新编大学英语教案_Unit 2 Communication Problems

Unit Two

Communication problems

Teaching Objectives

1. Let the students have some ideas of the common ways we usually use in our daily life to communicate.

2. Make the students find the efficient ways to communicate with each other.

3. Let the students come up with the ways to avoid misunderstandings.

Teaching allotment

six academic hours

Focus points

1.key words and phrases

assume, conflict, convey, emphasis, ignore, misinterpret, react, verge, feel like, for effect, on the verge of, pull out, take----lightly

2.difficult sentences

1) When Martians and Venusians first got together, they encountered many of the problems with relationships we have today.

2) So when communication problems emerged, they assumed it was just one of those expected misunderstandings and that with a little assistance they would surely understand each other.

3) To fully express their feelings, women would tend to exaggerate the facts a little bit for effect and use various superlatives, metaphors, and generalizations.

3.grammar focus

prefix “mis---”的不同意义

Related Information

It is well-known that learning a second language is never easy, and, generally speaking, the older one is when one attempts a new language, the more difficult it becomes. This is at least partly due to what is known as language interference, meaning that the linguistic patterns of our first language interfere with those of the second because no two languages have exactly the same sounds and grammatical structures. The English language has a very large vocabulary because it has incorporated words from many other languages over the centuries. This is nowhere more apparent than in its color words. For example, there are many words that express the color “purple”, describing its different shades and hues: mauve, violet, lilac, or lavender. An interesting linguistic gender difference among native speakers of English is the likelihood of women using these color terms to differentiate between shades of purple, whereas, men will be satisfied with the one word “purple”. This is true of other color words too.

Basing on what mentioned above, when learning a language, we sometimes need to pay attention to

which sex uses which words, particularly when we reach an advanced stage where we are adding many new words to our vocabulary and want to use them accurately. We also need to pay attention to some of the multiple meanings that words have, as well as to their connotations.

Suggested Class Activities

1. Warming-up activity: How to communicate efficiently

Purpose: Inform the students the efficient way to communicate with each other

Step 1Discuss in groups about the common ways we usually use in our daily life to communicate and try to list both their advantages and disadvantages.

Step 2 Make a comparison between them and decide which is the most efficient way for us to communicate with others.

Step 3 Ask some of the students to give their ideas in public and point out the necessary points they should know in daily communication.

Suggested words/expressions:

admirable/neglect/comprehend/over-crowded/distinguish----from/hold back/in a different light/turn out.

2. In-class reading activity: What can we get from communication

Purpose: Inform the students the good points of communication

Step 1.Discuss in groups why we need to communicate with others

Step 2. Try to analyze what communication has brought to us

Step 3.Then make sure what we should learn from communicating with others

Suggested words/expressions:

foreigner/uncommon/feel like/for effect/on the verge of/pull out

Further development:

How to avoid misunderstandings in communication

After reading this unit, we may know that in our communications misunderstandings are quite common, so work in groups to come up with the ways to avoid misunderstandings and make it on your exercise book.

In-Class Reading

Words and phrases

1.assume believe something is true without definite proof

. You assumed his innocence / him to be innocent /that hi is innocent before hearing the evidence against him.

He is not such a fool as you assumed him to be.

assuming that---：假定----

. Assuming that you are right about this, what shall we do

2) to take up or undertake

. You will assume your new responsibilities tomorrow.

assumption : n. sth. taken for granted ; sth. supposed but not proved

. Don’t rely on the information she gave you---it’s pure assumption on her part.

on the assumption that----以---为设想根据

. Let’s work on the assumption that our proposal will be accepted.

Exercise:

1) 他并非如你所以为的那样愚蠢。

(He is not such a fool as you assumed him to be.）

2) 他们认为战争会迅速结束的想法是错误的。

(Their assumption that the war would end quickly was proved wrong.)

2.conflict: 1)n. a) a state of disagreement or argument between people, groups, countries, etc.

. The two parties have been in conflict since the election.

The governor’s refusal to apply the law brought him in conflict with the federal

government.

b) (a ) war or battle; struggle

. This is a serious dispute, and could lead to armed conflict.

2) v. ( with) to be in opposition; disagree

. conflicting opinions/ advice/ evidence

Do British immigration laws conflict with any international laws

be in conflict (with) : not agree (with)

Exercise:英译汉;汉译英

1) a long-drawn-out conflict between employers and workers (劳资之间拖延甚久的争执)

2) 他们对于战争起因的报道与我们的相反。

(Their account of the causes of the war conflicts with ours.)

