Investigation on Some Novel Multi-Layered Cross-Coupled Substrate

Investigation on Some Novel Multi-Layered Cross-Coupled Substrate

Integrated Waveguide (SIW) Circular Cavity Filters

Qi-Fu Wei, Zheng-Fan Li, Lin-Sheng Wu, Wen-Yan Yin, and Jun-Fa Mao

Center for Microwave and RF Technologies, School of Electronic Information and Electrical

Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China qf_wei@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/212977558.html,

Introduction

With the development of wireless and mobile communications, more and more high performance RF/microwave bandpass filters are being required. Metallic waveguide filters with cross-coupling show good performance because of no electromagnetic radiation loss and the presence of transmission zeros [1]. H owever, these filters usually suffer some disadvantages and cannot be integrated into circuit boards and packages. In the past a few years, much attention has been paid to various substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) [2]. Especially the use of LTCC technology makes the realization of multilayer SIW filters possible, and makes the performance of filters better.

It is known that conventional SIW filters are predominantly based on rectangular cavities. H owever, by taking size, Q-factor and design flexibility into account, SIW filters with circular cavities have attracted much more attention as shown in [3]-[4]. In this paper, we present two novel multi-layered cross-coupled SIW circular cavity filters with different coupling structures, as shown in Figure.1, where ,i j S denotes the coupling slot between i and j

cavity. To the best of our knowledge, no studies for these filters have been carried out till now. Simulated results show that the spurious response of the second filter given in Figure 1 (b) is better than that of the first filter given in Figure 1 (a).

Filter Analysis

In our design target of filter, its center frequency and bandwidth is kept to be 20 GHz and 500MHz, respectively; the return loss is -20dB, with two transmission zeros located at 19.51 GH z and 20.51 GH z, respectively. Then, the coupling matrix []M and Q meeting these requirements can be extracted by the optimization technique used in [5] and given as follows: 12340.02221M M ==, 230.01852M =, 140.00256M =? (1)

37.86ei eo Q Q == (2)

In (1) 14M is a negative value, while negative coupling between neighboring cavities at the

same layer is difficult to be realized. Therefore, the coupling matrix []M

needs to be modified through the transformation of similarity so as to implement the structure as shown in Figure 1 [6]. The modified matrix is

12340.02221M M =?=, 230.01852M =, 140.00256M = (3)

Design of Filter Structure

1. SIW Circular Cavity Resonator: The initial dimensions of SIW circular cavity resonator can be determined by the conventional resonant frequency formula of metallic circular waveguide resonators, and the final values can be optimized using commercial software HFSS. The SIW circular cavity resonators below operate at 010TM mode at the common center

frequency.

978-1-4244-2642-3/08/$25.00 ?2008 IEEE

2. Excitation of SIW Circular Cavity Filters: Since the EM field distribution of 010TM mode in

a circular cavity resonator is similar to that in a rectangular cavity resonator, one feeding technique named current probe is adopted to excite the mode that we wanted in filter [4], as shown in Figure 1. Its initial values can be determined using (2) and the parameter S 11 obtained by HFSS.

3. Magnetic Coupling: The coupling (1,4S ,2,3S ) between neighboring resonator cavities in the

same plane, shown in Figure 1, is realized by means of magnetic coupling through an inductive window in the common sidewall. The wider the window is, the stronger the coupling will be. The coupling (1,2S ) between top and bottom resonator cavities, shown in

Figure 1, is realized by magnetic coupling through an inductive circular arc slot at the common wall. The position of slot in this coupling manner is not unique. The slot is located at about 0.77R near the sidewalls, where the magnetic field is the strongest for the 010TM mode. The coupling strength monotonously increases with the slot length.

4. Electric Coupling: Since the electric field at the center of the circular cavity resonator for the 010TM mode is the maximum, the coupling (3,4S ) shown in Figure 1 can be realized by

means of electric coupling through a circular hole at the center of common top and bottom wall between two resonator cavities. The coupling level is proportional to the hole diameter. However, it should be noted that the capacitive hole becomes inductive as the hole diameter increases beyond a certain value. So, this coupling manner is only applicable to narrow-band filters.

Due to the presence of coupling between two resonator cavities, each coupled resonator pair shows two resonant peaks with corresponding resonant frequencies 1f and 2f which can be

obtained using the eigenmode solution solver of H FSS. The coupling coefficient can be extracted by [7]: 2221,2221i j f f M f f ?=±+ (4)

In the design of filters, the meaning of positive or negative coupling is just relative. So, the electric coupling and the magnetic coupling will have opposite signs. According to (3) and

(4), the initial dimensions of the resonator cavities with the above coupling manners can be determined.

