老的最熟悉的外在迹象可以在老人中看到，比如头发变白，皮肤起了皱纹等。宠物狗、猫的衰老迹象是失去活力，听力和视力下降，皮毛的颜色变自变灰。植物也会衰老，但是衰老的迹象是很难被发现的。

Most body parts grow bigger and stronger，and function more efficient1y during childhood．They reach their peak at the time of maturity(成熟)，or early adulthood．Then they begin to decline．Bones，for example ，gradually become lighter and softer．身体的许多部位渐渐地成长起来，变大变壮，并且功能逐渐增强。这些器官在成熟或成年早期功能最强。然后开始功能慢慢地衰退。比如，骨头渐渐地变轻变脆。

Text B

The Mystery of Speaking Effectively 有效讲话的奥秘

Why is that some people have a seemingly natural ability to get attention and respect when they speak ?

为何某些人在讲演时似乎能够自然而然地吸引听众的注意力并赢得足够的尊重呢?

What is it that makes others listen and pay attention to their words?

哪些因素有助于听众倾听并留意讲演内容呢?

It isn’t necessarily a question of status, or the content of what they say．

这并非取决于演讲者的身份或演讲内容。

Such people often don’t speak“Oxford’’English，express themselves using perfect grammatical constructions, or even use appropriate words．

这些人通常并未使用“牛津”英语，亦未通过完美的语法结构进行自我表述，措辞决不是完美无缺，

What they do have is resonance．

但他们能够引起听众的共鸣。

Such people tend to have beautiful，rich voices and to use the lower end of their voice range.

这些人往往具有优美流畅、丰富多彩的语音，并能够有效运用语音幅度中的低音部分。Observe and listen to others．

观察和倾听他人的说话，

People who speak quickly and breathily in a high—pitched voice do not appear as assertive as those who speak more slowly using deeper voice tones．

那些语速较快、呼吸急促、音调较高的人似乎不如那些语速较慢、音调低沉的人更富有自信力。

The lower pitch conveys control and confidence．

音调低沉说明具有一定的控制力和足够的自信心。

It would be ridiculous to suggest that from now on you self-consciously lower the tone of your voice when you speak, but you can begin to achieve greater resonance by practicing the way you breathe．

如果我们建议大家从现在开始，在今后的生活中讲话时有意识地降低音调，那样似乎太荒谬

了。但您可以开始通过演练自己的呼吸方式来加强语音的共鸣感。

Try this . Stand in front of a mirror breathing naturally．

不妨尝试一下，站在一面镜子前自然地进行呼吸。

Now draw a deep breath. Does your chest expand ?

现在，深呼吸一口气，您的胸腔是否有所扩张?

Do your shoulders rise? I think so．

肩膀是否有所提升?我认为一定会的，

Y ou are breathing“high”，using your rib rather than your abdominal muscles.

因为您正在运用肋间肌，而非腹肌进行深呼吸。

Try again，this time putting your hands across your stomach.

请再试一次，这次将双手交叉放在胃部。

When you breathe in, consciously keep your shoulders lowered and fill your lungs from the abdomen—you will feel your stomach expanding.

当您吸气时，有意识地降低自己的双肩，并使空气从腹部进入肺，这时您一定会感觉到胃部正在扩张。

If you practice abdominal breathing，you will be utilizing all，not just the top，of your lungs. which in itself must be beneficial．

如果您练习用腹肌进行呼吸，您将运用整个肺部，而不仅仅是肺的顶端，这样一定大有裨益。Y ou will also be engaging your diaphragm more，and this in turn will the lower end of your voice range and add resonance to your voice，conveying more authority.

您还可以更多地运用膈膜，这样将更加有助于语音幅度中的低音，并增加语音的响亮度，进而增强说服力。

Words delivered in a monotone soon become just that’monotonous!

采用单调、乏味的语音进行讲话，很快就会令人厌倦。

Y our delivery will need light and shade if you want to keep the attention of your listener．

如果希望吸引听众的注意力，您的演讲风格中将需要加入一定的抑扬顿挫。

Assertive delivery requires smooth-flowing,resonant inflection；the voice will be relaxed with enough volume to be heard distinctly[明白地，清楚地]without being overpowering.

自信型的演讲要求流畅自然、声音洪亮且富于变化，语音自然且音量适中,以便听者可以比较轻松地听清您讲话的内容。

However，there are some occasions when assertive behavior requires a little more power than generally recommended for everyday conversations．

不过，有时自信型的行为模式需要比日常对话具有更大的影响力。

If you were to see a small child about to put her hand into an activated food-processor，it would be inappropriate to say，in a low-pitched，relaxed way，“I’d prefer you not to put your hand into that food-processor．”

若看到一名儿童正在将手放入一台正在运转的食品加工机中，您就不应采用一种低沉、自然的口气对她说：“我希望你不要把手放入食品加工机中。”

Assertive，yes；practical，no!