3.emphasis: n. special importance placed on something

. a new economic policy, with a greater emphasis on reducing inflation

lay (place, put) emphasis on (upon)

. Our English course places/ lays/ puts great emphasis on conversational skills.

emphasize v. to place emphasis on

. He thumbed the table with his hand to emphasize what he was saying.

emphatic adj. done or expressed with emphasis; forceful

Exercise:

1) 有些学校特别重视语言的学习。

(Some schools lay special emphasis on language study.）

2 He emphasized the importance of careful driving.

(他强调小心驾驶的重要。）

4. encounter 1) v. a) experience sth., esp. problems or opposition

. The more dangers we encounter, the harder we should push forward.

b) meet, esp. unexpectedly; come upon

. Yesterday, I encountered an old friend on the street.

I first encountered him when studying at Cambridge.

2) n. a meeting, esp. one that is unplanned, unexpected, or brief

. She didn’t remember our encounter last summer.

A bus ride from New York to Miami brings encounters with all kinds of people. encounter with: sudden or unexpected (esp. hostile) meeting

. I had frightening encounter with a poisonous snake.

Exercise:

这位年轻的科学家在探险中遇到了许多困难。

(The young scientists encountered many difficulties during their exploration.)

5. misinterpret: understand or explain wrongly

mis-:prefix 1) bad or badly

. misfortune (bad luck) /misbehave (behave badly)

2) wrong or wrongly

. misinterpret/ misunderstand/ mislead/ misguide

3)show an opposite or the lack of sth.

. mistrust

6. tend/ intend

tend v. to have a tendency or disposition to do or be sth.; be inclined

. The machine does tend to overheat.

She tends to be nervous before her lectures.

intend v. have in mind; plan

. Today, I intend to finish reading this book.

We intend this news report as teaching material for freshmen.

Exercise:

1) Farmers ____ use more machinery now. ( tend to; intend to) tend to

2) Children _____ like action movie. (tend to; intend to) tend to

7. react v. 1) respond (to. against)

. The government has reacted to the outbreak of violence by sending army patrol to police the area.

Children tend to react against their parents by going against their wishes.

2) (cause to) undergo a reaction (with, on )

. An acid can react with a base to form a salt.

reaction n.

. action and reaction作用与反作用

What’s your reaction to the news

Exercise:

1) It was difficult to guess what her _______ to the news would be.

A. feelings

B. comment

C. opinion

D. reaction (D )

2) 这个公司对于批评做出了反应，迅速提高了公司形象。

(The company reacted to criticism and improved its image shortly.）

Phrases and expressions:

1.feel like 1)feel as if

. They are very kind to me and that made me feel like one family.

2) give you a particular feeling

. The surface feels like silk.

3) want to have sth. or do sth.

. We’ll go out for a walk if you feel like it.

2.for effect: for impressing people or drawing attention

. He said that completely for effect.

in effect : in fact; (of a rule, law, etc.) in operation

. The rule is still in effect.

Exercise:

1) Don’t pay any attention to him---he’s only doing it ____.( for effect; in effect) (for effect)

2)The old system of taxation will remain ___until next May.( for effect; in effect) ( in effect)

3.lead to: cause

. This led to great confusion.

Chapter One describes the events that led to the war.

Exercise:汉译英：这个丑闻使他不得不辞职。

(The scandal led to him resigning.）

4.on the verge of: very close to, on the border of, about to do sth.

. The country is on the verge of disaster.

Exercise: 汉译英：他父母快要离婚了。

( His parents are on the verge of divorce.)

5.pull out 1) take sth. out of a bag, pocket, or cupboard

. Sam had to pull out his so-called lost necklace at the last moment.

2) use force to take sth. from where it is fixed or held

. He had to have his decayed teeth pulled out.

3) drive onto a road from another road or from where one has stopped; ( of a train )leave

a station

. The driver pulled out from behind the lorry.

When we arrived at the railway station the train had pulled out.

pull in（车）进站，停站；（船）到岸，靠岸

pull on穿、戴（袜子，手套等）；继续拉（或划）

pull through（使）渡过危机（危险等），帮助—通过考试等；（使）恢复健康

Exercise:

1) When he found the attacker, he tried to _____his sword but failed.

A. pulled out

B. pulled on

C. pulled through

D. pulled over (A )

2) 是医生帮他恢复了健康。

It is the doctor who helped him pull through.

6.take---lightly : treat sth. in a way that shows you think it is not important or serious

. He is a millionaire and he takes losing a diamond lightly.

