汉英翻译
我不知道他们给了我多少日子；但我的手确乎是渐渐空虚了。
I don’t know how many days I am entitled to altogether, but my quota of them is undoubtedly wearing away.
这并不是谦虚客气的话，这是真的事实。（我说的话）
I did not make this remark out of mere modesty and courtesy. I truly meant what I said.
如果没有摩擦，运动的物体永远不会停止。
A moving object would never come to a stop if there were no friction
我们二三十岁的人比不上六七十岁的前辈，他们虽然老的老了死的死了，但是他们才是真正活到现在活到将来。
We in our twenties or thirties cannot compare with our elders in their sixties or seventies. Today they may be advanced in years or even passed away, but they will, nevertheless, live forever and ever.
液体没有固定的形状，气体也没有。Liquids have no definite shape; nor have gases.
我不出去跑步或散步，而是一下床就干活儿。
Instead of going out for a jog or walk, I’ll set about my work as soon as I’m out of bed.
他宁愿饿死，也不愿行窃。He will die of hunger before he steals.
他虽然贫穷，但无论如何也不会说谎。Poor as he was, he was above telling a lie in any case. 我们决不辜负全国人民对我们的希望。We will live up to the expectations of our people.
那些黑人挣到的钱几乎不够养家糊口。
The negroes barely earn enough money to keep their families alive.
他显然有不同的想法He evidently thinks otherwise.
把瓶盖儿盖好，要不汁液就洒出来了。
Put the cap back on the bottle, otherwise the juice will spill.
不了解这一点，就不能得到起码的知识。
Unless we grasp this point we shall never be able to acquire even elementary knowledge.
部队宁可绕道走，也不踩庄稼。
The troops would rather take a roundabout way than tread on the crops
无产阶级不把大多数人争取到自己方面来，就不能取得胜利。
The proletariat cannot be victorious unless it wins over to its side the majority of the population. 子曰：“不患人之不己知，患不知人也。”
The Master said, (the good man) does not grieve that other people do not recognize his merits. His only anxiety is lest he (should) fail to recognize theirs.
名不正则言不顺，言不顺则事不成，……
If language is incorrect, then what is said does not concord with what was meant; and if what is said does not concord with what was meant, what is to be done cannot be effected.
我想：希望本无所谓有，无所谓无。
I thought: hope cannot be said to exist, nor can it be said not to exist.
他在上面费了很多力。He took no little pain over it.
我对你万分感激。I couldn’t thank you enough.完全同意I couldn’t agree more.
直到喷气发动机发明以后，飞机才能以超音速的速度飞行。
Not until the invention of the jet engine could airplanes travel at supersonic speeds
智者千虑，必有一失。Even the wise are not always free from errors.
他想找一个可靠的人帮助工作。He wanted to get someone reliable to help in the work.
医生为救病人，尽到了一切必要的努力。The doctor did everything necessary to save the patient.
去年皖北小麦的平均产量超过了历史上最高水平。
The average yield of wheat last year in northern Anhui topped the highest level in history.
马克思主义认识论的不可动摇的基本原则
The unshakable, fundamental Marxist epistemological principle.
我们要把祖国建设成为社会主义的现代化强国。
We will build our motherland into a modern powerful socialist country
我们得早点到达那里。We have to be there early.这部电影是去年夏在武汉看的。I saw the film in Wuhan last summer.
我们上星期天在她家饱餐了一顿。We ate to our heart’s content at her home last Sunday.
王教授此刻正在实验室和他的两个新助手一道工作着。
Professor Wang is working with his two new assistants in the laboratory at the moment.
你可不要信赖他们那号人。我从来不信赖他们，今后也决不会信赖他们。
Don’t trust people like that.I never have, and I never will.
过去我们5月份总是到海滨去休假。We always used to go for a holiday to the seaside in May. 父亲、母亲的形象还能回忆一点儿，但很模糊。Even today, I can recollect what my own parents looked like but, of course, my impression is blurry.
十几年来，我经常想到一只狗，直到今天，我一想到它，还会不有自由地流下眼泪。He has been in my mind for decades. Even today, I cannot restrain my tears whenever I think of him.
中国的批评界怎样的趋势，我却不大了然，也不很注意。
I am not too clear about, not too interested either in the current trends in China’s literary criticism. 他的衣服被强盗剥得精光。He was stripped stark-naked by the bandits
在游廊的最左边，靠近一道门，却坐有一位将近三十岁的男子。
Close by a door at the extreme left of the veranda sat a man of about thirty.
在我们这个时代，任何人想要在社会上起作用，就必须接受必要的教育。In our times, substantial education is indispensable for anyone who wants to play his role in society.
中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务
The Central Government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR.
中国经济将融入世界经济的大潮。The economy of China will converge with that of the world. 中国观察问题不是看社会制度
China dose not regard social systems as a criterion in its approach to problems.
本文认为，这一定义具有重要意义The author holds that this definition is of great significance. 在同新闻界谈话的时候，上海人使用越来越多的最高级形容词。You can hear Shanghai citizens using more and more adjectives of the superlative degree when they talk to the press.
这座旅馆能接待300多个旅客This hotel can accommodate over three hundred guests.
这只船容易颠覆，因为它造型不合理
This boat is apt to overturn because it is unreasonably shaped.
颐和园）1900年遭八国联军破坏，（至1903年才得以修复）。
The palace suffered ravage in the hands of the allied forces of the eight foreign powers.
一年年，燕子来了去了。一年年，阶前草绿了黄了
Year after year the swallows come and go;
Year after year the grass before the terrace grows green, yellow.