这种方式属于自信型吗?属于!实用吗?不实用!

Obviously，there are occasions—when someone’s personal safety is at risk，for instance—when more force of delivery is required．

显然，当他人面临一定的危险时，您的讲话方式应更加坚定有力。

The content of the communication doesn’t have to become aggressive.however．

不过，讲话内容本身未必要带有一定的攻击性。

In the above example，a loud，sharp“NO”to stop the action immediately and demand attention．在上述例子中，合理的做法应该是通过大声、尖利地说“不”，来及时劝阻这个儿童的危险行为并引起他的注意。

followed by a forceful explanation of why that was a dangerous thing to do，would be an appropriate response，

随后有力地说明那样做为何十分危险。

whereas“Stop ! Don’t do that you stupid child!”would be an inappropriate (though human and understandable)one．

然而，“停下，你这傻孩子，不要这样做!”却是一种不当的方式(尽管较人道并且可以理解)。The whole child is labeled as“stupid”rather than the action itself being criticized．

因为这样做是在批评这个儿童是“傻孩子”，而不是批评行动本身。

Appropriate volume and intonation without aggressive tones will give the other person the message that you mean business是认真的，谈正事的.

适当的、不带攻击性和诋毁性的语音语调将能够促使对方意识到你这样做是“对事不对人!”Another common failing is that when we are tense，overworked or just irritable，we often respond with a force totally inappropriate to the situation．

另一个常见的误区是我们处于紧张状态、劳累过度或明显急躁时，往往会采用一种根本不适合当时具体情况的、比较烦躁的答复方式。

To give an example：you are reading an interesting article in the Sunday papers.

比如您正阅读《星期日时报》刊登的一篇有趣的文章中，

Y our partner is reading the supplement(副刊)and constantly(不断地) interrupts( 插嘴)，reading aloud witty bits and snippets．

你的配偶正在阅读副刊并频繁地打搅您，大声地阅读着幽默短讯和新闻片段，

It’s breaking your concentration and making you disturbed．

不断干扰您的注意力并让您心烦意乱。

Y ou say nothing，but when she then asks something which requires a response，like“Do you want a coffee?”

您没说什么，但是当她向您提起了某个问题并要求您回答时，如“你想喝杯咖啡吗?”

you respond“No，I don’t；we only had one half an hour ago．Why are you so talkative ! ”您回答到：“不，不想喝!我们半小时之前刚喝过。你可真算得上是喋喋不休!”

The intensity of the response reflects your annoyance at the previous interruptions and is certainly unfair，and totally inappropriate to the situation.

这种严厉的答复方式表明您对配偶先前频繁打断自己的思路感到愤慨，当然，这样做对于对方而言显然是不公平的，而且完全不符和当时的实情。

(It might also reflect irritation at your own lack of assertion when earlier you should have said something like，“Can you read that to me 1ater ?This article is a bit complex and I need to concentrate．”)

这或许也反映出您因缺乏自信而显出气愤，您早该说：你能否稍后再读给我听?这篇文章比较复杂，我需要全神贯注地阅读。

There are occasions in everyone’s life，social and business，when the skill of using appropriate volume and force needs to be practiced．

在日常生活、社交及工作中，有时我们需要妥善地运用适度的音量和影响力的技能。

For example ,when you have given an assertive request in clear，level tones and that request is

ignored，you have two choices：give up the fight and put up with the situation as it is，or make your request again，this time with a little more force．

比如当您用一种明确的平声调，满怀信心地提出某种要求时，而他人根本没有理睬您的要求，这时您有以下两种选择：放弃争论，听之任之；再次提出这一要求，这次需要加强一定的分量。

If you take the latter course，you could either change the way of your request，making it a directive which will give the message more“punch" and／or increase volume，altering intonation to match the emotion behind the delivery．