Filter Implementation and Simulated Results

The design of the proposed filters is based on LTCC multi-layered substrate, Ferro-A6, with a relative permittivity of 5.9, loss tangent of 0.0015 and a uniform dielectric layer thickness of 0.096 mm. All metallic vias have the same diameter of 0.18 mm. Every SIW circular cavity is built based on a four-layer substrate. Using (2), (3) and what mentioned above, the initial dimensions of the proposed filters including the coupling slots, hole, inductive windows, and cavities are determined. Then the entire filter structure is optimized so as to achieve the desired response [8].

The final geometric parameters of the proposed filters are illustrated in Figure 2 and 3, respectively. Their simulated frequency responses are shown in Figure 4 where the dot and solid lines denote the results of the filters shown in Figure 1 (a) and (b), respectively. As can be seen, two transmission zeros can be identified clearly at 19.5 GH z and 20.5 GH z

approximately, and a spurious passband appears at 32 GH z. Figure 4 (a) shows that their passband frequency responses are almost identical. H owever, the spurious response of the second filter is better than that of the first filter, as shown in Figure 4 (b). Correspondingly, the surface current distribution of two filters at 32 GHz is shown in Figure. 5. Obviously, its resonant mode is

TM. Compared with 1,2S given in Figure 1(a), that given in Figure 1(b) can 110

suppress the

TM mode significantly. Therefore, the second filter has better performance on 110

the suppression of spurious response.

Conclusion

Two novel multi-layered cross-coupled SIW circular cavity filters with different coupling structures are proposed in this paper. Their different spurious responses are examined and compared numerically. The filter samples are designed using standard LTCC technology and measurement results will be reported soon.

References

[1] A. E. Atia, A. E. Williams and R. W. Newcomb, “Narrow-band mutiple-coupled cavity

synthesis,” IEEE Trans. Circuit and Systems., vol. CAS-21, pp. 649-655, Sept. 1974. [2] K. Wu, D. Deslandes, and Y. Cassivi, “The substrate integrated circuitsЁa new concept

for high-frequency electronics and optoeletronics,” in Proc. 6th Int. Conf.

Telecommunication in Modern Satellite, Cable, Broadcasting Service (TELSIKS’03). vol.

1, pp. P-IIIЁP-X, Oct. 1-3 2003.

[3] H. J. Tang, W. Hong, Z. C. Hao, J. X. Chen, and K. Wu, “Optimal design of compact

millimeter-wave SIW circular cavity filters,” Electron. Lett., vol. 41, no. 19, pp.1068-1069, Sep. 2005.

[4] B. Potenlon, J.-C. Bohorquez, J.-F. Favennec, C. Quendo, E. Rius and C. Person,

“Design of Ku-band filter based on substrate-integrated circular cavities (SICCs)” in IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Dig., pp. 1237-1240, Jun. 2006.

[5] S. Amari, “Synthesis of cross-coupled resonator filters using an analytical gradient-based

optimization technique,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 48, no. 9, pp. 1559-1564, Sept. 2000.

[6] Q. F. Wei, Z. F. Li, and H. G. Shen, “A novel multi-layer substrate integrated waveguide

bandpass filter with cross-coupling and its realization by LTCC technology,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., (submitted for publication).

[7] J. S. Hong and M. J. Lancaster, Microstrip Filters for RF/Microwave Applications. New

York: Wiley, 2001, Chapter 8, pp. 235-272.

[8] T. Shen, H.-T. H su, K. A. Zaki, A. E. Atia, and T. G. Dolan, “Full-wave design of

canonical waveguide filters by optimization,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol.

51, no. 2, pp. 504-511, Feb. 2003.

(a) (b)

Figure 1. Proposed SIW circular cavity filters. (a) First filter. (b) Second filter.

(a) (b)

Figure 2. Geometric parameters of the first filter (unit: mm). (a) View of the top metal plane. (b) View of the middle metal plane.

(a) (b)

Figure 3. Geometric parameters of the second filter (unit: mm). (a) View of the top metal plane. (b) View of the middle metal plane.

(a) (b)

Figure 4. Simulated frequency response of the proposed filters. (a) Narrowband response. (b) Wideband response.

Figure 5. Surface current distribution of the proposed filters at 32GHz.

