Public perceptions of biometric devices The effect of misinformation on acceptance and use

Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology

Public Perceptions of Biometric Devices:

The Effect of Misinformation on

Acceptance and Use

Janette Moody

The Citadel, Charleston, South Carolina, USA

moodyj@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/2c1067104.html,

Abstract

Organizations are introducing biometric devices into various sections of the economy for various reasons. What began as a security feature for a limited number of government organizations has been adapted to such diverse uses as paying for school children’s lunches to tracking employees’ work attendance. From an organizational perspective, justifications for use of biometric devices are plentiful. However, the public’s perception of these devices may be quite different. These perceptions in turn will influence public willingness to accept and use biometric devices. Al-though employee use of biometric devices can be mandated, a more productive alternative might be to understand their perceptions and address those specifically through education and informa-tion.

This paper describes common types of biometrics, reviews their current use in organizations, pre-sents findings of a recent survey of public perceptions to determine the areas requiring the most education, and concludes with suggestions for providing this education.

Keywords : biometric devices, computer security, access control devices, employee tracking, in-formation security

Introduction

The term biometrics relates to the measurement (metric ) of characteristics of a living (bio ) thing in order to identify it. The techniques of using physical characteristics for identification can be traced to the ancient Egyptians who used the biometric of height (Roberts, 2003). Today the most widely recognized biometric is the fingerprint, which has been in use for over a century. At its inception, fingerprinting required the manual processing of matching between 20 and 7 minutiae points on the whorls, arches, and loops of a fingerprint (Short, 2002). By the mid-1970s, the

process had been automated in the US by the Federal Bureau of Investigation into the Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS) now used throughout the world (Roberts, 2003). En-abled by the accelerated changes in technological power, other biometrics came to be used, such as hand geometry, iris and retina scanning, voice, and handwriting verification (Harris & Yen,

2002).

Today biometric devices are used in diverse organizational settings ranging from cafeterias for school children (Graziano, 2003) to white-collar em-ployees at the Mitsubishi Motors

North America plant (Maher, 2003) to doctors at the University of Arizona Medical Center (Worthen, 2002). The

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reasons for these implementations are also various. The school cafeteria utilizes the system to track student expenses so that parents only pay for the lunches actually eaten, rather than a lump sum for a full semester. The five hundred Mitsubishi Motors white-collar employees use biomet-rics to clock in when they arrive at their desks in order to monitor their productivity and time on the job. The doctors have their fingerprints scanned instead of using passwords for logging onto their computer systems, thereby increasing security and saving time in the process. The savings for using biometrics in organizational settings to eliminate passwords and their associated calls to the help desk have been estimated at $50 to $100 per call (Hulme, 2003). When comparing this to the one time cost of current fingerprint scanners of under $100 each (Louwers & VanDenburgh, 2003), the organization’s return on investment seems self-evident.

Given the advantages of using a biometric system for monitoring employees and increasing secu-rity of information as well as access to buildings, it is not surprising that the industry is expected to grow from $93.4 million in 2001 (Hulme, 2003) to $4 billion in 2007 (Roberts, 2003). How-ever, even with the wide adaptability of the technology to various organizational functions, the acceptance of biometrics has been slow. Reasons cited for hesitancy to use biometric devices in-clude lack of confidence in the reliability, difficulties integrating with other systems, and getting people to change their work patterns (Hulme, 2003). However, the most often cited obstacle is user apprehension (Calderon & Subbaiah, 2003; Fratto, 2003; Roberts, 2003)

Thus, despite these advantages, it has been reported that public perceptions of biometrics can hin-der their acceptance. In order to address these perceptions, it is first necessary to identify them. This paper presents the findings from a survey of 300 respondents regarding their familiarity with and acceptance of biometric devices. It begins with a brief discussion of commonly used biomet-ric devices, presents the survey methodology and results, and concludes with suggestions for al-leviating misconceptions through education.

Common Types of Biometric Devices

The most common biometric devices used today include: fingerprint scans, iris scans, retina scans, voice recognition, and handwriting recognition. Each will be discussed briefly below. In every case, the initial process for using biometric devices is to enroll the participants in the sys-tem by taking several samples of the biometric to be used in order to create a biometric template. The template consists of binary numbers, making it impossible to re-create the biometric sample from the template. This template can then be stored in the biometric reader itself, on a smart card, or in a database (Singleton, 2003) for later use in matching against the enrollee.

