英语翻译 动词辨析(有灵动词与无灵动词)
按照动作的执行者是有生命的还是无生命的这一标准，英语和汉语的动词均可分为有灵动词和无灵动词。前者用在表示有生命的名词后，后者用在表示无生命的名词后。含有灵动词的句子称作有生命主语句，含无灵动词的句子称作无生命主语句。英语和汉语在有灵动词和无灵动词上的差别是：有灵动词与无灵动词在英语中无有明确的区别，即一个动词常常是既可用作有灵动词、又可用作无灵动词；而在汉语中这两类动词之间却有明确的区别，即一个用作有灵动词的动词不能同时用作无灵动词。例如：
（1）One reliable source said that major tax changes were being considered by the Treasury. 据可靠消息，财政部正在考虑对税收办法作重大改革。
（2）John said that he would come this evening.约翰说他今晚来。
上述两例中的said 分别与表示无生命的事物的one reliable source 和表示
有生命的John搭配。前句是无生命主语句，后者是有生命主语句。动词say在前一例中用作无灵动词，在后一例中用作有灵动词。而汉语中与say相对应的动词是"说"，它只能作有灵动词。如改作无灵动词，则很不符合汉语的表达习惯。英译汉时一是要弄清英语无生命主语句特点，二是对原句的结构和搭配必须作出相应的调整。
一、英语无生命主语句特点
从充当句子主语的词语来看，英语无生命主语句大致有下列几种类型：
A. 以时间、地点等名词做主语的句子：
（1）1949 saw the founding of the People's Republic of China.1949年中华人民共和国成立了。
（2）The minutes slipped by quickly.时间一分钟一分钟地溜过去了。
（3）Rome witnessed many great historic events.在罗马城发生过许多伟大历史性事件。
B. 表示生理、心理状态的名词和表示某种遭遇的名词做主语：
（1）His illness prevented him from attending the conference.他因病未能参加会议。
（2）Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.这位曾使全世界发出笑声的人自己却饱受辛酸。
（3）Astonishment, apprehension, and even horror oppressed her.她感到心情抑郁，甚至惊恐不安。
C. 具有行为和动作意义的名词作主语：
（1）The very sight of it makes me feel nervous.一见到它，我就感到紧张。
（2）The shortest cut would take us five hours to get there.抄近路也要5 小时才能到那里。
（3）That night sleep eluded him.那天夜里他没睡好。
（4）The fresh sunlit January morning filled the young teacher with happy thought. 一月的早晨清新晴朗，令年轻教师心中充满了愉快的感想。
D. 其他类型：
（1）The matter asks immediate attention.这件事需要立即予以注意。
（2）Well, Colonel Fitzwilliam, what do I play next? My fingers wait your orders.噢，菲兹威廉上校，接着弹个什么曲子？我在听您吩咐呢。
（3）Her heart did whisper that he had done it for her.她的心里的确嘀咕：为了我，他才这么做的。
二、无生命主语句的译法
翻译英语的无生命主语句时首先要考虑到其特点，吃透原文，然后用符合汉语表达习惯的主谓搭配形式把原文的意思传达出来。下面就是常用的几种方法：
A. 改变原句中的主语，即找出合适的动作执行者作为汉语句子的主语，把无生命主语转换为有生命主语，重组句子。例如：
（1）The sight of a tailor-shop gave me a sharp longing to shed my rags, and to clothe myself decently once more.我一看到一家服装店，心里就起了一阵强烈的愿望，很想扔掉这身褴褛的衣服，重新穿得象个样子。
（2）Anger choked his words. 他气得话也说不出来。
（3）His weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade. 他疲惫不堪，天气也越来越热。他于是下了决心，一碰到舒适的阴凉处，就坐下休息。