初中英语介词用法归纳总结

初中英语介词用法归纳总结 常用介词基本用法辨析 表示方位的介词：in, to, on 1. in 表示在某地范围之内。 Shanghai is/lies in the east of China. 上海在中国的东部。 2. to 表示在某地范围之外。 Japan is/lies to the east of China. 日本位于中国的东面。 3. on 表示与某地相邻或接壤。 Mongolia is/lies on the north of China. 蒙古国位于中国北边。 表示计量的介词：at, for, by 1. at 表示“以……速度”“以……价格”。 It flies at about 900 kilometers an hour. 它以每小时900公里的速度飞行。 I sold my car at a high price. 我以高价出售了我的汽车。 2. for 表示“用……交换，以……为代价”。 He sold his car for 500 dollars. 他以五百元把车卖了。

注意：at表示单价(price) ，for表示总钱数。 3. by 表示“以……计”，后跟度量单位。 They paid him by the month. 他们按月给他计酬。 Here eggs are sold by weight. 在这里鸡蛋是按重量卖的。 表示材料的介词：of, from, in 1. of 成品仍可看出原料。 This box is made of paper. 这个盒子是纸做的。 2. from 成品已看不出原料。 Wine is made from grapes. 葡萄酒是葡萄酿成的。 3. in 表示用某种材料或语言。 Please fill in the form in pencil first. 请先用铅笔填写这个表格。They talk in English. 他们用英语交谈。 表示工具或手段的介词：by, with, on 1. by 用某种方式，多用于交通。 I went there by bus. 我坐公共汽车去那儿。 2. with表示“用某种工具”。

some和any的用法与练习题

some和 any 的用法及练习题( 一) 一、用法： some意思为：一些。可用来修饰可数名词和不可数名词，常常用于肯定句 . any 意思为：任何一些。它可以修饰可数名词和不可数名词，当修饰可数名词 时要用复数形式。常用于否定句和疑问句。 注意： 1、在表示请求和邀请时，some也可以用在疑问句中。 2、表示“任何”或“任何一个”时，也可以用在肯定句中。 3、和后没有名词时，用作代词，也可用作副词。 二、练习题： 1.There are ()newspapers on the table. 2.Is there ( )bread on the plate. 3.Are there () boats on the river? 4.---Do you have () brothers ?---Yes ,I have two brothers. 5.---Is there () tea in the cup? --- Yes,there is () tea in it ,but there isn’t milk. 6.I want to ask you() questions. 7.My little boy wants ()water to drink. 8.There are () tables in the room ,but there aren’t ( )chairs. 9.Would you like () milk? 10.Will you give me () paper? 复合不定代词的用法及练习 一.定义: 由 some，any，no，every 加上 -body,-one,-thing,-where构成的不定代词，叫做复合不定代词 . 二. 分类： 1.指人：含 -body 或 -one 的复合不定代词指人 . 2.含-thing 的复合不定代词指物。 3.含-where 的复合不定代词指地点。 三：复合不定代词： somebody =someone某人 something 某物，某事，某东西 somewhere在某处，到某处 anybody= anyone 任何人，无论谁 anything任何事物，无论何事，任何东西 anywhere 在任何地方 nobody=no one 无一人 nothing 无一物，没有任何东西 everybody =everyone每人，大家，人人 everything每一个事物，一切 everywhere 到处 , 处处 , 每一处

初中英语名词练习题与详解

名词 判断对错 1、［误］ Please give me a paper. ［正］ Please give me a piece of paper. ［析］不要认为可以数的名词就是可数名词，这种原因是对英语中可数与不可数名词的概念 与中文中的能数与不能数相混淆了，所以造成了这样的错误，因paper 在英语中是属于物质名词一类，是不可数名词。而不可数名词要表达数量时，要用与之相关的量词来表达，如： two pieces of paper. 2、［误］ Please give me two letter papers. ［正］ Please give me two pieces of letter paper. ［析］ paper 作为纸讲是不可数名词，而作为报纸、考卷、文章讲时则是可数名词，如：Each student should write a paper on what he has learnt. 3、［误］ My glasses is broken. ［正］ My glasses are broken. 4、［误］ I want to buy two shoes. ［正］ I want to buy two pairs of shoes. ［析］英语中glasses—眼镜， shoes—鞋， trousers—裤子等由两部分组成的名词一般要用复 数形式。如果要表示一副眼镜应用 a pair of glasses 而这时的谓语动词应与量词相一致。如：5、This pair of glasses is very good. ［误］ May I borrow two radioes? ［正］ May I borrow two radios? ［析］以o 结尾的名词大都是用加es 来表示其复数形式，但如果 o 前面是一个元音字母或外来语时则只加s 就可以了。这样的词有zoo— zoos,piano—pianos. 6、［误］ This is a Mary's dictionary. ［正］ This is Mary's dictionary. ［析］如名词前有指示代词this, that, these those, 及其他修饰词our,some, every, which,或所有格时，则不要再加冠词。 7、［误］ There are much people in the garden. ［正］ There are many people in the garden. ［析］可数名词前应用 many, few, a few, a lot of 来修饰，而 people 是可数名词，而且是复数名词，如： The people are planting trees here. 8、［误］ I want a few water. ［正］ I want a little water. ［析］不可数名词前可以用 a little, little, a lot of, some来修饰，但不可用many,few 来修饰。 9、［误］ Thank you very much. Y our family is very kind to me. ［正］ Thank you very much. Y our family are very kind to me. 10、［误］ Tom's and Mary's family are waiting for us. ［正］ Tom's and Mary's families are waiting for us. 11、［误］ I'm sorry . I have to go. Tom's families are waiting for me. ［正］ I'm sorry. I have to go. Tom's family are waiting for me. ［析］集合名词如果指某个集合的整体，则应视为单数，如指某个集合体中的个体则应视为 复数。如 :My family is a big family. When I came in, Tom's family were watching TV. 即汤姆一家人正在看电视。这样的集合名词有：family class, team 等。