Fingerprint scanning can be done in several ways. It can involve use of a silicon scanner that electronically reads the minutiae points on the whorls, arches, and loops that make up a finger-print, or an optical scanner that takes a picture of the finger, or by an ultrasound scanner that uses acoustic waves to determine the distinguishing characteristics (Calderon & Subbaiah, 2003). Various conditions such as dryness of the skin or dirt and grime buildup on the reader can ad-versely affect the identification process.

Iris scans are currently in use in major airports in London and Amsterdam, and provide a highly accurate identification process (Staedter, 2003). The identification works by capturing the unique characteristics of the colored ring that surrounds the eye’s pupil, consisting of freckles, pits, fila-ments, etc. These characteristics remain stable over time and are not affected by common surgical procedures, cataracts, or contact lenses. The iris is scanned by simply looking into a video camera about ten inches away for several seconds. This method is considered one of the most secure identity verification systems available (Singleton, 2003).

Retina scans look at the blood vessel patterns on the eye’s retina that remain unique for a per-son’s lifetime, but can be affected by cataracts. The scan requires that a low-intensity infrared

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light be projected through the pupil to the retina (Singleton, 2003), with a 360-degree scan taken to collect data for the reference point template (Harris and Yen, 2002). As with the iris scan, the participant must stand in front of the device for a few seconds in order to have the data captured. Voice recognition systems create a template of the participant’s unique speaking characteristics of cadence, pitch, and tone by having him or her speak preset information into a telephone or mi-crophone (Singleton, 2003). When operational, the system does not require a fixed set of words to verify one’s identity but can use similarities in the voice patterns to recognize the individual when unique phrases are spoken. These systems tend to be less expensive and also less reliable. Hand writing recognition systems collect data that arise from a person’s unique writing stroke, rhythm, and pressure flow, thereby capturing how the signature was made rather than matching a static image. Although easy to use, a skilled forger can compromise the system and verifications can be hampered by the user’s changing physical and mental condition.

Each of the systems mentioned above presents a possible source of concern for participants re-quired to use them. For example, in the case of the retina scan, not only is the projected light con-sidered invasive, so too is the possibility of discernment of certain medical conditions that can be detected by specific patterns of the blood vessels (Singleton, 2003). Some consider this an inva-sion of privacy that could affect hiring and medical coverage policies. The concept of biometric devices is not new to the public. Biometric devices have been portrayed extensively in movies for some time now and used in a limited way by various organizations, so the public is aware of the devices either by direct contact or by popular culture. Given that the biometrics industry is ex-pected to reach $4 billion in 2007 (Roberts, 2003), it is important to determine what concerns, if any, the public has regarding using these devices, and in what situations they believe their use is warranted. Not surprisingly, biometrics vendors report that the public supports the use of biomet-rics in various areas (SAFLINK, 2002). The following section discusses an independent survey that was undertaken to look at these public perceptions.

Survey Methodology

It was determined that an independent look at the public’s perceptions of biometrics was war-ranted, based on the vendor’s report noted above. Therefore, a survey instrument (see Appendix) was developed which included questions based on a literature review of concerns regarding the most commonly used biometric devices as discussed above. The survey asked the respondent to identify his or her perceptions of these biometric devices, and where the use of these devices would be appropriate. The survey form was given to 15 adult working professionals in the U.S. who were also graduate students in a computer technology class. Each student collected 20 or more survey responses from a random subset of his or her colleagues, friends, family members and/or strangers. The result was a sample of 300 usable responses representing a cross section of the population. The sample consisted of 36% females and 64% males, with 43% between the ages of 21-30 years old, 40% between 31-50 years old, and the remaining 17% either below 20 years old or above 50 years old. In addition to collecting the demographic information noted above, questions 1 through 12 required the respondent to select on a 5-point Likert scale whether they Strongly Agreed or Strongly Disagreed with the statement. Questions 13 through 16 required a forced selection of one or more biometric devices for a given situation, and the remaining three questions were open-ended to collect the respondent’s current usage of biometric devices, con-cerns about biometric devices, and predictions for biometric devices.

Survey Results

The results of the survey illustrate how diverse and even contradictory public opinion is regarding the use of biometrics. Of the 300 respondents, on 6% had ever used one of the biometric devices

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listed, most commonly to gain entrance to their fitness club or tanning salon. Because of this, re-spondents often selected the “neutral” or “undecided” answer on various questions. For example, the question “I would prefer that doctors and hospitals use biometrics to guard my records” re-ceived the largest number of “neutral” responses at 40%, while 32% “agreed” and “strongly agreed”. The question “Biometric devices provide more security at an ATM” (Question 1) had the lowest percentage of “neutral” responses at 8%, and the highest percentage of “strongly dis-agree” and “disagree” answers at 49%. Respondents were evenly split on the question of using biometrics for online purchases or protecting school children (40% vs. 40%). Forty-three percent “agreed” and “strongly agreed” that biometrics are an invasion of privacy (Question 2) while only 25% were “neutral”. Figure 1 illustrates the average response on each question.