（4）Her eyes tell me that something must have happened.我从她的眼中看出一定有什么事发生了。
B. 把无生命主语转化成汉语复句
英语中含无生命主语句，从语法上看常常是简单句，但却因含着一定的逻辑关系，有时还含有并列句和复合句的内容。翻译这类句子时，不能照搬原文表达
形式，而要把无生命主语转换成有生命主语或是其他类型的主语，有时还要采用拆分等手段，以便把逻辑关系和时间顺序逐层表达出来。拆译前可增加一些连词（如"因为"、"所以"、"如果"、"虽然"、等），例如：
（1）The bitter weather had driven everyone indoors.由于天气寒冷刺骨，人人都已躲进了室内。
（2）The sight of the girl always reminds me of her parents.我一见到这个女孩，就想起她的父母。
（3） A second term would give the President more power than was safe for republican institution. 如果总统竟然连任，就会使总统权利太大而足以威胁共和制度的安全。
（4）This medicine will make you feel better. 吃了药你会舒服些。
C. 把无生命主语转化成汉语的状语
这种情况下，一般把主语译成时间、地点状语。某些句子的宾语如是表示某种行为和动作的名词，可译为谓语，其定语译为主语。原谓语不翻译，因实质性内容是由宾语及定语表示的。例如：
（1）As he puffed, an abrupt sound startled him.他正吸烟时，猛然听到一种意料不到的声音，不由得吃了一惊。
（2）Investigation led us to the foregoing conclusion.经过调查，我们得出了上述结论
（3）The forty years, 1840-80, brought almost ten million migrants to America. 从1840至1880年这四十年中，近一千万移民移居美国。
（4）Down met him well along the way. It was a pleasant uneventful ride.东方欲晓的时候，他已走了一大段路了，这次骑马旅行是很愉快的，没有碰到意外事件。
（5）Four days passed, and the fifth day found the King of the Blind still incognito as a clumsy and useless stranger among his subjects. 四天过去了。到了第五天，这位"盲人之王"仍被他的子民认为是个笨拙无用的外人。
D. 把无生命主语转化成汉语的外位成分
把无生命主语从原句拆出来，作为外位成分，必要时译成无主语句。有时，汉语句子的主语可用一个代词如"这"来替代。这种拆译和转换可以避免汉语的主语太长，又能使主谓靠拢，使整句结构紧凑、逻辑关系清晰。例如：
（1）Zaire defies easy classification.很难把扎伊尔列入哪个类型中。
（2）The heat makes me sweat like a pig. 热得我满头大汗。
（3）The noise made everybody upset. 闹得大家不得安宁。
（4）The small table overturning as he fell to the carpet helped bring her out of the shock. 他倒在地毯上，把小桌子撞翻，这才令她惊醒过来。
E. 引申英语谓语动词的词义，加以适当变通。例如：
（1）The courage escaped from me at the moment.那一刻我突然失去了勇气。
（2）From his windows which overlooked the Bay of Naples, he saw a hundred places that recalled the Romans and the Greeks. The past began to haunt him. 他站在窗前就能俯视那不勒斯湾。此时，他凭窗远望，看到上百处残踪遗迹，因而联想到罗马和希腊的胜衰。他开始不停地思考起古代社会来。
（3）Her name escaped me. 我记不起她的名字了。
（4）Words failed him. 他说不出话来。
（5） A smile warmed her face. 她的脸上洋溢着微笑。
（6）Warning plates with a red skull and crossbones said in three languages: Danger! 画着红色骷髅和交叉股骨的警告牌上用三种文字标出"危险"的字样。
A lot of troubles visited the poor family.