前后加起来，我在北京已经住了四十多年，算是一个老北京了。I’ve been in Beijing altogether for over 40 year. So I can well call myself a long-timer of Beijing. 清风拂过树梢A soft wind kissed the treetops.
如镜的水面吸引我们下水游The calm water invited us to swim.
咫尺之遥，竟成海天之遥
Who would have expected that the short distance between us should be keeping us poles apart!
关于如何改进市民的居住条件问题市政府给予了充分重视。The housing conditions of the urban inhabitants has been paid full attention to by the municipal government.
他确乎有点像棵树，坚壮、沉默、而又有生气。
He was indeed rather like a tree, sturdy, silent yet full of life.
然而悲惨的皱纹，却也从他的眉头和嘴角出现了。
Miserable wrinkles began to appear between his eyebrows and round his mouth.
中国的发展和进步，不会对任何人构成威胁。胎又瘪了。We’ve got another flat tire.
A developing and progressing China does not pose a threat to anyone.
这些材料只能盖一栋房子。With these materials we can build only one house.
1998年，长江流域遭受特大洪水。
Huge floods devastated the areas in the Yangtze Valley in 1998.
不同的人对退休持不同的态度。
Opinions towards the retirement diverged/differed/vary from person to person.
改革开放和现代化建设，必须从我国社会主义初级阶段的基本国情出发，走自己的道路。In our efforts to carry out the reform, opening-up and the modernization drive, we should proceed from the actual situation of being in a primary stage of socialism and take our own road.
历史上，英国国王一直把伦敦塔当作囚禁自己私敌和政敌的监狱。
London Tower in history has always served as a prison of the English kings’personal and political enemies.
世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃
at the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities.
In October, 1964, China blasted its first automatic bomb, which shocked the rest of the world greatly
母亲一把大剪刀，仿佛裁掉了我童年的忧伤，给我剪出一个原来如此瑰丽的世界。Mother had a big pair of scissors, with which she seemed to cut off the sorrows of my childhood and cut out for me such a surprising beautiful world.
哈弗是最早接受中国留学生的美国大学之一。中国教育界，科学界，文化界一直同哈佛大学保持着学术交流。
The Chinese educational, scientific and cultural communities have been maintaining academic exchanges with Harvard University.
只有冷静才能成功Success depends on calm minds
通过在广州的见闻以及随后在各地的访问，我们的忧虑已化为喜悦。
The news that greeted us in Guangzhou and our visit later to various places turned anxiety to joy. 空旷的山野上，当起了她甜甜的笑声。
In the wilderness, her sweet sounds of laughter rose and fell like waves.
农民缺乏训练，许多农场生产力低下，这就使得大多数农民处于贫穷的困境。Inadequate training for farmers and the low productivity of many farmers place the majority of country dwellers in a disadvantageous position in their own countries.
要解决问题，还须做系统而周密的调查研究工作。
In order to save the problem, it is necessary to make a systematic and thorough investigation and study.
从前，海边的一个村子里住着一个老渔夫。
Once upon a time, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.
从这里可以看见北京的全貌。A panoramic view of Beijing can be obtained from here.
这个问题如果不解决，势必严重损害两国关系。
Failure to settle this issue is bound to impair the relations between the two countries seriously.
只要看一眼这封信，你就会明白你上当了。
A glance at this letter will convince you that you have been taken in.
进行社会主义现代化建设必须尊重知识和人才。
We must show our respect for knowledge and people of talent in our socialist modernization drive. 那是，他俩的感情非常好，同在一间自修室内读书，也同一张桌子吃饭。
At that time, they felt deep affection for each other, always studying in the same classroom and dining at the same table.
这位导师的严格及苛刻是全校有名的。这几天心情破不平静。I have felt quite upset recently. My tutor was noted for his strictness and rigor across the campus.
去年的进出口工作都已经超额完成了国家计划。
The import and export state plan of last year was overfulfuilled.
任何新生事物的成长都是要经过艰难曲折的。
Any emerging thing is bound to experience difficulties and setbacks before it reaches maturity
In heaven, an angel is nobody in particular. 在天堂，天使们也是芸芸众生。
I was nervous before crowds.我在大庭广众之前感到紧张。
叶公好龙professed love of what one really fears东施效颦crude imitation with ludicrous effect 南柯一梦a fond dream or illusory joy四面楚歌to be besieged on all sides
Constant dropping wears away a stone.滴水穿石。Blood is thicker than water.血浓于水。
All rivers run into the sea.百川归海。If you play with fire,you get burned.玩火者必自焚。Good medicine is bitter in the mouth.良药苦口。
吃饭防噎，走路防跌。while walking，take heed that you do not fall．
留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。
So long as green hills remain，there will never be a shortage of fire-wood．
送君千里，终有一别。
Although you may escort a guest a thousand miles，yet the parting must come at last．
小不忍则乱大谋。
If one is not patient in small thing，one will never be able to control great ventures．
路遥知马力，日久见人心Time will tell.吃的苦中苦，方知甜中甜no sweet without sweat
车到山前必有路，船到桥头自然直in the end things mend /there’s always a way out
急功近利eager for instant success and quick profits
打黑扫黄crack down on gangland and pornography德高望重of high ability and integrity
互利互补mutually complementary and beneficial
互谅互让mutual understanding and accommodation
遵纪守法observe the relevant code of conduct and the law
寓教于乐teach through lively activities因材施教teach students according to their aptitude
按劳分配distribution according to performance优势互补complement each other’s advantages 以商养文support /sponsor cultural activities with the profits from doing business
自主经营，自负盈亏make one’s own management decisions, take full responsibility for one’s own profits and losses不进则退no progress simply means regression.