若采用后一种选择，您或者可以通过改变方式来重新提出要求，使之更加具有命令性，从而强调信息的重要性；或提高音量，改变音调，以便符合演讲背后的情感要求。

If you are interested in this，you can have a try．

若对此感兴趣，您不妨一试。

201610月自学考试英语二考试试题与答案解析

2015年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 英语(二) 试卷 (课程代码 00015) 本试卷共8页，满分l00分，考试时间l50分钟。 考生答题注意事项： 1．本卷所有试题必须在答题卡上作答。答在试卷上无效，试卷空白处和背面均可作草稿纸。2．第一部分为选择题。必须对应试卷上的题号使用2B铅笔将“答题卡”的相应代码涂黑。3．第二部分为非选择题。必须注明大、小题号，使用0．5毫米黑色字迹签字笔作答。4．合理安排答题空间，超出答题区域无效。 选择题区 第一部分：阅读判断(第1～l0题，每题l分，共10分) 下面的短文后列出了l0个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该旬提供的是正确信息，选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择8；如果该旬的信息文中没有提及，选择C。在答题卡相应位置上将答案选项涂黑。 Black Friday Everyone likes to shop for gifts for the holiday season, but few people know the history of holiday shopping. While people have heard of Black Friday; most do not know its origins. Black Friday is the day after Thanksgiving (感恩节).On this day most retail stores open their doors very early一some as early as 4 am. In addition, they provide their customers with great discounts on products. With this in mind, it is clear to see why so many shoppers buy many of their Christmas gifts on Black Friday. Black Friday is not as ok! as many people think. In fact, it is believed that the first Black. Friday was held in the 1970s in the USA. It was a day when stores decided to mark the start of the holiday season In order to draw more customers, they offered great discounts. All products sold very well. This large success resulted in the name Black Friday, it was so named because the stores were "in the black". This financial term means the stoics made a lot of money. However, it was not until around 2002 that Black Friday really started to gain in popularity. Today in the USA, countless advertisers proudly announce their Black Friday sales. They hope to attract shoppers into their stores. Black Friday is a day when many shoppers in the USA go out and buy gifts, even though Christmas Eve is still a more popular day to shop. Thanks to the Internet, it is now possible to get some excellent Black Friday deals online. So if you don't want to get to the stores by 4 am, this is the perfect way to still get items at reduced prices.

山东自考英语二课文翻译

Unit 1 Text A How Difficult Is English? 英语有多难 Like the national push for Asian literacy （n.有文化，有教养，有读写能力）in Australia，就如澳大利亚在全国推行学亚洲语言一样，there has been foreign languages fervor[f??v?] in China，中国也掀起一股外语热，with English on top of the list. 在这股热潮中，英语高居榜首。English is not only taught at schools，colleges and universities，but also at evening classes，on radio and TV．不仅各级学校教英语，夜校、电台、电视台也都设有英语课程。Parents hire private tutors for their school children；父母为学龄的孩子聘请英语家教，adult English learners would sacrifice the weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken English with peop1e of the same interest and determination. 成年英语学习者会牺牲周末休息日，到公园参加英语角，与志趣相投的英语学习者练习口语。Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of time and energy before it is mastered ? 英语真的有这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗? The answer，if I am asked to offer，is undoubtedly，yes．如果我被问及这个问题，那么毫无疑问，我的答案是：是的。From my personal experience, 从我个人的经验来看，I think learning English means far more than learning its pronunciation，its grammatical rules，its words，etc．英语学习不仅仅是学习英语发音、语法规则、词汇等，It involves learning everything about the countries where it is used and the people who use it．它包括学习与使用该语言的国家和民族有关的所有内容。Without such a complete understanding of the language, 对英语没有这样全面的理解，the English a foreigner speaks will inevitably sound strange or even unintelligible though there is not anything wrong with his pronunciation，sentence structure and the words he uses．即使发音、句子结构、措辞毫无错误，一个外国人所讲的英语也难免听起来稀奇古怪甚至难以理解。The social customs and habits of the English-speaking people contribute a lot to the difficulty a foreigner has in learning it．讲英语民族者的社会风俗习惯增加了外国人学习英语的难度。Take the Chinese English learners for example．以学英语的中国人为例，" Hello "and "Good morning" may sound a little bit simple to Chinese people．"你好"和"早上好"是非常简单的。It is totally beyond the understanding of a Chinese English learner that native English speakers would be annoyed when they're addressed "Where are you going?"，which is a commonly used addressing among the Chinese．"你去哪儿?"是中国人常用的问候语，若英语母语者被问及"你去哪儿?"，他们会因此感到不悦，这一点让中国的英语学习者大为不解。Is there anything wrong with the English sentence structure ? 这个英语句子结构不对吗? Of course not．当然不是。It takes quite some time for a Chinese English learner to understand the western concept of privacy being violated in this address. 学英语的中国人得费点儿时间才能理解这一问候语侵犯了西方人的隐私。By the same token，同样，"Have you eaten?"(which is another addressing term the Chinese people usually use)will sound to native English speakers that the Chinese are so hospitable that they invite people to meals off-handedly. 英语母语者听到"你吃了吗?"(中国人常用的另外一个问候语)，会觉得中国人非常好客，会在事先毫无准备的情况下请人吃饭。Meanwhile，the Chinese would be shocked to hear，"Oh，it's very nice of you．When?"，if the addressee happens to have a craving for Chinese cooking and has not had his dinner yet.如果听话者此刻正希望品尝一下中国美食，又碰巧没有吃饭，他会回答"太好了，什么时候?"，中国人为此也会大吃一惊。 "We can say we are going to have chicken for dinner．Why can't we say pig，bull or sheep for dinner instead of pork，beef or mutton?" Chinese English learners may raise such questions．中国的英语学习者可能会这样问："我们可以说吃鸡，为什么不能说吃猪、吃牛、吃羊，而要说吃猪肉、牛肉、羊肉呢?"Figuring out the reasons for the peculiar English vocabulary is no easy task for Chinese English learners．对学习英语的中国人来说，为这些特殊的英语词汇找出理由并非易事。But the problem is that memorizing English words mechanically would be devastating and inefficient if they did not know what had happened in British history．问题在于如果不懂英国历史，死记硬背英语单词毫无效率。Thus learning English(and other languages as well)involves learning the history of the countries where it is spoken．所以说，学英语(其他语言亦如此)还包括学习使用该语言国家的历史知识。A task of this kind is more difficult for Chinese English learners than for people who speak