这个贫困的家庭遇到不少麻烦。
F. 运用使役句式。例如：
（1）His illness left him weak. 疾病使他虚弱。
（2）Continuous rain prevented us from taking any outdoor exercise.阴雨连绵，使我们不能做任何室外运动。
（3）The noise frightened me. 那个声音把我吓坏了。
G. 采用拟人化的句式，但不能滥用。例如：
（1）Illness deprives him of life. 疾病夺走了他的生命。
（2）Good manners will open doors that the best education cannot.良好教养能打开最佳学历所打不开的门。
（3）Words pay no debts. 空话还不了债。
初中英语常见动词短语归纳
初中英语常见动词短语归纳A)动词+ 介词 agree with同意......的意见(想法);符合 base on以......(为)根据 listen to听...... get to到达...... fall off (从......)掉下 help ... with ...帮助(某人)做(某事) knock at /on敲(门、窗) laugh at嘲笑 learn ... from ...向......学习 live on继续存在;靠......生活
look after照顾,照看 look at看;观看 look for寻找 look like看起来像 pay for (sth.)付钱;支付 point at指示;指向 point to指向...... prefer to ...宁愿(选择);更喜欢 quarrel with (和某人)吵架 regard ... as ...把......当作......;当作 stop ... from阻止......做...... talk about说话;谈话;谈论
talk with与......交谈 think about考虑 think of认为;想起 B)动词+ 副词 ask for请求;询问 carry on坚持下去;继续下去 cut down砍倒 clean up清除;收拾干净 come down下来;落 come along来;随同 come in进来 come on来吧;跟着来;赶快
come out出来;出现;(花)开;发(芽) come over过来;顺便来访 drop off放下(某物);下车 eat up吃光;吃完 fall behind落在......后面;输给别人 fall down跌倒;从......落下 find out查出(真相) get back回来;取回 get down下来;落下;把......取下来 get off下来;从......下来 get on上(车) get up起床
英语翻译重点词汇词组
英语翻译重点词汇词组 fellow countrymen 同胞 militarist军阀 Chinese Communist Party 党组织 the Grand Canal （京杭）大运河Industrial Revolution 工业革命dawn to dark从早到晚 especially English 具有英国特征的cottage industry 农村手工业 Indian summer 最后的余辉 stock-raising 畜牧业 Homestead Act 宅地法 wild west 西部荒原 the gold rush 淘金热 basic occupation 基础产业Department of Agriculture 农业部门the Nile Delta 尼罗河三角洲 coastal erosion 水土流失Mediterranean climate 地中海型气候surveyor general 测量总监sovereign nation 主权国家aggregate output 总产量 coastal area 沿海地区 telephone connections 电话用户economic well-being 生活水平 two way trade 双向贸易 lucrative export market 出口市场
foreign exchange 外汇 sum total 总数 per capita 人均 GNP 国民生产总值 joint ventures 合资企业 net income 净收入 world investment system世界投资体系 the stock of foreign investment 外资存量 英语翻译重点词汇（２） major economy 经济大国 the stimulus, the technology and the funding 动力、技术和资金international trade and investment 国际贸易和投资 popular science 科普读物Arctic seas 北冰洋 vegetable oil 植物油 mineral oil煤油 internal combustion engine内燃机 warfare on land and sea 陆战和海战 minute sea creatures and plants 微小的海洋动植物 crude oil 原油 sedimentary rocks 沉积岩 pitch lake 沥青湖 superhighway 高速公路 living organism 生物体 applied entomology 应用昆虫学 environmental Law环保法 wildlife 野生生物
初中英语必备动词词组
l．动词+about speak／talk about 谈论think about 思考 care about 关心，对……有兴趣bring about 引起，使发生 set about 着手，开始come about 发生 hear about 听说worry about 为……担心 2．动词+away throw away 扔掉blow away 吹走 carry away 拿走，使入迷clear away 清除掉，消散 die away 逐渐消失,减弱pass away 去世 wash away 冲走take away 拿走，使消失 put away 收拾起来，存起来give away 背弃，泄漏，赠送wear away 磨掉，消耗break away 摆脱 send away 让走开turn away 把……打发走 3．动词+back keep back 隐瞒，忍住look back(on) 回顾 hold back 控制住give back 归还 call back 回电话take back 拿回，收回 4．