瞻前顾后overcautious and indecisive源远流长have a long history呕心沥血spare no efforts 画龙点睛bring out the crucial point花天酒地go on the loose汗马功劳exploits
这是我们的企业走向繁荣昌盛的唯一道路。
This is the only road leading to the prosperity of our enterprise.
我们的产品品种齐全、款式繁多。
Our products are in complete range of articles and with various patterns.
Her goods are all bright-colored. 她的货品色彩鲜明。Misery loves company.同病相怜
I congratulate myself on my narrow escape. 我庆幸自己死里逃生。
A word once let go cannot be recalled. 一言既出，驷马难追。
Old deeds for old people and new deeds for new. 老有老法，新有新规。
短短几句，童心盎然却又形象逼真、丝丝人扣！What vivid images created with the full flavor of childishness! 留得青山在，不怕没柴烧While there is life, there is hope
他决心洗心革面，脱胎换骨。He is determined to turn over a new leaf.
本店货色齐全，品种多样，任君挑选。We have a good assortment of goods to choose from.
他是我父亲He is my father这姑娘是漂亮This girl is really beautiful.
此人是书就读This man reads every book he can reach.
是可忍，孰不可忍f this can be tolerated, what cannot?
是古非今Praise the past to condemn the present
前线有什么情况？How is the situation at the front?
我们可能去那儿，那得看情况而定。We may go there, but that depends
前面有情况，做好战斗准备。There’s enemy activity ahead. Prepare for combat
.他就着油灯读信He read the letter by the oil lamp.
我这星期不忙，就你的时间吧。Make it any time at your convenience. I’m not busy this week. 花生仁就酒挺合适的It’s nice to have peanuts to go with the wine.
买大包装的吧，便宜多Buy the large size. It’s a lot cheaper.他是个纸老虎He is a paper tiger 俺们俩的事，一条绳上拴着两只蚂蚱—谁也跑不了！
We’re like two grasshoppers tied to one cord, neither can get away!
他憋了一会，终于说出几个字来。He kept silent for a moment, finally, he blurted out.
这两口箱子轻重不一样。The two cases do not have the same weight.
工作要分轻重缓急，不要眉毛胡子一把抓。
Work should be done in order of importance and urgency. You shouldn’t take up all at once.
请你别见怪，他说话就是不知轻重There is a touch of rough poetry about him.他这人还有那么点诗意呢。Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh. 这位曾使全世界人发笑的人自己却饱受辛酸。他有丰富的教学经验。He has rich experience in teaching.
Please don’t mind his words. He simply doesn’t know the proper way to talk.
我们应当从这里得出一条经验，就是不要被假象所迷惑。
We should draw a lesson here : Don’t be mislead by false appearances.
Gone are the days when we Chinese people depended on foreign steel.中国人民靠洋钢的日子已一去不复返了。Before them lay miles of miles of beautiful plain with lots of wild animals among the grass.美丽的草原，茵茵的绿草，野生动物成群结队，绵延数英里，展现在眼前。
普通人在办公处和家庭中使用电子计算机的时代已经到来。
The time has come when ordinary people can use electronic computers both in the office and at home.学科技、学英语，对社会主义现代化建设很重要。It is important to study English as well as science and technology for our socialist modernization drive.
中国文化汉英翻译材料(1)
Exercise I. Translate the following sentences into English. 1.如今，作为东方艺术的一颗璀璨的明珠，京剧不仅在中国各地喜闻乐见，而且已被全世界人民广泛接受。 2.根据所表演角色的性别、年龄和社会地位的不同，演员角色分成四类：生（男角）、旦（女角）、净（花脸男角）、丑 （丑角）。 3.京剧的独特艺术魅力使它经久不衰：它创造了一种台上台下演员观众相互交融的美学欣赏与享受。 4.他曾成功地塑造了许多古代中国妇女的形象，完美地表现了她们的温柔、优雅和细腻。 5.梅兰芳也是把京剧介绍到国外的第一人。 6.作为中国的文化瑰宝，京剧必将获得全中国和全世界人民越来越多的喜爱。 Key to Exercise I. 1.Today, as one of the glowing pearls of oriental arts, not only has Beijing Opera been widely enjoyed all over China, it has also been well received all over the world. 2.According to the gender, age and social position of the different roles which they play, actors and actresses are divided into four categories: sheng (male roles), dan (female roles), jing (male roles with facial paintings) and chou (clowns). 3.The uniqueness of Beijing Opera makes its artistic charm so everlasting: the creation of an aesthetic co-appreciation between the actors and actresses on stage and the audience off stage. 