初中英语介词用法总结

初中英语介词用法总结 介词(preposition)：也叫前置词。在英语里，它的搭配能力最强。但不能单独做句子成分需要和名词或代词（或相当于名词的其他词类、短语及从句）构成介词短语，才能在句中充当成分。 介词是一种虚词，不能独立充当句子成分，需与动词、形容词和名词搭配，才能在句子中充当成分。介词是用于名词或代词之前，表示词与词之间关系的词类，介词常与动词、形容词和名词搭配表示不同意义。介词短语中介词后接名词、代词或可以替代名词的词（如：动名词v-ing）.介词后的代词永远为宾格形式。介词的种类： （1）简单介词：about, across, after, against, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beside, but, by, down, during, for, from, in, of, on, over, near, round, since, to, under, up, with等等。 （2）合成介词：inside, into, outside, throughout, upon, without, within （3）短语介词：according to, along with, apart from, because of, in front of, in spite of, instead of, owing to, up to, with reguard to （4）分词介词：considering, reguarding, including, concerning 介词短语：构成 介词+名词We go to school from Monday to Saturday. 介词+代词Could you look for it instead of me? 介词+动名词He insisted on staying home. 介词+连接代/副词I was thinking of how we could get there. 介词+不定式/从句He gives us some advice on how to finish it. 介词的用法： 一、介词to的常见用法 1.动词+to a)动词+ to adjust to适应, attend to处理；照料, agree to赞同,

some和any的用法

some和any的用法： （1）两者修饰可数单数名词，表某一个；任何一个；修饰可数复数名词和不可数名词，表一些；有些。〔2）一般的用法：some用于肯定句；any用于疑问句，否定句或条件句。 I am looking for some matches. Do you have any matches? I do not have any matches. （3）特殊的用法： (A) 在期望对方肯定的回答时，问句也用some。 Will you lend me some money? (=Please lend me some money.) (B) any表任何或任何一个时，也可用于肯定句。 Come any day you like. （4）some和any后没有名词时，当做代名词，此外两者也可做副词。 Some of them are my students.〔代名词） Is your mother any better?（副词） 3. many和much的用法： （1）many修饰复数可数名词，表许多； much修饰不可数名词，表量或程度。 He has many friends, but few true ones. There hasn't been much good weather recently. （2）many a: many a和many同义，但语气比较强，并且要与单数名词及单数形动词连用。 Many a prisoner has been set free. (=Many prisoners have been set free.) （3）as many和so many均等于the same number of。前有as, like时, 只用so many。 These are not all the books I have. These are as many more upstairs.

some与any的用法区别教案资料

s o m e与a n y的用法 区别

some与any的用法区别 一、一般说来，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑问句。例如： She wants some chalk. She doesn’t want any chalk. Here are some beautiful flowers for you. Here aren’t any beautiful flowers. 二、any可与not以外其他有否定含义的词连用，表达否定概念。例如： He never had any regular schooling. In no case should any such idea be allowed to spread unchecked. The young accountant seldom (rarely, hardly, scarcely) makes any error in his books. I can answer your questions without any hesitation. 三、any可以用于表达疑问概念的条件句中。例如： If you are looking for any stamps, you can find them in my drawer. If there are any good apples in the shop, bring me two pounds of them. If you have any trouble, please let me know. 四、在下列场合，some也可用于疑问句。 1、说话人认为对方的答复将是肯定的。例如： Are you expecting some visitors this afternoon?（说话人认为下午有人要求，所以用some）