自考英语二怎么学

自考英语二怎么学 自考英语二怎么学 1 英语(二)词汇记忆方法 英语二词汇要求达到3800词，词组750.有的同学问是不是就只要背下册书的词汇就行了，回答是不够的，肯定是不够的，因为词汇没有说只考下册，上册也要背。但是有人说我短期内怎么记住这些大量的词汇呢?大家词汇学习第一个应该是有一定的时间，因为有的同学说一个星期或者两个星期教给你方法能够记住几千，他这个方法有点儿像变魔术，不太现实，我觉得词汇是一个积累。因为从心理学角度来讲学词汇有两个方向，一个方向是要把词汇学习的时候印象深刻，一个词能够像串葡萄似的串出一串来，比如同义词、反义词、近义词，应该把有关联的词相互记忆。第二，词汇一定得重复，从心理学角度学词必须这样。 2 英语(二)学习重点 英语是一种语言，任何语言都是由词和句子构成的，所以光会了词，不会把这些词组成句子是不行的，因此怎么组成句子呢?得知道组成句子的规则，还有一些习惯用法，你必须要了解这种语言的文化，所以说学英语光学词是不行的，因此是除了学词以外还得学词的用法以及文化，习惯用法就是一种文化，死背根本记不住。为什么记不住?背的这个词应该是灵活的，怎么灵活呢?这个词首先要知道词性是什么，做个句子，学了一个词不会做句子造一个短语，还要大声的念，李阳疯狂英语为什么风靡全国，就是要把词大声地念出来，这样从耳朵里能够听进去的，对大脑的刺激比眼睛里看见的要强得多，所以学习词汇的一个技巧要大声念，要组一个词或者组一个短语，这样记忆比光看两遍、写几遍要好得多。

3 英语(二)考前冲刺方法 最好的方法应该是做冲刺的题目，所谓冲刺的题目就是要做一些题目跟考试的真题一样的，每一部分都是给自己做测试，做模拟题，比如要设定时间是2个半小时，考试是2个半小时，你就要用2个 半小时做模拟卷然后做考试题，因为考试的真题都有答案，最后对 一下答案看得多少分。 4 英语(二)考试如何安排考场时间 考试时间安排，总有最后的翻译题来不及做的这种情况，所以我跟大家讲主观性题目，我刚才说了有30%，一定要留出足够的时间，至少三分之一的时间来做。有一部分比较难的，就像完形填空，那 个只有10分，但是有大部分同学在那儿花的时间太多了，完形填空 一段文章是比较难的，把10个空填进去，如果耗费了很多时间不值得。因为完形填空一般的同学语法知识比较差的话，做不好这道题。但是像第一个题目词汇结构题，如果有一定的语法知识这道题应该 是可以拿到分的。再有阅读理解题，也是30分，有的同学最后来不 及把文章仔细看，就随便乱选了很容易选错，所以把三分之一的时 间一定要留给阅读理解，还有三分之一的时间留给主观性题目就是 翻译题。 注意事项 备考英语(二)最大的资本就是课本，考生最少要留一个月时间，把课文从头到尾复习一遍，力求吃透课本知识。 重复学习法当感到知识已经掌握得的差不多的时候，再重复学一次。这一次也许会获得更深的印象和更多的体会。 换位思考法在自学中，不要老是把你自己当成是“学生”，处于被动地位，而要不断的把自己摆放到“先生”的位置上，采取主动，产生不同的想法来。