4.Mei Lanfang had created very successfully various images of ancient Chinese women and expressed their tenderness, elegance and subtlety. 5.Mei Lanfang was also the first person who introduced Beijing Opera to foreign countries. 6.Being a great treasure of the Chinese culture, Beijing Opera will surely be more and more appreciated by people in China and in the whole world. Exercise II. Make a web advertisement in English, based on the information given in Chinese. 著名的京剧武生徐力先生最近接受了我们舞蹈学校的邀请，担任高级舞蹈教员。武生是京剧中的一个重要生角。武生的特点是武艺好，身手矫健敏捷。武生演员常通过在舞台上翻滚武打（tumbles, tweists, and somersaults）来表现他们高超的武艺。武生的动作准确有力，是大量艰苦训练的结果。 中国古典舞蹈和民族舞蹈的舞台技巧和身段（floor skills and postures）大多来自中国传统戏曲的武功（acrobatic skills）。我们舞蹈学校非常荣幸能够请到徐先生教授女子班毯子功(floor skills)和男子班的功夫课。有关课程安排请点击此网址。 Key to Ex. II Make a web advertisement in English, based on the information given in Chinese. A Rare Opportunity The famous Beijing Opera performer of Wu Sheng (acrobatic male role), Mr Xu Li, recently accepted an engagement with our Dancing School. Wu Sheng is a very important role in Beijing Opera. It requires a high level of acrobatic skills. Wu Sheng actors often show off their skills with tumbles, twists, and somersaults on the stage. These skills and movements require great precision in timing and strength, which takes a lot of training and exercise. Many of the floor skills and postures of classic and ethnic Chinese dances were originally from the acrobatic skills of traditional Chinese operas. Our dancing school is very fortunate to have Mr Xu Li to teach our Floor Skills class for girls and Kungfu class for boys. For class schedule, please click HERE. Exercise III. Translate the following sentences into English. 1.齐白石以革新水墨画和毕生献身于这项中国的传统艺术形式而闻名于世。 2.他在几天后把那幅画重画了很多次，但是总比不上他当天即兴完成的作品。 3.兰亭序的极高的艺术价值促使更多书法家临摹王羲之的字体。 4.一个好的书法家所写出来的字必须充满生气，活力并具备完美的形体。 5.书法是一门艺术，它需要清醒的头脑以及对毛笔有全面的掌握。 6.这个年轻演员认识到自己的演技还差，无法与他老师的演技相提并论。 Key Exercise III.
汉英跨文化交际翻译中的CHINAENGLISH
广东职业技术师范学院学报 2002年第2期 Journal of Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University No 2,2002 汉英跨文化交际翻译中的C HINA ENGLISH 金惠康 (广东职业技术师范学院外语系,广东广州 510665) 摘 要:本文讨论什么是中国英语及其在汉英跨文化交际翻译中的功能。关键词:跨文化交际;汉英翻译;中国英语 中图分类号:H 315 9 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1009-2803(2002)02-0072-07 一、什么是中国英语 中国英语(China English)不同于中式英语(Chinglish),它既不是中国学生学习英语过程中所产生的 过渡语 ,也不是因英语不够表达而胡编乱造的英语。本文倡导的宗旨就是要使用规范英语来描述中华文化和社会,尽量避免中式英语。目前行之有效的手段之一就是使用和拓展中国英语。 1 从广义上来说,中国英语产生于国际英语对中华文明和华夏社会的描述,也源于中国人长期用英语对自己与世界描述,它是国际英语的拓展与延伸。中国英语以国际规范英语为共核,把中国独有的文化、语言、事物、意念和传统等通过音译、译借及语义再生等手段传入国际(英语)社会,同时也融入许多具有中国文化内涵和汉语言特色的表达方式。如别有风味的词汇、短语、句式、认知方式、修辞手段、行文风格和章法结构。因而,中国英语具有国际规范英语的共性,又具有汉文化的内涵和汉语言的一些个性特色。毫无疑问,中国英语是长期东西方跨文化交流的产物。从狭义的角度来说,中国英语指的就是:在描述(翻译)华夏文明、中国社会及汉语言中所拓展了的那部分英语。 有人说在汉译英中使用中国英语是不得已而为之,其实这句话也要从另一面理解为 非得如此不可 。社会发展与变革必然引起语言的变化发展并给语言注入新的文化内涵和新的表达方式,这是很值得深入研究和总结的。 中国英语的规范主要是来自现代中国官方媒体的英语文本典范和国际现代英文媒体的主流内涵;也来自汉英双语娴熟者描写华夏文明和中国社会的英文文本和由中国人用英语创作的文学作品等。这里使用 中国英语 这个词语(概念)来描述和记录国际英语在描述中华文明和社会、中国人民和政府用英语表达自己对世界事务的理解、看法和立场时,英语所发生的变化与发展。从这个意义上讲,凡是有中国文化内涵和汉语表达特色的、并能为国际英语读者所普遍理解和接受的英文(文本)都可称之为中国英语。 2 从社会语言学的角度来看,中国本土的社会文化环境造成了中国英语的中国特色,即本土化(nativization 或是indigenization)。社会语言学中的本土概念的实质是主张文化和语言的相对价值、尊重个性,并以此来促进不同文化和语言之间的彼此的适应与沟通。 72 收稿日期:2001-11-05 作者简介:金惠康(1950~),男,湖南邵东人,广东职业技术师范学院教授,研究方向为跨文化交际研究与应用语言学。
英汉汉英翻译学习 译后感