If required to choose a biometric for logging onto the computer, the majority (53%) would prefer the fingerprint scan (Figure 2), which was also seen as preferable (59%) for use at an ATM (Fig-ure 3) and accessing the office (58%) (Figure 4). Respondents are most uncomfortable using the iris scan (41%) and retina scan (47%) (Figure 5).

Figure 1

Public Percptions of Acceptable Uses of Biometrics (5=Strongly Agree, 3=Neutral, 1=Strongly Disagree)

securit y at ATM

privacy

password t o logon comput er

online purchase

prot ect children

t rack work hrs

Air t ravel securit y

hospit als f or records

online buying

f or public places

f ast er log-ons

scanners are unsanit ar y

Figure 2

Acceptable Biometric for computer logon

Fingerprint scan

Iris scan

Retina scan

Voice recognition

Handw riting recognition

N u m b e r o f R e s p o n d e n t s

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When analyzed by age and sex (Table 1), only 6 out of 12 questions resulted in significant differ-ences based on age of respondent. Older respondents are significantly (at p<.05) less likely to be-

lieve that biometrics provide more security at ATMs, are significantly less likely to want to use

Figure 3

Biom etric Acceptable at ATM

20406080100120140160180200 Fingerprint scan

Iris scan

Retina scan

Voice recognition

Handw riting recognition

N u m b e r

o f r e s p o n d e n t s

Figure 5

Uncomfortable using these biometrics

1111Figure 4

Acceptable Biom etric to access office

Fingerprint scan

Iris scan

Retina scan

Voice recognition

Handw riting recognition

N u m b e r o f r e s p o n d e n t s

Public Perceptions of Biometric Devices

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biometrics to order online, significantly less likely to want biometrics to be used to secure medi-cal records, and significantly less likely to think that biometrics will help them log onto their computers more quickly. Older respondents are also more likely to want to keep using passwords to log onto their computers. There were no significant differences on any of the questions be-tween male and female respondents.

Table 1: Correlation Coefficients Based on Age and Sex

Correlation Coefficients by Age and Sex

p significant at <.05 (p value indicates the observed significance level (Sincich, 1995,p. 493))

(r value indicates the degree and direction of correlation between the variables (Sincich, 1995,p. 619))

Age Sex Comments

r -.1661 -.0396 Q1: Provides more security at ATM

p .004* .499 Older respondents significantly LESS likely to agree. r .0877 -.0154 Q2: Are invasion of privacy

p .130 .792

r .1318 -.0784 Q3: Prefer to use PIN for security

p .023* .179 Older respondents significantly MORE likely to agree. r -.1529 -.0333 Q4: Would use for online purchase

p .008* .569 Older respondents significantly LESS likely to agree r -.0760 -.0267 Q5: Should use to protect children

p .190 .648

r -.0973 -.0725 Q6: Should use to track work hrs

p .093 .215

r .0133 .0268 Q7: Should use for Air travel security

p .818 .646 r -.1500 .0330 Q8: Should use at hospitals for records

p .009* .572 Older respondents significantly LESS likely to agree

r .1587 .0181 Q9: Will not use for online buying

p .006* .757 Older respondents significantly MORE likely to agree r -.0191 .0075 Q10: Should be used for public places

p .743 .898

r -.1245 -.0414 Q11: Using will make faster log-ons

p .031* .479 Older respondents significantly LESS likely to agree Q12: Fingerprint scanners

r .0916

.0382

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p .114 .513

The open-ended questions revealed that most people (94%) were not using biometric devices in any form and that they were concerned about privacy and identity theft (22%). Other concerns reported were the costs associated with biometrics, lack of trust in the reliability of the devices, fear that criminals would resort to “stealing” someone’s body part(s) in order to access one’s in-formation, and safety concerns about biometric devices that use the eye. Twenty-two percent said they would favor the use of biometric devices for national security, airports, and government buildings, without specifying how such security might work.