山东自考(00015)英语二课文翻译

Unit 1 Text A How Difficult Is English? 英语有多难 Like the national push for Asian literacy in Australia，there has been foreign languages fervor in China，with English on top of the list. English is not only taught at schools，colleges and universities，but also at evening classes，on radio and TV．Parents hire private tutors for their school children；adult English learners would sacrifice the weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken English with peop1e of the same interest and determination .Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of time and energy before it is mastered ? The answer，if I am asked to offer，is undoubtedly，yes. 就如澳大利亚在全国推行学亚洲语言一样，中国也掀起一股外语热，在这股热潮中，英语高居榜首.不仅各级学校教英语，夜校、电台、电视台也都设有英语课程。父母为学龄的孩子聘请英语家教，成年英语学习者会牺牲周末休息日，到公园参加英语角，与志趣相投的英语学习者练习口语。英语真的有这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗? 如果我被问及这个问题，那么毫无疑问，我的答案是：是的。 From my personal experience, I think learning English means far more than learning its pronunciation，its grammatical rules，its words，etc．It involves learning everything about the countries where it is used and the people who use it．Without such a complete understanding of the language, the English a foreigner speaks will inevitably sound strange or even unintelligible though there is not anything wrong with his pronunciation，sentence structure and the words he uses． 从我个人的经验来看，英语学习不仅仅是学习英语发音、语法规则、词汇等，它包括学习与使用该语言的国家和民族有关的所有内容。对英语没有这样全面的理解，即使发音、句子结构、措辞毫无错误，一个外国人所讲的英语也难免听起来稀奇古怪甚至难以理解。 The social customs and habits of the English-speaking people contribute a lot to the difficulty a foreigner has in learning it．Take the Chinese English learners for example．" Hello "and "Good morning" may sound a little bit simple to Chinese people．It is totally beyond the understanding of a Chinese English learner that native English speakers would be annoyed when they're addressed "Where are you going?"，which is a commonly used addressing among the Chinese．Is there anything wrong with the English sentence structure ? Of course not．It takes quite some time for a Chinese English learner to understand the western concept of privacy being violated in this address. By the same token，"Have you eaten?"(which is another addressing term the Chinese people usually use)will sound to native English speakers that the Chinese are so hospitable that they invite people to meals off-handedly. Meanwhile，the Chinese would be shocked to hear，"Oh，it's very nice of you．When?"，if the addressee happens to have a craving for Chinese cooking and has not had his dinner yet. 讲英语民族者的社会风俗习惯增加了外国人学习英语的难度。以学英语的中国人为例，"你好"和"早上好"是非常简单的。"你去哪儿?"是中国人常用的问候语，若英语母语者被问及"你去哪儿?"，他们会因此感到不悦，这一点让中国的英语学习者大为不解。这个英语句子结构不对吗? 当然不是。学英语的中国人得费点儿时间才能理解这一问候语侵犯了西方人的隐私。同样，英语母语者听到"你吃了吗?"(中国人常用的另外一个问候语)，会觉得中国人非常好客，会在事先毫无准备的情况下请人吃饭。如果听话者此刻正希望品尝一下中国美食，又碰巧没有吃饭，他会回答"太好了，什么时候?"，中国人为此也会大吃一惊。 "We can say we are going to have chicken for dinner．Why can't we say pig，bull or sheep for dinner instead of pork，beef or mutton?" Chinese English learners may raise such questions．Figuring out the reasons for the peculiar English vocabulary is no easy task for Chinese English learners．But the problem is that memorizing English words mechanically would be devastating and inefficient if they did not know what had happened in British history．Thus learning English(and other languages as well)involves learning the history of the countries where it is spoken．A task of this kind is more difficult for Chinese English learners than for people who speak a western language other than English because Chinese has nothing in common with the alphabetic English and China had little contact with the Western world in modern history．Consequently， the background knowledge of English fascinates large numbers of interested and determined English learners in China but at the same time disheartens quite a few． 中国的英语学习者可能会这样问："我 们可以说吃鸡，为什么不能说吃猪、 吃牛、吃羊，而要说吃猪肉、牛肉、 羊肉呢?"对学习英语的中国人来说，为 这些特殊的英语词汇找出理由并非易 事。问题在于如果不懂英国历史，死 记硬背英语单词毫无效率。所以说， 学英语(其他语言亦如此)还包括学习 使用该语言国家的历史知识。学习英 语的中国人要做到这一点比其他非英 语国家的西方人要困难得多，因为汉 字和英语这种拼音文字毫无共同之 处，并且中国和西方世界在近代史上 很少接触。所以，在中国，英语背景 知识既吸引了大量英语爱好者，也使 许多人丧失信心。 