至今为止，已经学了一个学期的翻译基础。虽说未涉及汉译英的学习，但从过去这一学期对英译汉理论与实践的学习，我深知翻译并非一件容易的事。对我来说，学好翻译这门课程并将其运用到实践中去，任重而道远。 在未上翻译课之前，每每听人提及翻译，以为就只是单纯的两种语言的转换；谁知经过一个学期的翻译课学习，才知道自己竟是大错特错了。当代英国翻译理论家纽马克的翻译理论及其语言六大功能（表达功能、信息功能、祈使功能、人际功能、审美功能、元语言功能），我国翻译家严复的“信、达、雅”三大翻译标准等，让我更进一步了解什么是翻译。 对于我们初学者来说，在进行翻译活动时，除了要遵循翻译的两大原则（忠实、通顺）外，还要注意直译与意译、异化与归化等翻译技巧的运用。否则，翻译时，容易出现“翻译腔”。如;And so you shall be my darling----when l tell you! 译文一：当我告诉你的时候——我的宝贝，你会知道的。译文二：那你等着吧——等到我告诉了你，你就懂得了！这两种翻译中，第一种机械地模仿原文，不知变通，是典型的“翻译腔”。而第二种摆脱了原文的结构束缚，用符合目的语的语言表达形式再现了原文的意义和精神。 此外，对一些翻译技巧（如：词类转换法、重复法、正反反正翻译法、抽象与具体转换法、抽词拆译法、增词语省略法、物称人称转化法、形合意合转换法、视点转换法等）的学习及反复练习，也让我在学习的同时发现并总结出一些翻译时常出现的问题。如:的、地、得的正确使用(美丽的太阳花、吃力地行走、高兴得手舞足蹈)；量词的正确使用(一只小熊、一头大熊、一个熊妈妈)；标点符号的正确使用（注意句子的停顿）；“so·····that”不能译成“如此·····以至于”可译成“那样·····因此or所以”；“when·····”不能译成“当······时”；人的mate译成“伙伴”，动物的mate译成“配偶”，而人的“配偶”是spouse；“go down the wind”译成顺着风走，“go up the wind”译成逆着风走；定语从句的译法：分片——逐个译出——理解大意——调整语序。 另外，长句的翻译也是一大难点。像顺序法、分译法、逆序法、综合法等长句翻译方法都可用于翻译中，才能译出更好的译文。 与汉语习惯不同，在英语中，为了避免重复，通常用同义词、近义词代替前文出现过的词。同时，英语中通常用大量的连词，是句子更紧凑，而汉语恰恰相反。因此，在英译汉时，要尽量避免将关联词“和、所以、因此、而且····”翻译出来。 我深知自己基础比较薄弱，因而在学习时也比较吃力，但我不会因此而自暴自弃，相反，我会加倍努力，尽自己最大的努力学好翻译这门课程。
关于英汉文化的翻译
一、从理论上叙述文化差异 翻译是英语专业学生的一项必要的技能，翻译练习可以帮助我们更好地认识两种语言的特点以及它们之间的文化差异。因此，我们会加强一门外语和母语之间的理解，能够轻易地接受国际化的非文化因素。例如，提到佛教，我们也许很容易就把它和古印度联系起来；提起基督教，会首先想到巴勒斯坦，罗马帝国和西方国家。著名人类学家爱德华·泰勒在《原始文明》中说：“一个复杂的统一体，包括知识、信念、艺术、法律、道德思想、习俗以及由社会成员所得到的任何其它的能力，习惯等就是文化。”简言之，文化恰好是一个特定社会群体的总的生活方式。在翻译中遇到的困难大部分来自于以下四个部分。 1.技术经济系统 技术经济系统包括生态环境、生产、交换、分配方式、科学技术、人工产品等。它们是导致文化异的主要物质因素。物质财富为社会发展和文化繁荣奠定了坚实的基础，因此在不同文化背景下的人们在日常事物的表达上有不同的方法。当把一个词或短语从一种语言翻译成另一种语言的时候，应了解它的文化。例如，在我国新疆地区的哈萨克族以畜牧业为生，所以马和羊在他们的生活中起着重要的作用，那里所有的男孩必须要牧羊，所以“boy”在哈萨克语中的意思是“shepherd”。当女孩结婚的时候，新郎的家庭应当要送马给女方作为订婚礼物，因此“girl”在哈萨克语中的意思是“horse-owner”。如果对它们不了解，我们就无法理解原作品中的句子，更别提把它们用另一种语言翻译出来了。 2.社会系统 社会系统一般表示社会阶层、群体、相关结构、政治、法律、教育、习俗、历史等。例如，火鸡是圣诞节的一道主菜，但是一个记者在翻译一则关于美国前总统约翰逊和尼克松一起吃晚餐的新闻时把“Turkey Dinner”翻译成“土耳其午餐”，这确实是因为对习俗不熟悉。 3.抽象系统 抽象系统包括世界观、宗教、邪教、民间信念、艺术创造、价值观、思维方式等，其中，认知和思维方式对语际交流中的相互理解有最大的影响。例如，gild the Lily(画蛇添足，多此一举)和lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen (贼走关门)很可能被中国学生误解为“锦上添花”和“亡羊补牢”。因为能够引起英语和汉语相反的联系的这两个习语在形式上是相当相似的。 “Bright red costumes, with hats, shoes and stockings to match are to be all the craze in spring. Smart women will have to be careful not to yawn in the streets in case some short-sighted person is on his way to post a letter.”如果不知道在英国邮箱是红色的，与其他国家不一样，就不会抓住这一段的真实涵义。事实上，作者在这里想要借助邮箱的颜色来讽刺那些穿红色裙子的胖拙的妇女，因为她们会被那些近视的人当成是邮筒来使用。 4.语言系统 语言系统主要包括组成主要语言资源的语音结构、语法结构和语义结构。因为写作资源是不同的，在英语中所谓的“I-steel”和“T-square”在汉语中被认为是“I 字钢”和“T 字尺”。有时在一种文化中被注意的一种现象将会在另一种语言中被忽视。例如，在英语国家，人们会很自然地把“a clear-shapedankle”和“a slim girl with beautiful lines of legs”联系起来，但是这两方面之间的关系似乎没有被给予全方位的注意。在下面的两个例子中，“ankle”这个单词被不同地使用，以不同的方式被翻译。句子如下：Long-stemmed models ankled through the hobby.(身材修长的模特儿袅袅婷婷地走过大厅。) He was slightly disturbed by the cashier, a young and giggling Wisconsin school-teacher with ankles...（那个年轻的出纳员，威斯康星州的女教师的咯咯笑声和一双漂亮的脚弄得他有些心慌意乱。 期刊文章分类查询,尽在期刊图书馆
英汉翻译中英文小说
Certain Things Last （某些持续的事情） For a year now I have been thinking of writing a certain book. (这一年来，我一直想写一本有把握（在思考着写一本自己已经酝酿许久）的书）―Well, tomorrow I‘ll get at it,‖ I‘ve been saying to myself.（“好吧，明天我就完成它”过去自己一直这么说）（好，明天就开始动手写，我一直对自己这么说。）Every night when I get into bed I think about the book（每天晚上上床睡觉时就想着那本书）. The people that are to be put between its covers dance before my eyes. （那些即将出现在作品里面的角色在我眼前跳舞）I live in the city of Chicago and at night motor trucks to rumbling along the roadway outside my house. Not so very far away there is an elevated railroad and after twelve o‘clock at night trains pass at pretty long intervals.（我在芝加哥生活，一到晚上，就听到家外面的公路上那些运货卡车隆隆地响。不远处有一条高架铁路，晚上过了十二点以后火车就开始通过，相互间隔得很远）Before it began I went to sleep during one of the quieter intervals but now that the idea of writing this book has got into me I lie awake and think.