Exercise: 汉译英：

那个地区太贫穷了人们连赚十元钱都非常重视。

(People in that area are too poor to take earning ten yuan lightly. )

Language points

1.When Martians and Venusians first got together, they encountered many of the problems with

relationships we have today.

Explanation:

1) get together: to have a meeting or party 聚会，相聚

. When can we get together for a drink 我们何时能聚在一起喝一杯。

2) encounter : v. experience something, esp. problems or opposition（反对意见）遭遇，遇到

meet , esp. unexpectedly; come upon 偶然遇见，突然遇到

. The more danger we encounter, the harder we should push forward.

The young scientists encountered many difficulties during their exploration.

Yesterday, I encountered an old friend on the street.

I first encountered him when studying at Cambridge.

n. 相遇，邂逅

. She didn’t remember our encounter last summer.

3) problem: 我们面临的最大难题：the biggest problem we face

我们遇到的大难题：sth. poses a serious problem

练习：我们面临的最大难题是缺乏训练有素的职工。

The biggest problem we face is the shortage of trained staff.

缺乏训练有素的职工是我们遇到的大难题。

The shortage of trained staff poses (cause us to have) a serious problem.

4) 辩析：relationship, relation and relations

All three words can be used to suggest a connection between people or things.

Relationship, when used of people, suggests a close connection with strong feelings.

. her relationship with her husband

Both relationship and relation can be used of things that depend on each other.

. the relationship/relation between temperature and humidity. 温度和湿度的关系

Relations can be used of a more formal or distant relationship between people or groups . Relations between our countries are improving.

Paraphrase: When Martians and Venusians have a meeting for the first time, they met many of the problems with relationships that still exists today.

2. So when communication problems emerged, they assumed it was just one of those expected misunderstandings and that with a little assistance they would surely understand each other. Explanation:

1)emerge: appear or come out from somewhere

. The sun emerged from behind the clouds.

The ship emerged from behind the fog.

If facts emerge, they become known after being hidden or secret

Eventually the truth emerged.

Later it emerged that the boss had been employing an illegal immigrant.

2)misunderstanding:

mis-: prefix a) bad or badly

. misfortune (bad luck) misbehave (behave badly)

b) wrong or wrongly

. misinterpret misunderstanding mislead misguide

c) show an opposite or the lack of something . mistrust

3.For example, when a woman says, “I feel like you never listen,” she does not expect the word

“never” to be taken literally.

Explanation:

take: to have the stated feelings as to; consider 对…产生…感觉,认为,视为

. I always take your suggestions seriously.

I took your nod as a sign of approval /to mean that you approved.

Of course I didn’t tell her your secret--- what do you take me for (= what sort of person do you think I am) 我当然没有把你的秘密告诉她，你把我当什么人了

I take it (=I suppose) you’ll be making a complaint about her behavior.

我想你要对她的行为进行投诉吧。

Paraphrase: For example, when a woman says she felt as if her husband had never listened to what she said, complaining about not being paying enough attention, she does not expect the word never to be understood according to its most original meaning.

4.To fully express their feelings, women would tend to exaggerate the facts a little bit for effect and

use various superlatives, metaphors, and generalizations.

Explanation:

tend: 1) to have a tendency, be likely to do sth

. Jane tends to get very angry when if you disagree with her.

It tends to rain here a lot in the spring.

The sort of music they play varies, but tends towards jazz.

2) to move or develop one’s course in a certain direction 朝着…方向发展,通向

. Interest rates are tending upwards. 利率正在上升.

Paraphrase: In order to express their feelings more completely, women are likely to exaggerate the facts a little bit to draw attention and use various superlatives, metaphors, and generations.

5.Because they misunderstand the intended meaning, they commonly react in an unsupportive

manner.

I feel as though you don’t fully understand what I really mean to say or care about how I feel. Explanation: intend to do sth. :

类似表达:

mean to do sth: to intend to do something, especially something that you do not do, because you

forget, or because you do not have a chance to do it.

. I meant to ask you to buy some potatoes on your way home but I forgot.

I’ve been meaning to phone you all week.

be looking to do sth: to intend to achieve something that you are sure you can achieve

. The company is looking to increase its sales in Europe during the next two years.

set out to do sth: to decide to do something and make plans in order to try and achieve it, especially in a very determined way

. The Allied forces in the Gulf War achieved most of what they set out to do.