动词+for run for 竞选ask for 要求得到 wait for 等候stand for 代表，表示 long for 渴望hope/wish for 希望得到 care for 关心，喜欢beg for 乞求 search for 查找look for 寻找 call for 需要，要求hunt for 寻找 change…for用……换charge…for收费，要价 apply for 申请take…for误以为……是 seek for 寻找come for 来拿，来取 5．动词+down burn down 烧毁break down 坏了，垮了，分解take down 记下，记录turn down 调小，拒绝 cut down 削减，砍倒slow down 慢下来 pass down 传下来put down 记下，写下，镇压calm down 平静下来bring down 使……降低，使倒下settle down 安家come down 下落，传下 tear down 拆毁，拆除 6．动词+at come at 向……袭击shout at 冲(某人)嚷嚷 run at 冲向，向……攻击work at 干……活动(研究) tear at 用力撕look at 看，注视 stare at 凝视glare at 怒视 glance at 匆匆一瞥laugh at 嘲笑 knock at 敲(门、窗等) point at 指向 smile at 冲(某人)笑strike at 向……打击 aim at 向……瞄准shoot at 向……射击
英语翻译必备词组
Give the floor to 请…发言 It is a great pleasure for me to我很荣幸… Relevant issues 相关问题 Updated research research result 最新的调查结果 Attach the importance to 对…给予重视 Lead-edge technologies领先技术 Minister Counselor公使 Natural heritage自然遗产 Shared concern 共同关心的问题 Well-deserved reputation良好的信誉 对…表示衷心的感谢express sincere gratitude to 请…讲话Let’ s welcome to give a speech 双边会议bilateral conference 以掌声对…表示的最热烈的欢迎propose the warmest applause to 主办单位sponsor 颁奖仪式the Award Ceremony 贺词greeting speech 隆重举行observe the grand opening of 请…颁奖Let’s invite to present the award 取得圆满成功achieve complete ceremony 全球庆典global celebration ceremony 宣布…结束 declare the closing of 请全体起立，奏国歌 Please rise for the national anthem. Collective stewardship集体管理 Competitive job market充满竞争的就业市场 Financial institutions金融机构 Forward-looking进取 Gross National Product国民生产总值 Meet the challenges 迎接挑战 Public authorities公共机构 Regulatory mechanism 法规机制 The threshold of our transition into the new millenmum跨越新千年的门槛 UNCHS (United Nations Centre for Human Settlements)联合国人居中心Urban residents 城市居民 Well-serviced formal city服务齐全的高尚城市 把…列为重要内容place as the priority 不放松工作never neglect the work 节约用水 water conservation 对…表示衷心祝贺extend our sincere congratulations on 节约用水先进城市model city of water conservation 使…取得预期效果attain the results expected 授予…光荣称号 confer honorable awards on 为…而奋斗strive for
常用英语动词短语固定搭配
常用英语动词短语 1. 动词 +about speak/talk about谈论 think about思考 care about 关心 , 对... 有兴趣bring about 引起 ,使发生 set about 着手 , 开始 come about 发生 hear about听说 worry about为...担心 2. 动词 +away throw away扔掉 blow away 吹走 carry away 拿走 , 使入迷clear away 清除掉 , 消散 die away 逐渐消失 pass away 去世 wash away 冲走 take away 拿走 put away 收拾起来 , 存起来give away 背弃 , 泄露 wear away 磨掉 , 消耗 break away 摆脱 send away 让走开 turn away 把 ... 打发走 3. 动词 +back keep back 隐瞒 ,忍住 hold back 控制住 call back 回电话 look back 回顾 give back 归还 take back 拿回 , 收回 4. 动词 +for run for竞选 ask for 要求得到 wait for等候 long for 渴望 care for 关心 , 喜欢 search for 查找 call for要求,需要 change for 用... 换 apply for申请 seek for 寻找 完美 .格式 .编辑 stand for 代表 , 表示 hope/wish for希望得到 beg for 乞求 look for 寻找 hunt for寻找 charge for收费,要价 take for误以为...是 come for 来拿 , 来取 5. 动词 +down burn down烧毁 take down记下,记录 cut down 削减 , 砍倒 pass down 传下来 calm down 平静下来 settle down安家 tear down拆毁,拆除 break down 坏了 , 垮了 ,分解turn down调小,拒绝 slow down 慢下来 put down 记下 , 写下 ,镇压bring down 使... 