（过去在十二点之前趁着那一会儿的安静空隙入睡，但现在我躺在床上思考，脑海出现了写书的想法） For one thing it is hard to get the whole idea of the book fixed in the setting of the city I live in now.（在我如今居住的城 市环境中要想得到这本书确切的想法很难）I wonder if you who do not try to write books, perhaps will understand what I mean.（我很惊奇如果你没有尝试过写书，也许会明白我说什么）Maybe you will, maybe you won‘t. It is a little hard to explain. You see, it‘s something like this. （也许你会明白，或者不明白。这解释起来有点困难。就好比这样）You as a reader will, some evening or some afternoon, be reading in my book and put it down. You will go out of your house and into the street.（你作为一名读者，有些晚上或者下午可能会读我的书，读完后把它放下。你可能会离开家，走到街上）The sun
汉英翻译教程
汉英翻译教程
第一章 汉英语言对比 相关参考： 翻译教学和研究的经验表明：翻译理论和技巧必须建立在不同语言和文化的对比分析基础上。英汉互译的几项基本原则和技巧，如选词（Diction）、转换（Conversion）、增补（Amplification）、省略（Omission）、重复（Repetition）、替代（Substitution）、变换（Variation）、倒臵（Inversion）、拆离（Division）、缀合（Combination）、阐释（Annotation）、浓缩（Condensation）、重组（Reconstruction），以及时态、语态、语气、习语、术语等的译法，都集中地体现了英汉的不同特点。机器翻译是让计算机按照人们所制定的程序和指令进行不同语言的对比转换，也离不开对比分析。翻译之所以困难，归根结底是因为语言差异和文化差异。因此，对比、分析和归纳这些差异，便是翻译学的重要任务。 不同语言的对比分析不仅有利于教学和翻译，也有助于语言交际。通过对比分析，人们可以进一步认识外语和母语的特性，在进行交际时，能够有意识地注意不同语言各自的表现方法，以顺应这些差异，防止表达错误，避免运用失当，从而达到交际的目的。 ——连淑能，《英汉对比研究》 纪德是最理解莎士比亚的法国作家之一。在他看来，“没有任何作家比莎士比亚更值得翻译”，但同时，“也没有任何作家比他更难翻译，译文更容易走样”。纪德对莎士比亚的理解是双重的，既是精神的，也是语言的。他在与莎士比亚的相遇与相识中，经历了一系列的考验。对他在翻译中经历的这番历史奇遇，他曾在为七星文库出版的《莎士比亚戏剧集》撰写的前言中作了详尽的描述：描述了两种文化与两种语言之间的遭遇，也揭示了翻译中译者所面临的种种障碍。 纪德首先看到的，是语言与文化层面的逻辑性，这涉及到不同语言的思维方法。他说：“莎士比亚很少考虑逻辑性，而我们拉丁文化缺了逻辑性就踉踉跄跄。莎士比亚笔下的形象相互重现，相互推倒。面对如此丰富的形象，我们可怜的译者目瞪口呆。他不愿意对这种绚丽多彩有丝毫遗漏，因此不得不将英文原本中用仅仅一个词表示的暗喻译成一个句子。原来像蛇一样紧紧盘成一团的诗意，如今成了松开的弹簧。翻译成了解释。逻辑倒是很满意，但魅力不再起作用。莎士比亚的诗句飞跃而过的空间，迟缓的熊虫一瘸一拐才能走完。”在紧密的逻辑与丰富的形象之间，英语与法语的天平有所侧重，在两者的遭遇中，译者的无奈与局限源于文化与语言的巨大差异。 头脑清醒的纪德没有丝毫责备英语或莎士比亚的语言的意思，相反，在翻译莎士比亚的戏剧中，他充分意识到了母语的缺陷。他说：“只有在接触外语时，我们才意识到本国语言的缺陷，因此，只会法语的法国人是看不到缺陷的。”他的这一观点与德国作家歌德的观点几乎是一致的。异之于我，可作一明镜，从异中更清楚地照清自身。在这个意义上，与异语文化的接触，有助于认识母语与母语文化的不足。看清了自身的不足，便有可能从异语异文化中去摄取营养，弥补自身，丰富自身。 在艰难的翻译中，纪德亲历了种种障碍，他结合翻译中的具体例证，作了某
英汉互译之文学名篇翻译赏析
文学翻译赏析 一、雄健阳刚类 艰难的国运与雄健的国民 李大钊 历史的道路，不会是坦平的，有时走到艰难险阻的境界。这是全靠雄健的精神才能够冲过去的。 一条浩浩荡荡的长江大河，有时流到很宽阔的境界，平原无际，一泻万里。有是流到很逼狭的境界，两岸丛山迭岭，绝壁断崖，江河流于其间，回环曲折，极其 险峻。民族生命的进展，其经历亦复如是。 人类在历史上的生活正如旅行一样。旅途上的征人所经过的地方，有时是坦荡平原，有时是崎岖险路。老于旅途的人，走到平坦的地方，固是高高兴兴地向前走，走 到崎岖的境界，愈是奇趣横生，觉得在此奇绝壮绝的境界，愈能感到一种冒险的美趣。 中华民族现在所逢的史路，是一段崎岖险阻的道路。在这一段道路上，实在亦有一种奇绝壮绝的景致，使我们经过此段道路的人，感得一种壮美的趣味。但这种壮美 的趣味，是非有雄健的精神的人不能够感觉到的。 我们的扬子江，黄河，可以代表我们的民族精神。扬子江及黄河遇见沙漠，遇见山峡都是浩浩荡荡的往前流过去，以成其浊流滚滚，一泻万里的魄势。目前的艰难境界， 那能阻抑我们民族生命的曲调，在这悲壮歌声中，走过这崎岖险阻的道路。要知在艰难 的国运中建造国家，亦是人生最有趣味的事。 The Bad Luck of China and the Strong Will of the Chinese Li Dazhao The progress of history sometimes comes into a territory full of hardships and hindrances, and only by means of strong will can it run through the territory. Sometimes in an extensive and open terrain with boundless plains, a huge and mighty river flows vigorously down thousands of miles. Sometimes it runs in an imposing and narrow terrain with ranges of high mountains, crags and cliffs. It zigzags its way down through them, which is drastically hazardous and precipitous. The progress of a nation undergoes the same experience. The life of human race in history is just like a journey. The places the travelers have traversed are open and flat here, but craggy and risky there. Walking on a flat and level road, an experienced traveler certainly feels delighted. However, walking in a rugged and rough terrain, one can enjoy more wits and humor. Walking in such an area of wonderful and magnificent scenes, one can savor more tastes of adventure. The