Words for describing someone who intends to be helpful or kind, but in fact causes problems:

mean well well-meaning good intentions well-intentioned well meant

mean well: The problem with James is that he means well but he’s very tactless and insensitive.

well-meaning:Newspapers regularly accuse the health minister of being well-meaning but ineffective.

good intentions: Good intentions are not enough. Make an exercise programme for yourself and keep to it.

well-intentioned: Well-intentioned grandparents sometimes interfere with a mother’s way of bringing up her children.

well-meant: recent changes in housing policy, though well-meant, have done more harm than good.

6. A man’s literal translation of “I don’t feel heard” leads him to take the woman’s complaint lightly. Paraphrase: When a man understands the woman’s complaint “I don’t feel heard” literally, it would result in his not paying attention to the woman’s true feelings.

Explanation:

take…lightly: treat something in a way that shows you think it is not important or serious.

. He must have plenty of money if he can take losing $500 so lightly.

take…seriously: treat something in a way that shows you think it is important or serious

. Strategically we despise difficulties, and tactically we take them seriously.

Organization of the passage:

Part one (para. 1-3): How Martians and Venusians, the imaginary people who speak different languages communicate successfully.

Part two (para.4-8): How the communications problems occur when men and women, especially men interpret what a woman said literally, which is largely due to a lack of

mutual trust and acceptance.

Part three (para. 9): When men and women are about to argue, it is important to rethink what they have heard.

Main idea:

Martians and Venusians encountered many of the problems with relationships we have today. Because they recognized they different, they were able to solve these problems. One of the secrets of their success was good communication. When communication problems emerged, they assumed that with a little assistance of a translator they would surely understand each other. That’s why they

experienced a trust and acceptance that we rarely experience today.

Men and women seldom mean the same things even when they use the same words. Women would tend to exaggerate the facts a little bit for effect and use various superlatives, metaphors and generalizations. Men commonly react in an unsupportive manner, because they mistakenly take these expressions literally. So it is important to rethink or translate what they have heard to avoid misunderstanding.

Paragraph for recitation:Paragraph 6,7,8 and 9

Questions to be answered:

Why speaking different languages would not cause misunderstanding in this passage

What is the real reason that caused the misunderstanding between a man and a woman

After-class reading

Passage One

Decide whether the following are true or false according to the passage.

1.In school, the author was in an English as a Foreign Language class with other foreign-born

children. (F)

2.The author’s mother had to work in a Chinese-speaking environment because she was from

China. (F)

3.The author’s mother believed that it was possible to learn English. (T)

4.The reading also helped the author’s mother learn English so that she was able to pass the

university entrance exam. (F)

5.It has been eight years since they began to learn English together. (F)

Passage Two:

Answer the questions according to the passage.

1.What was in the restroom

2.How long did the police search the bus

3. Did the man want to fly from Los Angeles to Auckland, New Zealand

4.When did the Korean woman realize the real question her boss asked

5.How did the airline treat the man who traveled to Auckland instead of Oakland at last

Keys：

1. A bum.

2.For two hours.

3.No, he didn’t.

4. At five o’clock, when she was getting ready to go home.

5. The airline paid for the man’s hotel room and meals in New Zealand and for his flight back to California.

Translation：省略介词和连词

英译汉：

1. No matter whether you believe me or not, I saw it with my own eyes.

翻译：信不信由你，我亲眼见的这件事。

2. He will do it even if he gets scolded.

翻译：挨骂他也要做那件事。

3. There must be some people in the room, for I heard a voice.

翻译：屋里准有人，我听见有人声。

4. I should like to make a brief statement regarding some of the considerations leading to our affirmative vote.

翻译：我想简单谈一谈使我们投赞成票的理由。

5. Trees grow along both banks of the canal.

翻译：运河两岸长着树木。

6. With the weather so stuffy, ten to one it will rain presently.

翻译：天这样闷，很可能就要下雨了。

汉译英：

1. 向左转弯，就可以远远看到我们学院。

翻译：If you turn to the left, you will find our institute at a distance.

2.冬天已经来了，春天还会远吗

翻译：If winter comes, can spring be far behind

3. 虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。

翻译：Modesty helps a person to make progress whereas conceit makes a person lag behind.

4. 给我时间，我就能完成这项工作。

翻译：I can finish the work so long as you give me time.

5. 他们的语音有了很大进步。

翻译：They have made a great deal of progress in pronunciation.