降低 , 使倒下come down 下落 , 传下 6. 动词 +at come at向...袭击 run at 冲向 , 向... 攻击 tear at用力撕 stare at 凝视 glance at 匆匆一瞥 knock at 敲门 , 窗等 smile at 冲某人笑 aim at 向 ... 瞄准 wonder at 惊讶 shout at 冲某人嚷嚷 work at 干... 活动研究 look at 看, 注视 glare at 怒视 laugh at 嘲笑 point at指向 strike at向...打击 shoot at 向 ... 射击 call at 拜访地点 7. 动词 +from differ from与...不同 suffer from受...苦
英语四级翻译-----热点词汇翻译
专题一中国节日及相关表达 1.春节the Spring Festival / Chinese lunar Near Year 农历正月初一the first day of the first lunar month 农历lunar calendar 年终大扫除year-end household cleaning 春联Spring Festival couplets 年画New Year pictures 剪纸paper-cuts 团圆饭family reunion dinner 饺子dumplings 春晚Spring Festival Gala 守岁stay up late on the New Year’s Eve 除夕Eve of Chinese New Year 辞旧迎新ring out the old year and ring in the new 拜年pay a New Year visit 红包red packets 压岁钱lucky money 放爆竹let off firecrackers 庙会temple fair 禁忌taboo 2.元宵节Lantern Festival 农历正月十五15th day of the first lunar month元宵rice dumplings 花灯festival lantern 灯谜lantern riddle 灯会exhibit of lanterns 烟花fireworks 3.端午节Dragon Boat Festival 农历五月初五5th of the fifth lunar month
粽子traditional Chinese rice-pudding 糯米sticky rice 粽叶bamboo leaves 舞龙dragon dance 舞狮lion dance 踩高跷stilt walking 赛龙舟dragon-boat racing 纪念in memory of 屈原Qu Yuan 诗人poet 忠臣loyal minister 4.清明节Tomb-sweeping Day 寒食节Cold Food Festival 祭拜祖先offer sacrifices to one’s ancestors 踏青go for a spring outing 5.中秋节Mid-Autumn Day / Moon Festival 农历八月十五15th of the eighth lunar month 月饼moon cake 赏月appreciate the glorious full moon 中国神话故事Chinese mythology 嫦娥the goddess of the moon 后羿Houyi 长生不老be immortal 6.重阳节Double Ninth Day 赏菊admire the beauty of chrysanthemum 登高climb a height 7.七夕节Double Seventh Day/Chinese Valentine's Day 银河the Milky Way
英语翻译常用词组
1. be determined by 由…所决定 2. have something to do with 与…有关 3. be central to sth. 是…的核心 4. in contrast/by contrast与此相反 5. be due to 由于(常做表语) 6. be deprived of 被剥夺 7. respond to 对…作出反应 8. as the basis of 依据/根据 9. be born with 天生具有 10. In contrast 相比之下 11. shut off 关上，停止，切断 12. in any case=at any rate 不管怎样，无论如何; in no case 决不 13. or so 大概，大约 14. at the rate of 以…的速率 15. take time 花费时间 16. be likely to 可能;倾向于 17. result in 导致 18. not nearly 远不能;远非 19. head into走向;陷入(危机) 20. in the matter of 关于;就…而言 21. make…possible 使…成为可能
22. combine…with 把……和…结合起来;加上 23. in the fashion of 以…方式 24. such…as 像…一样 25. refer to…提到;谈到 26. agreement on 一致意见 27. be comparable to 和…相当;犹如 28. in terms of 根据;按照;在…方面 29. on the whole 总体来说;大体上看 30. draw a conclusion 得出结论 31. have the attitude towards 对…的态度 32. only if 只要 33. the same…as 与…一样 34. by lack of=for lack of 因为缺乏 35. nothing but 只不过是 36. by means of 通过;借助于 37. by the help of 通过…的帮助 38. in a sort of sense 从某种意义上来说 39. manage to do sth. 设法做到 40. extract …from 从……提炼出 41. out of…起源;来源;根据 42. build up 建立;树立
英语常用介词短语及动词短语
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