road of history taken today by the Chinese nation is one full of twists and turns. But in this section of the road, there is an extremely fabulous and magnificent view which makes those of us who are going and have gone through it feel glorious and hallowed. It is a feel only those strongly-determined people are capable of enjoying. The Yangtze River and Yellow River stand well for our national spirit. They run into deserts and mountains, and mightily they run. They develop into huge muddy streams and vigorously they
英汉汉英实用翻译教程
一、汉译英部分 1.道可道，非常道；名可名，非常名。 ?Tao Te Ching - The Way of Life - The Wisdom of Ancient China ?The tao that can be described is not the eternal Tao. ?The name that can be spoken is not the eternal Name. The Way that can be told of is not an Unvarying Way; The names that can be named are not unvarying names. 2.子曰：“学而时习之，不亦说乎？有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎？” ?The Master "Is it not pleasant to learn with a constant perseverance and application? ?"Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? ?"Is he not a man of complete virtue, who feels no discomposure though men may take no note of him?" ?The Master said, "Fine words and an insinuating appearance are seldom associated with true virtue." 曾子曰：“吾日三省吾身：为人谋而不忠乎？与朋友交而不信乎？传不习乎？” The philosopher Tsang said, "I daily examine myself on three points:-whether,in transacting business for others, I may have been not faithful;-whether, in intercourse with friends, I may have been not sincere;-whether I may have not mastered and practiced the instructions of my teacher." 3. 子曰：“不患人之不己知，患不知人也。” ...子曰：“学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。” The Master said, "I will not be afflicted at men's not knowing me; I will be afflicted that I do not know men." …The Master said, "Learning without thought is labor lost; thought without learning is perilous." 子曰：“温故而知新，可以为师矣。” The Master said, "If a man keeps cherishing his old knowledge, so as continually to be acquiring new, he may be a teacher of others." 4. 古之学者必有师。师者，所以传道受业解惑也。人非生而知之者，孰能无惑？惑而不从师，其为惑也，终不解矣。生乎吾前，其闻道也，固先乎吾，吾从而师之；生乎吾后，其闻道也，亦先乎吾，吾从而师之。吾师道也，夫庸知其年之先后生于吾乎？是故无贵无贱，无长无少，道之所存，师之所存也。 In ancient times those who wanted to learn would seek out a teacher, one who could propagate the doctrine, impart professional knowledge, and resolve doubts. Since no one is born omniscient, who can claim to have no doubts? If one has doubts and is not willing to learn from a teacher, his doubts will never be resolved. Anyone who was born before me and learned the doctrine before me is my teacher. Anyone who was born after me and learned the doctrine before me is also my teacher. Since
汉英翻译中原文化
中原文化与中原崛起 解读中原文化，我们不难看出，历史上的河南之所以能够长期成为中国政治经济文化中心，成为中华崛起的高地，与根深叶茂的繁荣文化是分不开的。当历史的车轮进入21世纪后，我们要实现中原崛起，很重要的一个方面，就是要开发我们的文化，发展我们的文化，创新我们的文化，要把我们丰富的文化资源变为强大的文化力量，促进又好又快发展，推动中原崛起。所以省八次党代会明确提出要实现经济大省向经济强省跨越、文化资源大省向文化强省跨越。这两个跨越相辅相成、缺一不可。特别是随着经济文化化、文化经济化、经济文化一体化时代的到来，我们只有把这两大跨越有机结合起来，才能加快中原崛起的进程。这次我们举办“中原文化香港行和2007年豫港贸易洽谈会”，实际上就是要充分展示中原文化的魅力，发挥中原文化的潜力、增强中原文化的吸引力，形成推动中原崛起的新动力。为此，我们将坚持先进文化的前进方向，大力发展先进文化与和谐文化，坚持用科学理论引领中原崛起，用人文精神凝聚中原崛起，以文化产业支撑中原崛起，以人才智力支持中原崛起，以创新文化推动中原崛起，全面提升中原文化的引领能力、服务能力和创新能力，为实现中原崛起提供强大的精神支持、智力支持和不竭动力。现阶段，我们首先要把家底摸清，弄清到底有多少文化的“金矿”、“银矿”、“铜矿”、“铁矿”。这项工作，目前已经全面启动，在全省范围内展开了文化资源的普查，一俟普查结束我们就制定开发利用的规划。从当前掌握的情况看，我们至少有以下八大产业可以很好地发展，这就是传媒出版、文博会展、文化旅游、功夫娱乐、影视动漫、戏曲演艺、书法绘画、网络创意等八大产业。我省的这八大产业都是省委、省政府下一步将重点支持发展的产业，无论从资源禀赋看，还是市场潜力看，都具有明显的比较优势和可期的经济效益。比如书法绘画，我们商丘市有一个王公庄村，家家户户画老虎，一年卖画四百万。我们的开封市多数成年人都是书法爱好者或者是各级书协会员。