The Western and Oriental values are found to be in confrontation in learning English．Native English speakers may complain about Chinese confusion when using "he" and "she"，for the two words sound the same，though，different in written forms in Chinese．As a result， some native English speakers conclude that the Chinese are unable to tell the difference between the two sexes．But native English speakers are more gender blind than the Chinese when they mention their cousins．The confusion caused by the confrontation of Western and Chinese values，to a certain extent， affects the Chinese English learner's comprehension of what he／she reads and hears．Only by developing an understanding and tolerance（忍受）of different cultural values can a Chinese English learner reach the goal of communicating with native English speakers． 英语学习中，东西方的价值观念是相 互冲突的。英语母语的人会混淆汉语 中"他""她"的用法，因为这两个字尽管 字形不同，读音却相同，他们因此常 常抱怨。结果有些英语母语的人得出 结论，认为中国人不区分两种性别。 但是在涉及表亲的时候，英语母语的 人更是混淆性别。东西方价值观的冲 突造成的语言上的混淆，在一定程度 上影响学习英语的中国人对自己所读 或所听到的内容的理解.学习英语的中 国人只有增加不同文化价值观之间的 理解和宽容，才能达到与英语母语者 交流的目标。 A Chinese English learner could not have a good command of Eng1ish unless he overcomes the cultural barriers(not all，of course!)in learning English．Many Chinese translate what they think about in Chinese into English when they talk or write．This kind of English inevitably affects the fluency and flow of speech， the amount of information conveyed， and，above all，the quality of communication． 学习英语的中国人，只有在学习英语 的过程中克服文化障碍才能很好地掌 握英语。(当然不可能是克服全部文化 障碍!) 很多中国人说话或写作的时 候，将自己汉语思维的内容翻译成英 语，这势必会影响英语表达的流畅、 传达的信息量，最重要的是，影响交 流的质量。 The above is，not wholly，how difficult English is．Some native speakers might have said，"You foreigners don't use good English! " at the time a foreigner fails to understand what he is saying．"Why should l?"1 would protest，though．Still，I have to keep asking myself：Is it possible for a foreigner to command English? 尽管不完全，以上就是学习英语的困 难。英语母语者被外国人误解的时候 可能会说："你们外国人不懂地道的英 语!" 我要反驳："我们为什么要懂?"我还要 问：一个外国人可能精通英语吗? Text B Learning a Language 学 语言 Most students would like to know how to learn a 1anguage more easily. Most linguists and language teachers would also like to know this．Linguists are working on this problem in two ways．First，they are trying to understand how children learn to speak and understand their native language. They are also trying to learn how people learn a second language． 大部分学生都想知道如何能够轻松地 学好一门语言，大部分语言学家和语 言教师也想弄清楚这个问题。语言学 家从两个方面研究这个问题。一方面， 他们致力于弄清楚儿童是如何学会母 语、理解母语的。另一方面致力于研 究人是如何学习第二语言的。 Linguists are not sure how children learn to speak．Some linguists think that children are born with an ability to learn and use a 1anguage．This does not mean that they come into the world knowing their native language. It means that， along with many other things，they are born with the ability to learn their native language. With just a little exposure to the language，and a little help from their parents，they are able to learn to speak．Another group of linguists does not think this is correct． 语言学家并不确定儿童是如何学说话 的。一些语言学家认为儿童生来就有 学习和使用语言的能力。这并不是指 一个人的母语是与生俱来的；而是指 一个人生来具有学习其母语的能力， 这种能力与人在其他方面表现出来的 能力是相同的。孩子只要与要学习的 语言有一定接触，在父母的些许帮助 下就能够学会说话。另外一派语言学 家则对此持有异议。 This second group of linguists thinks that children learn to use a 1anguage from their parents．They believe that parents teach their children to produce sounds and words in their language．When children know some words，their parents will begin to teach them to say sentences．These linguists do not think that parents teach their children in the same way that adults are taught a second language．Instead， parents probably teach their children by talking to them and correcting their use of 1anguage. These linguists feel that children learn their language mainly from the environment . In this case，the environment is their family and their home. As you see，the first group of linguists disagrees． 持反对意见的语言学家认为儿童是跟 着父母学会使用语言的。他们认为父 母首先教孩子发声、吐字。当孩子掌 握一定词汇以后，父母就开始教他们 如何组织句子。但是他们认为，父母 教孩子的方式不同于教成年人学习第 二语言的方法。相反，父母是通过与 孩子交谈并纠正他们的语言错误来教 孩子说话的。这一派语言学家认为， 儿童主要通过语言环境学会使用语言 的。这种情况下，语言环境是家庭和 生活环境。可以看出，第一派语言学 家对此并不赞同。 