Conclusions

This survey reveals that although organizations may be ready to invest in biometric devices to achieve various organizational goals, the survey respondents are not yet ready to embrace them. As with the introduction of any new technology, user participation in the process is essential. When the Philadelphia school system installed a finger scanning system to track hours worked by its maintenance workers, it included the union representatives in the pilot tests (Roberts, 2003). They also removed any stigma attached to using the system by having the supervisors use it as well. Although iris scanning is the most accurate, it is also more costly and as seen in this survey, it is still perceived, as an invasive device that, along with the retina scans, is least preferred. Organizations deciding to install biometric devices would be well served to survey their employ-ees in advance in order to determine where their misperceptions and apprehensions might exist. Based on this information, an education and familiarization program could be undertaken to spe-cifically address their concerns. Before investing in any new technology, it is wise to determine not only if it is financially and technologically feasible, but also if it is operationally feasible. Things to be considered include whether or not the device will be outdoors where light glare

could affect the quality of the scan, how noisy the area might be if voice recognition is to be used, and other practical aspects of the setting. Since no one biometric device fits every situation, re-search into the most appropriate technology, taking into account the perceptions of the ultimate end-user, is an important first step.

(This research project is being extended into Australia, Canada, and Malaysia to determine if there are cultural differences in public perceptions of biometric devices. The additional research will also include the demographic metric “educational level” of the respondents to determine if there are significant differences in this area.)

References

Calderon, T. & Subbaiah, V. (2003). Automated fingerprint identification systems: What internal auditors

need to know. Internal Auditing , 18 (3), 15-26. Graziano, C. (2003). Learning to live with biometrics. Retrieved September 9, 2003 from

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/2c1067104.html,/news/privacy/0,1848,60432,00.html

Harris, A. & Yen, D. (2002). Biometric authentication: Assuring access to information. Information Man-agement & Computer Security , 10 (1), 12-19. Hulme, G. (2003, February 10). Slow acceptance for biometrics. Information Week , 56-62.

Louwers, T. & VanDenburgh, W. (2003). Data confidentiality in an electronic environment. The CPA Jour-nal, 73 (3), 24-27. Maher, K. (2003, November 4). Big employer is watching. The Wall Street Journal . Roberts, B. (2003). Are you ready for biometrics? HRMagazine , 48 (3), 95-98.

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SAFLINK (2002). Americans support user of biometrics to improve security at airports and public arenas.

Retrieved September 28, 2003 from https://www.sodocs.net/doc/2c1067104.html,/62602.html Short, B. (2002). Getting the 411 on biometrics. Security, 39 (7), 48-49.

Sincich, T. (1995), Business statistics by example . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Singleton, T. (2003). Biometric security systems: The best InfoSec solution? EDPACS , 30 (9), 1-24. Staedter, T. (2003). Iris identification. Technology Review , 106 (2), 73.

Worthen, B. (2002). How to meet tomorrow’s privacy rules today. CIO, 19 (3), 1-3.

Biography

Dr. Janette Moody received an MBA and PhD in Management Information Systems from the University of South Florida. She received a BSBA degree in Statistics from University of Florida and certification as a Certified Public Accountant (CPA) in Florida. Dr. Moody teaches graduate and undergraduate courses in Management Information Systems, Accounting Informa-tion Systems, Project Management, and Software Applications

Prior to entering academia, Dr. Moody worked for Price Waterhouse CPAs, GTE Corp., Eastern Airlines, and Jack Eckerd Corp. Dr. Moody has published articles in numerous journals, includ-ing MIS Quarterly, Expert Systems with Applications, and JMIS and is a frequent presenter at both national and regional conferences. Her research interests are in the areas of the behavioral aspects of systems development and the managerial aspects of IS personnel.

Appendix - Biometric Questionnaire

We are interested in your thoughts about the use of biometric devices for gaining access to information and/or physical facilities. Your answers are completely anonymous and will only be consolidated for in-sights regarding general population views.

Biometric devices are electronic devices that measure some aspect of your physical uniqueness and are used to verify your identification instead of using passwords or PINs. The most popular ones are finger-print scans, hand geometry, retina scans, iris scans, facial recognition, voice recognition, and handwriting recognition.