Writing

本文是一篇说明文。文章采用了比较法、举例法，对语言方面的性别差异进行了详细说明。文章首先虚构了火星人与金星人之间成功的语言沟通，然后指出女人和男人的沟通也需要象像他们一样进行深层次的理解，尤其是男性应当重新考虑和解释女性的话，而不是只从根据字面意思理解。

Writing exercise:

Direction:Write an expositive composition on the title “The Potential of Internet Education”. You should write at least 150 words.

Sample:

The Potential of Internet Education

Internet is getting into people’s life and becoming more and more popular. Experts are now working on setting up a national long-distance educational system in China to provide educational opportunities via Internet.

In reality, the educational via Internet plan has been taking shape. Some universities have already got involved in regional long-distance education, catching the attention of many educators and computer experts worldwide. Others have just connected their campus computers for teaching and research, and provided more opportunities for learner.

The Internet education will be developing dramatically. It’s estimated that computerized long-distance teaching networks will be available by 2010 for postgraduate education, vocational programs, teachers’ training and employees’ training. Moreover, it will soon cover all the corners of the globe and eventually win the worldwide popularity.

新编大学英语教案(第二册)_Unit 2 Communication Problems

Unit Two Communication problems T eaching Objectives 1. Let the students have some ideas of the common ways we usually use in our daily life to communicate. 2. Make the students find the efficient ways to communicate with each other. 3. Let the students come up with the ways to avoid misunderstandings. T eaching allotment six academic hours Focus points 1.key words and phrases assume, conflict, convey, emphasis, ignore, misinterpret, react, verge, feel like, for effect, on the verge of, pull out, take----lightly 2.difficult sentences 1) When Martians and V enusians first got together, they encountered many of the problems with relationships we have today. 2) So when communication problems emerged, they assumed it was just one of those expected misunderstandings and that with a little assistance they would surely understand each other. 3) To fully express their feelings, women would tend to exaggerate the facts a little bit for effect and use various superlatives, metaphors, and generalizations. 3.grammar focus prefix “mis---”的不同意义 Related Information It is well-known that learning a second language is never easy, and, generally speaking, the older one is when one attempts a new language, the more difficult it becomes. This is at least partly due to what is known as language interference, meaning that the linguistic patterns of our first language interfere with those of the second because no two languages have exactly the same sounds and grammatical structures. The English language has a very large vocabulary because it has incorporated words from many other languages over the centuries. This is nowhere more apparent than in its color words. For example, there are many words that express the color “purple”, describing its different shades and hues: mauve, violet, lilac, or lavender. An interesting linguistic gender difference among native speakers of English is the likelihood of women using these color terms to differentiate between shades of purple, whereas, men will be satisfied with the one word “purple”. This is true of other color words too.

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Unit 10 Agriculture Farming for the Future [1] Every year, more people face poverty and hunger and more of the earth's resources are ruined. The problems are enormous, but many experts believe that the situation is not hopeless. The solution will require big changes in how we think about agriculture, food, and our planet. [2] First of all, farmers everywhere need to develop methods that are less destructive to the environment. The change from single crop farming to a mixed crop system would be one important step. The planting of several different crops improves the soil and helps prevent erosion. Erosion could also be prevented by planting trees to protect the fields from the wind. Another way farmers could improve the soil is to avoid deep plowing. In fact, only a slight plowing is necessary if proper methods are used. [3] If the soil were treated better, farmers would not need to use chemical fertilizers. They could use natural animal and vegetable products instead. With mixed crops, farmers would need fewer toxic chemical insecticides. They could use biological methods of controlling insects and disease. [4] Farmers could also help save the earth's precious supplies of water and petroleum. To save water, they could plant more water-efficient plants instead of the standard types of wheat or corn. They could also use watering systems that are much less wasteful. To save petroleum, farmers could make use of bio-gas generators which could be fueled by the vegetable and animal wastes of the farms. In less-developed countries, bio-gas generators could reduce the need for firewood and so help save forests, as well. [5] In less-developed countries, the small farmers need help. They need to learn more about crops that are better suited to local conditions. They need to learn how to limit erosion and make the best use of their resources. These farmers will never be successful without land and economic reform. This should be the aim of governments and international agencies. The current industrial and cash crop policies are only making the situation worse. [6] Industrialized countries could use their economic resources to help bring about these changes. They could make some changes in their own policies. At present, much food is wasted in these countries for political reasons. In Europe and in North America, tons of fruit and dairy products are thrown away every year. Eating habits, too, could be changed in these countries. For example, people often eat foods from distant places instead of local foods. The transportation of the imported foods adds to the global pollution problem. People in industrialized countries also eat a lot of meat, especially beef.

新编大学英语视听说第三册原文及答案

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