There are some other theories about how children learn a language．Many people are studying the process of language learning by children．This work is being done in many countries．Linguists are not the only people who are interested in this process．Many psychologists，doctors， and parents are also interested．People who teach foreign languages are interested, too． 关于儿童如何学习语言还有一些其他 理论。许多国家中有很多人正着手研 究儿童学习语言的过程。不仅语言学 家，许多心理学家、医生和父母都对 儿童的语言学习过程感兴趣。外语教 师也对这一过程很感兴趣。 Foreign language teachers are interested in how children learn to speak their native language for a very important reason．If they knew how children learn their native language，perhaps they would have an easy way to teach adults， as well as children, a second language．This is a very interesting idea．Some foreign language teachers believe that adults learn a second language the same way children learn their native language . These teachers try to make their students' learning similar to that of children．These teachers speak only the foreign language in the classroom．They will not talk to students in the native language．They try to expose them to as much of the spoken foreign language as possible．They do not teach them any rules for using the language．Most parents don't teach their children rules for language usage，either. They simply tell them how to say something correctly．Foreign language teachers using this spoken language method do the same thing. For some students，this method is successful．They learn to speak quickly and easily．They seem to enjoy using the language，and they do not pay much attention to whether they use exactly the right rules for what they say．Some students, however，cannot learn a language this way．Linguists are trying to find another way to teach them a language． 外语教师对儿童如何学说母语感兴 趣，有其很重要的原因。他们如果知 道儿童如何学习母语，就可能找到一 种简便的方法教儿童和成年人学习第 二语言。这是一种非常有意思的想法。 有些外语教师认为成年人学习第二语 言的过程和儿童学习母语的过程是相 同的。这部分外语教师模仿儿童学习 语言的过程组织教学：课堂上只讲外 语，不与学生讲母语。他们使学生尽 可能多地接触所学外语的口语形式， 不教学生语言使用的规则。外语教师 采用这种口语教法是因为大多数父母 在教孩子说话的时候也不教孩子语言 使用规则，而只是告诉孩子怎样讲话 是正确的。对一些学生来说，这种方 法是成功的，他们能够轻而易举地、 很快地学会所学的语言。他们似乎很 喜欢去用所学的语言，并不很在意是 否使用了正确的语言规则。另外一些 学生则不适合这种方法，语言学家着 手寻找一种适合他们的教学方法。 A second method，the rule-learning method，sometimes works better with these students．Some linguists believe that learning a foreign language is different from learning to speak one's native language．They feel that students must learn the rules for using the language by memorizing them and must practice saying things in the language and using the rules correctly．These linguists try to teach students the rules of the language they want to learn．Then they give them many sentences in the language to say over and over again．The students are encouraged to make up new sentences， using the rules that they have learned and the words that they know． 另外一种方法--语言规则学习法--更适 合这部分学生。一些语言学家认为学 习外语不同于学习母语。学生必须通 过记忆来学习语言使用规则，必须练 习使用这种语言，练习正确地使用这 些规则。语言教师首先教学生要学的 语法规则，再给学生一些例句让他们 反复练习，同时鼓励学生使用所学过 的语法规则和他们所掌握的词造句。 Some students are very successful with this second, rule-learning method．They learn the language quite quickly and can use it well. They know the rules for using the language and can speak the language and understand it，too．For many students, this is the best way to learn a foreign language．For some students, both of these methods may work. Sometimes teachers use a combination of these methods in class， hoping that everyone will be able to learn the language with one method or the other. Some people can go to a country and "pick up" the language simply from hearing it and trying to communicate in it．These people are rare． 一些学生使用这种语法规则学习法效 果非常好，他们学得很快，用得也好。 他们掌握了语言使用规则，能够使用 所学的语言，也能够理解别人的话。 对一些学生来说，这是学外语最好的 方法。对另外一些学生来说，两种方 法都行之有效。有时候，老师在课堂 上将两种方法结合起来用，目的是让 每个学生都能受益。有些人能够到国 外通过倾听，与人交流等手段自然而 然的学会那个国家的语言。但这毕竟 是少数人。 Most people try to learn a language by taking classes and studying it in some way. Most teachers will try different ways to help students learn a language quickly and easily．Linguists and psychologists are trying to understand how people learn and use a language．Perhaps language 1earning will be easier when they have a clear understanding of how people learn and use a language． 