Please circle whether you strongly agree or disagree with the following statements:

Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree

Strongly Disagree 1. Biometric devices provide more security at an ATM than passwords or PINs

SA A N D SD 2. Biometric devices are an invasion of privacy

SA A N D SD 3. I prefer to use a password or PIN to logon to my computer

SA A N D SD 4. I would be willing to purchase items on-line if required to use a biometric logon SA A N D SD 5. I think schools should use biometric devices to protect children

SA A N D SD 6. Biometric devices are a good way to keep track of employee work hours

SA A N D SD 7. Biometric devices should be used for air travel security purposes

SA

A

N

D

SD

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8. I would prefer that doctors and hospitals use biometrics to guard my records SA A N D SD 9. I would resist buying items online if required to use a biometric logon

SA A N D SD 10. Biometric devices should be used for security in stadiums and public places SA A N D SD 11. Biometric devices can make computer logons faster and more convenient SA A N D SD 12. I think using a fingerprint scan is unsanitary and dangerous SA A N D SD 13. I would prefer to use (circle any that apply) to logon to my computer

Fingerprint Scan Iris Scan Retina Scan Voice Recognition Handwriting Recognition 14. I would prefer to use (circle any that apply) to use my ATM or cash a check

Fingerprint Scan Iris Scan Retina Scan Voice Recognition Handwriting Recognition 15. I would prefer to use (circle any that apply) to gain access to my office

Fingerprint Scan Iris Scan Retina Scan Voice Recognition Handwriting Recognition 16. I would feel uncomfortable using (circle any that apply) Fingerprint Scan

Iris Scan

Retina Scan

Voice Recognition

Handwriting Recognition

Please complete the following:

Male Female

Age group: 10-20

21-30

31-50

51+

I currently use the biometric devices in the following ways:

My concerns about using biometric devices are:

I think we should be using biometric devices to:

Thank you!

We appreciate your input!

常用药名及作用

所有注射针剂名称（学名）及用途 1、注射用辅酶A：用于白细胞减少症、原发性血小板减少性紫癜及功能性低热的辅助治疗。 2、氯丙嗪：用于精神分裂症、躁狂症或其他精神病性障碍。及各种原因所致的呕吐或顽固性呃逆。 3、异丙嗪（又叫非那根）：①用于治疗皮肤黏膜的过敏②晕动病③麻醉和术后的辅助治疗 ④防治放射病性或药源性恶心、呕吐。 4、盐酸奈福泮（又叫悦止）：术后止痛、癌症痛、急性外伤痛。局部麻醉、针麻等麻醉辅助用药。 5、三磷酸胞苷二钠：用于颅脑外伤后综合症及其遗症的辅助治疗。 6、盐酸川芎嗪：用于闭塞性脑血管疾病，如脑供血不足、脑血栓形成、脑栓塞等。 7、氢溴酸高乌甲素：用于中度以上疼痛。 8、盐酸甲氧氯普胺（又叫胃复安）：镇吐药 9、尼可刹米（又叫可拉明）：用于中枢性呼吸抑制及各种原因引起的呼吸抑制。 10、利巴韦林（又叫病毒唑）：抗病毒药。 11、地西泮（安定)：①可用于抗癫痫和抗惊厥②静注可用于全麻的诱导和麻醉前给药。 12、重酒石酸间羟胺注射液：①防治椎管内阻滞麻醉时发生的急性低血压②用于出血、药物过敏、手术并发症及脑外伤或脑肿瘤合并休克而发生的低血压③心源性休克或败血症所致的低血压 13、盐酸肾上腺素注射液（又叫付肾）：主要适用于因支气管痉挛所致严重呼吸困难，可迅速缓解药物等引起的过敏性休克，亦可用于延长浸润麻醉用药的作用时间。 14、苯巴比妥钠注射液（又叫鲁米那）：治疗癫痫，也用于其他疾病引起的惊厥及麻醉前给药。 15、黄体酮注射液：用于月经失调，如闭经和功能性子宫出血、黄体功能不足、先兆流产和习惯性流产、经前期紧张综合症的治疗。 16、盐酸苯海拉明：用于急性重症过敏反应、手术后药物引起的恶心呕吐、牙科局麻、其他过敏反应病不宜口服用药者。 17、异烟肼注射液：与其他结核药联合用于各种类型结核病及非结核分支杆菌病的治疗。 18、硫酸阿托品注射液：①各种内脏绞痛②全身麻醉前给药、严重盗汗和流涎症③迷走神经过度兴奋所致的缓慢性心失常④抗休克⑤解救有机磷酸酯类中毒。 19、复方樟柳碱注射液：用于缺血性视神经、视网膜、脉络膜病变。 20、注射用盐酸赖氨酸：治疗颅脑外伤、慢性脑组织缺血、缺氧性疾病的脑保护剂。 21、注射用单硝酸异山梨酯：治疗心绞痛,与洋地黄或利尿剂合用治疗慢性心力衰竭。 22、碳酸氢钠注射液：①治疗代谢性酸中毒②碱化尿液③作为制酸药，治疗胃酸过多引起的症状④静脉滴注对某些药物中毒有非特异性的治疗作用，如巴比妥类、水杨酸类药物及甲醇等中毒。 23、硫酸镁注射液：可作为抗惊厥药。常用于妊娠高血压，治疗先兆子痫和子痫，也用于治疗早产。口服具有导泻作用。 24、维生素C注射液：①治疗坏血病②慢性铁中毒③特发性高铁血红蛋白症的治疗。 25、胞磷胆碱氯化钠（又叫胞二磷）：辅酶。用于急性颅脑外伤和脑手术后意识障碍。