书法绘画在河南不仅有广泛的群众基础，而且有全国领军人物，现任的中国美协主席和中国书协主席都是我们河南人。再如功夫产业，少林功夫影响已经波及世界，来自国内外学习武术的学员仅登封一地就有10万多人，俄罗斯总统普京访问中国时专程拜访少林寺。陈氏太极拳也已经走出国门，开始在澳大利亚、美国等国家设馆收徒，吸引了大量国外的年轻人。河南文化产业的发展前景由此可见一斑。在此，我真诚的欢迎香港的企业家和有识之士到河南去看一看，也欢迎大家积极参与到河南文化产业的开发中来。我相信，只要我们团结一心，措施有力，有9800万勤劳智慧的中原儿女的奋发进取，有包括香港同胞在内的海内外朋友的热情参与，中原文化就一定能够迎来发展的春天，就一定能够放射出更加瑰丽的光彩，成为推动中原崛起的强大动力。 The Culture and the Development of the Central Plain of China A close examination of Central China’s culture clearly reveals that its culture with long and deep roots has contributed tremendously to its central position as the heart of politics and economy in the history of China. At the turn of the 21st century, it is of vital importance to exploit, develop and rejuvenate our culture in the project of resurrecting Central China’s economy , thus giving
英译汉(文学翻译)
英译汉（文学翻译） The work Joyce produced in Portrait of the Artist, his Kunstlerroman, his formative novel, is not without ambivalence. In one of the first scenes, he who will become the artist is in open opposition to the law and to authority. We have to look at the word "law" and render it more flexible. We have to analyze who lays down the law and who is in the law's place. In this respect, there is a difference between Joyce and Kafka. In Kafka, the law is not figured by anyone. In Joyce there are specific authorities. In the first page of his novel, the women threaten him with castration but, as in Clarice Lispector, the question of the father is important too. In Clarice's "Sunday, before falling asleep," the father is really a father/mother and everything is organized in the direction of the father. Genesis takes place in a maternal and paternal mode of production. In Joyce, something analogous is related to the very possibility of the formation of the artist. Which father produces the artist? The question is related to the superego. Yet it is not always the same self that has a repressive figure. The first two pages of Portrait of the Artist can be approached through a kind of multiple reading, which is what Joycean writing asks for. We read word for word, line by line, but at the same time it has to be read —because that is how it is written —as a kind of embryonic scene. The entire book is contained in the first pages, which constitute a nuclear passage. The ensemble of Joyce's work is here like an egg or an opaque shell of calcium. An innocent reading will lead us to believe that these pages are hermetic. One understands everything and nothing; everything because there is really nothing obscure, nothing because there are many referents. Perhaps Irish people would find it more accessible, at least if they know their history well. Here, we have something of a coup d'ecriture, with many signs of the ruse of the artist. The text is presented in an apparent naivete —like Clarice's "Sunday, before falling asleep"— but nothing is more condensed, or more allusive. It is already a cosmos. Joyce denied using psychoanalysis in his work, yet he was impregnated by it. It is as if Joyce, though writing when Freud's texts were not yet well known, was in a kind of intellectual echo with him. The story of A Portrait of the Artist is both that of a portrait being made and that of a finished portrait. The title indicates this kind of permanent duplicity. The reader is told that it is the portrait of an artist, not of a young man, which raises the question of the self-portrait of the artist, of the coming and going of the look, of the self, of the mirror and the self in the mirror.