大多数人还是通过课堂或者其他方式 来学语言的。大多数老师也通过不同 的教法来帮助学生轻松快速的学会一 门语言。语言学家和心理学家正致力 于弄清楚人是如何学会并使用语言 的。也许在解决了这个问题之后，语 言学习会变得容易一些。 Unit 2 Text A Caught Between Two Cultures 夹在两种文化之间 I was born and raised in Hong Kong. For the past six years I’ve been living in the United States．I work as a salesgirl in a large department store. Right now I’m going through a difficult period of my life which is hard for me to talk about． 我是土生土长的香港人。六年来一直 生活在美国，是一家大百货商店的女 售货员。目前我正经历人生中一段痛 苦，自己也很难讲述。 A few months ago 1 went to Hong Kong for a visit．It was the first time I’d gone back there since coming to the United States．I was eager to see my parents， my brothers and sisters，and my friends． 几个月前，我回香港探亲，这也是我 到美国后第一次回家探亲。我期待着 见到我的父母、兄弟姐妹和我的朋友。 I really got a shock when I arrived．Hong Kong was not the same city that I left six years ago．Things had changed so much that I didn’t recognize parts of it．My elementary school was gone．The houses on the street where I used to live had been torn down and replaced by office buildings． 到达时，我确实大吃一惊。香港已经 不是六年前我离开时的那座城市了。 这儿发生了巨大的变化，一些地方都 认不出来了。我读书的那所小学已经 不复存在。曾经住过的那条街上的房 子已被拆掉，代之而起的是办公大楼。 The shock from the physical changes in the city，however，was nothing compared to the confusion and hurt I soon began to feel in my parents’ home．My family greeted me warmly when I arrived．While my mother was busy preparing a special dinner in my honor，the rest of the family eagerly asked me questions about my life in the United States．I felt happy that day and for a couple of days after，but then I began to feel that something was wrong．I noticed that my family， especially my mother, would sometimes glance at me in a strange way when I was speaking．They gradually became less warm and friendly toward me，and I became uncomfortable and confused as to（至于）why they were behaving that way. 但是，我到了父母亲家里不久，就发 现了一些令我想不通的问题，情感上 也受到了挫伤。与之相比，香港外观 上的变化给我的震惊算不得什么。我 的家人热情地迎接我回家。我母亲忙 着备饭为我接风，家里其余的人迫不 及待地问我在美国的生活。那天和之 后的几天我都非常高兴, 但是不久我 就开始感觉到事情有些不对劲儿。我 注意到，在我讲话的时候，我的家人， 尤其是我母亲，会以一种奇怪的目光 看我。渐渐地，大家对我疏远起来， 不像开始时那么热情、友好了, 我感到 不舒服，弄不明白他们为什么这样对 待我。 I decided to talk to my mother．She asked me，“Have you forgotten your Chinese way ?”I asked her what she meant．She said．“You’ve forgotten the place of women in a Chinese home．You talk when you should remain silent．You speak on matters that are of concern only to men．You speak openly of your inner feelings and desires．That’s not the way of a Chinese woman．We keep our thoughts and feelings to ourselves．” 我决定和母亲谈一谈。她问我：“你忘 了中国的规矩了吗?”我问她指的是什 么。她回答说：“你忘了中国家庭里女 人的地位了。应该保持沉默的时候， 你却在讲话。你就那些只与男人有关 的事情发表见解。你直言不讳你的内 心感受和愿望，这不是中国女人的做 法。我们的想法和感情都不说出来。” As my mother spoke，I realized what had happened to me．American including American women，are much freer in expressing their thoughts and feelings．Also American women feel as free as men to speak or give an opinion about any subject．They don’t take a silent back seat during a discussion．I guessed that through my association with Americans during the past six years，，I had gradually adopted some of their ways． 听着母亲这样讲，我意识到了是怎么 回事。美国人，包括美国女性，都非 常自由地表达自己的思想和感情。美 国男女一样，对任何问题都自由地发 表见解。在讨论中，她们不会做一个 沉默的旁观者。我想，过去六年和美 国人的交往中, 我渐渐学了他们的一 些做法。 During the next few days I tried to be a Chinese woman．But it didn’t work．My family remained distant from me．They could no longer accept me fully as one of them．I became more uncomfortable and hurt as things were said and done that made me feel that I was an outsider,a stranger in my own country． 接下来的几天，我尽力作一名中国女 性，可是没用。家人和我疏远。他们 无法完全把我当作自己人。身在家乡 却被视为外人，这使我更加不自在， 感觉受到了深深的伤害。 I cut my visit short by three weeks and came back to the United States．But coming back here didn’t lessen the confusion and pain．In fact，I feel more confused than before．I now feel homeless．I don’t feel like an American．Americans haven’t accepted me．The women I work with at the store are polite enough，but they don’t try to get close to me or let me get close to them．During the morning coffee break they make plans to have lunch together and go shopping．On Fridays they talk about the disco place they’re going to that night．My accent，my name，and 1