各类常用药物的配伍及用法用量

各类常用药物的配伍 分类: 药物 抗菌药物合理配伍，可达到协同或相加作用，从而增强疗效；配伍不当则可发生拮抗作用，使药物之间的相互作用抵消，疗效下降，甚至引起毒副反应。联合应用抗菌药物应掌握适应症，注意各个品种的针对性，争取协同联合，避免拮抗作用。现将常用的药物的配伍简介如下：1、β－内酰胺类 β－内酰胺类（青霉素类、头孢菌素类）与β－内酰胺酶抑制剂如克拉维酸、舒巴坦钠合用有较好的抑酶保护和协同增效作用，青霉素类和丙磺舒合用有协同作用。与氨基糖甙类呈协同作用，但剂量应基本平衡。青霉素类不能与四环素类、氯霉素类、大环内酯类、磺胺类等抗菌药合用。例外的是治疗脑膜炎时，因青霉素不易透过血脑屏障而采用青霉素与磺胺嘧啶合用，但要分开注射，否则会发生理化性配伍禁忌。治疗脑膜炎也有用氯霉素与大剂量青霉素合用的，其给药顺序为先用青霉素，2－3小时后再用氯霉素。青霉素与维生素C、碳酸氢钠等也不能同时使用。 2、氨基糖甙类 氨基糖甙类（链霉素、庆大霉素、新霉素、卡那霉素、丁胺卡那霉素、壮观霉素、安普霉素等）与β－内酰类配伍应用有较好的协同作用。甲氧苄氨嘧啶（TMP）可增强本品的作用。氨基糖甙类可与多粘菌素类合用，但不可与氯霉素类合用。氨基糖甙类药物间不可联合应用以免增强毒性，与碱性药物联合应用其抗菌效能可能增强，但毒性也会增大。链霉素与四环素合用，能增强对布氏杆菌的治疗作用；链霉素与红霉素合用，对猪链球菌病有较好的疗效：链霉素与万古霉素（对肠球菌）或异烟肼（对结核杆菌）合用有协同作用。庆大霉素（或卡那霉素）可与喹诺酮药物合用。链霉素与磺胺类药物配伍应用会发生水解失效。硫酸新霉素一般口服给药，与阿托品类药物应用于仔猪腹泻。３、四环素类 四环素类药物（土霉素、四环素、金霉素、强力霉素等）与本品同类药物及非同类药物如泰妙菌素、泰乐菌素配伍用于胃肠道和呼吸道感染时有协同作用，可降低使用浓度，缩短治疗时间。四环素类与氯霉素类合用有较好的协同作用。土霉素不能与喹乙醇、北里霉素合用。 4、大环内酯类 红霉素（罗红霉素、泰乐菌素、替米考星、北里霉素等）与磺胺二甲嘧啶（SM2）、磺胺嘧啶（SD）、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶（SMM）、TMP的复方可用于治疗呼吸道病。红霉素与泰乐菌素或链霉素联用，可获得协同作用。北里霉素治疗时常与链霉素、氯霉素合用。泰乐菌素可与磺胺类

常用药品功能 中 大

常用药品功能中大 1、注射用辅酶A：用于白细胞减少症、原发性血小板减少性紫癜及功能性低热的辅助治疗。 2、氯丙嗪：用于精神分裂症、躁狂症或其他精神病性障碍。及各种原因所致的呕吐或顽固性呃逆。 3、异丙嗪（又叫非那根）：①用于治疗皮肤黏膜的过敏②晕动病③麻醉和术后的辅助治疗 ④防治放射病性或药源性恶心、呕吐。 4、盐酸奈福泮（又叫悦止）：术后止痛、癌症痛、急性外伤痛。局部麻醉、针麻等麻醉辅助用药。 5、三磷酸胞苷二钠：用于颅脑外伤后综合症及其遗症的辅助治疗。 6、盐酸川芎嗪：用于闭塞性脑血管疾病，如脑供血不足、脑血栓形成、脑栓塞等。 7、氢溴酸高乌甲素：用于中度以上疼痛。 8、盐酸甲氧氯普胺（又叫胃复安）：镇吐药 9、尼可刹米（又叫可拉明）：用于中枢性呼吸抑制及各种原因引起的呼吸抑制。 10、利巴韦林（又叫病毒唑）：抗病毒药。 11、地西泮（安定)：①可用于抗癫痫和抗惊厥②静注可用于全麻的诱导和麻醉前给药。 12、重酒石酸间羟胺注射液：①防治椎管内阻滞麻醉时发生的急性低血压②用于出血、药物过敏、手术并发症及脑外伤或脑肿瘤合并休克而发生的低血压③心源性休克或败血症所致的低血压 13、盐酸肾上腺素注射液（又叫付肾）：主要适用于因支气管痉挛所致严重呼吸困难，可迅速缓解药物等引起的过敏性休克，亦可用于延长浸润麻醉用药的作用时间。 14、苯巴比妥钠注射液（又叫鲁米那）：治疗癫痫，也用于其他疾病引起的惊厥及麻醉前给药。 15、黄体酮注射液：用于月经失调，如闭经和功能性子宫出血、黄体功能不足、先兆流产和习惯性流产、经前期紧张综合症的治疗。 16、盐酸苯海拉明：用于急性重症过敏反应、手术后药物引起的恶心呕吐、牙科局麻、其他过敏反应病不宜口服用药者。 17、异烟肼注射液：与其他结核药联合用于各种类型结核病及非结核分支杆菌病的治疗。 18、硫酸阿托品注射液：①各种内脏绞痛②全身麻醉前给药、严重盗汗和流涎症③迷走神经过度兴奋所致的缓慢性心失常④抗休克⑤解救有机磷酸酯类中毒。 19、复方樟柳碱注射液：用于缺血性视神经、视网膜、脉络膜病变。 20、注射用盐酸赖氨酸：治疗颅脑外伤、慢性脑组织缺血、缺氧性疾病的脑保护剂。 21、注射用单硝酸异山梨酯：治疗心绞痛,与洋地黄或利尿剂合用治疗慢性心力衰竭。 22、碳酸氢钠注射液：①治疗代谢性酸中毒②碱化尿液③作为制酸药，治疗胃酸过多引起的症状④静脉滴注对某些药物中毒有非特异性的治疗作用，如巴比妥类、水杨酸类药物及甲醇等中毒。 23、硫酸镁注射液：可作为抗惊厥药。常用于妊娠高血压，治疗先兆子痫和子痫，也用于治疗早产。口服具有导泻作用。 24、维生素C注射液：①治疗坏血病②慢性铁中毒③特发性高铁血红蛋白症的治疗。 25、胞磷胆碱氯化钠（又叫胞二磷）：辅酶。用于急性颅脑外伤和脑手术后意识障碍。 26、过氧化氢溶液：消毒防腐药。

常用药品名称、用法及用途

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临床常用药物――用法用量

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临床常用药物――用法用量

临床常用药物――用法用量

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临床常用药物――用法用量 (摘抄于药理学人卫版第三版） 一、阿托品注射液(规格：多种） [适应症] 各种内脏绞痛,如胃肠绞痛及膀胱刺激症。对胆绞痛及肾绞痛的疗效较差;全身麻醉前给药，严重盗汗和流涎症；迷走神经过度兴奋导致的窦房阻滞、房室阻滞等缓慢型心律失常;抗休克；解救有机磷酯类中毒。[用法用量] 1、皮下或静脉注射成人常用量:0.3-０.５mg/次,小儿常用量:0.01-0.0２mg/Ｋｇ/次,极量２.0mｇ/次。 2、抗心律失常成人静脉注射0.5-1ｍg,按需可１－2小时一次，最大量为2ｍｇ。 3、解毒有机磷中毒：轻度，静注1-2mg/1－2小时/次，阿托品化后0．5mg/4－6小时/次。中度,静注2-4mg/15-30分钟/次,阿托品化后0．5 ｍg－1mｇ/4-６小时/次。重度，静注5－10mg／１0-30分钟/次,阿托品化后0.5mg－1mg/2-4小时/次。 [禁忌］ 青光眼及前列腺肥大者、高热者禁用。静脉每次极量２ｍg，超过上述用量,会引起中毒。最低致死量成人约80-130mg。 [不良反应]:外周反应；中枢兴奋时可用安定治疗。 二、６５4-2（盐酸消旋山莨菪碱注射液)（规格：1mｌ:５mg／支）[适应症］胃肠绞痛、感染性休克。 [用法用量] 1、常用量:成人肌注5--10ｍｇ,小儿０.１--0.２ｍg/Kg/次。每日1-－2次。 2、抗休克及有机磷中毒：静注，成人每次1０--40mg,小儿每次０．1--0．２mg/Ｋg,必要时每10－３0分钟重复给药,也可增加剂量。病情好转后逐渐延长给药间隔,至停药。 ［禁忌]颅内压增高、脑出血急性期、青光眼、幽门梗阻、肠梗阻及前列腺肥大者禁用;反流性食管炎,溃疡性结肠炎慎用。

常用药物用法用量

家禽常用药物用法用量简表 作者ycxxl168 发表日期2007-09-02 1031 复制链接 [glow=255,red,2]文字文字鹺鸝#? 药物名称别名及主要用途用法与用量注意事项軑30a 1、青霉素G 皛O i#嚵 （Penicillin G）又名：青霉素、苄青霉素' 娫べ 抗菌药物肌注：5万～10万单位千克体重与四环素等酸性药物及磺胺类药有配伍禁忌霝 h 鵳O簅 2、氨苄青霉素O 8奅樎 （Ampicillin）又名：氨苄西林、氨比西林鉹!汆 抗菌药物拌料：0.02%～0.05% ；肌注：25～40毫克千克体重同青霉素G F槦鍁傪鈓 3、阿莫西林

（Amoxicillin）又名：羟氨苄青霉素仞緤@愀,p 抗菌药物饮水或拌料：0.02%～0.05% 同青霉素G 篼m凣刃C 4、头孢曲松钠Ⅱp(讣 （Ceflriarone sodium）抗菌药物肌注：50～100毫克千克体重与林可霉素有配伍禁忌4彆K g澓 5、头孢氨苄囊醲餢 （Cefalexn）又名：先锋霉素IV 忍瞽z棒W 抗菌药物口服：35～50毫克千克体重同头孢曲松钠郼晌 6、头孢唑啉钠鮨韙壔撫 （Cefazolin sodium）又名：先锋霉素V 翐Ⅷ癁 抗菌药物肌注：50～100毫克千克体重同头孢曲松钠韲x5 7、头孢噻呋驣k櫒f （Cefliofur）抗菌药物肌注：0.1毫克只用于1日龄雏鸡。殨6澯3V 8、红霉素岨R （Eryhromycin）抗菌药物饮水：0.005%～0.02%；拌料：0.01～0.03%不能与莫能菌素、盐霉素等抗球虫药合用 d 竉I冻豽 9、罗红霉素烐訿h鏿 （Roxithromycin）抗菌药物饮水：0.005%～0.02%；拌料：0.01～0.03 与红霉素存在交叉耐药性p-鯪氖貜v 10、泰乐菌素阞=t ―- （Tylosin）又名：泰农佦亩陴c 抗菌药物饮水：0.005%～0.01%；拌料：0.01%～0.02% eeC(韆a 肌注：30毫克千克体重不能与聚醚类抗生素合用。注射用药反应大，注射部位坏死，精神沉郁及采食量下降1～2 天鋟[ -妓`匴 11、替米考星uQ鸷P疔 （Tilmicosin）抗菌药物饮水：0.01%～0.02% 蛋鸡禁用瓙”A6lt; 12、螺旋霉素鄅YSY （Spiramycin）抗菌药物饮水：0.02%～0.05%；肌注：25～50毫克千克体重[ 賗`S孆 13、北里霉素譊F鮠蒪2 （Kitasamycin）又名：吉它霉素、柱晶霉素改瘖姼F 抗菌药物饮水：0.02%～0.05% @炜鉷浫 拌料：0.05%～0.1% 麀敨 肌注：30～50 毫克千克体重蛋鸡产蛋期禁用H釨啕Z 14、林可霉素g搙'颢R骖 （Lincomycin）又名：洁霉素娱鱉緿粥 抗菌药物饮水：0.02%～0.03% 融Bw因 肌注：20～50毫克千克体重最好与其他抗菌药物联用以减缓耐药性产生，与多粘菌素、卡那霉素、新生霉素、青霉素0、链霉素、复合维生素) 等药物有配伍禁忌Z楘+ F 15、泰妙灵痾呈膠 （Tiamulin）又名：支原净'