50套初中英语数词

50套初中英语数词 一、初中英语数词 1．We throw rubbish every year. A. ton of B. tons C. tons of D. a ton of 【答案】 C 【解析】【分析】句意：我们每年扔大量的垃圾。ton，吨，前面没有具体数字，因此用tons of，大量的，故选C。 【点评】考查固定搭配，注意平时识记。 2．Two students to the opening ceremony last Friday. A. hundreds; were invited B. hundred; were invited C. hundreds of; invited 【答案】 B 【解析】【分析】句意：上周五有200名学生被邀请参加开幕式。根据题干中的two与选项中的hundred可知此题考查确切数量的表达方式，hundred要用单数形式；students与invite存在动宾关系，此处要用被动语态，由last Friday，可知要用一般过去时，故选B。【点评】考查数量的表达方式以及被动语态。注意确切数量与不确切数量在表达上的不同。 3．—Do you know the boy is sitting next to Peter？ —Yes. He is Peter's friend. They are celebrating his birthday. A. who; ninth B. that; nine C. which; ninth 【答案】 A 【解析】【分析】句意：——你知道那个坐在彼得旁边的男孩吗?——是的。他是彼得的朋友。他们正在庆祝他的九岁生日。分析句子结构可知，第一空所在句子是定语从句，先行词是人，连接词在从句中作主语，所以应该用who/that引导，which连接定语从句时先行词应该是物，故排除C；nine九，基数词；ninth第九，序数词；第二空根据空后的birthday为名词单数可知，此处需要序数词，表示某人几岁生日应该用序数词表示第几个生日，故选A。 【点评】考查定语从句的连接词的辨析和序数词。注意区别定语从句的连接词的使用原则，理解单词词义。 4．There are ________________ months in a year. My birthday is in the ________________ month. A. twelve; twelve B. twelfth; twelfth C. twelve; twelfth D. twelfth; twelve 【答案】 C 【解析】【分析】句意：一年有12个月，我的生日在第12个月。名词复数months前是基数词，twelve是基数词，the定冠词后是序数词，twelfth是序数词，故选C。 【点评】考查数词，注意名词复数前是基数词，定冠词后是序数词的用法。

some和any的用法

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表示方位的介词：in, to, on 1. in 表示在某地范围之内。 如：Shanghai is/lies in the east of China.上海在中国的东部。 2. to 表示在某地范围之外。 如：Japan is/lies to the east of China. 日本位于中国的东面。 3. on 表示与某地相邻或接壤。 如：Mongolia is/lies on the north of China.蒙古国位于中国北边。 表示计量的介词：at, for, by 1. at表示“以……速度”“以……价格” 如：It flies at about 900 kilometers a hour.它以每小时900公里的速度飞行。 I sold my car at a high price. 我以高价出售了我的汽车。 2. for表示“用……交换，以……为代价”如：He sold his car for 500 dollars. 他以五百元把车卖了。 注意：at表示单价(price) ，for表示总钱数。

3. by表示“以……计”，后跟度量单位 如：They paid him by the month. 他们按月给他计酬。 Here eggs are sold by weight. 在这里鸡蛋是按重量卖的。 表示材料的介词：of, from, in 1. of成品仍可看出原料 如：This box is made of paper. 这个盒子是纸做的。 2. from成品已看不出原料 如：Wine is made from grapes. 葡萄酒是葡萄酿成的。 3. in 表示用某种材料或语言 如：Please fill in the form in pencil first. 请先用铅笔填写这个表格。 They talk in English. 他们用英语交谈。 注意：in指用材料，不用冠词；而with指用工具，要用冠词。如：draw in pencil/draw with a pencil 表示工具或手段的介词：by, with, on 1、by用某种方式，多用于交通 如by bus乘公共汽车，by e-mail. 通过电子邮件。

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near：近的，不远的 by:在...的旁边，比near的距离要近 between：在两者之间 among：在三者或者更多的之中 around：环绕，在...的周围，在....的四周 in front of:在...的前面 behind：在...后边 in：在..之内，用于表示静止的位置 into：进入 out of :和into一样，也表示有一定的运动方向 along：沿着 across：横过平面物体 through：贯通，通过 to :达到..地点目的地或方向 for：表示目的，为了..... from：从...地点起 其他介词 with：和..在一起; 具有，带有; 用某种工具或方法 in：表示用什么材料例如：墨水，铅笔等或用什么语言。表示衣着.声调特点时，不用with而用in。 by:通过...方法，手段 of:属于...的，表示...的数量或种类 from：来自某地，某人，以...起始 without：没有，是with的反义词 like :像...一样

some和any地用法

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classroom.(他们当中没有一个在教室里) / I have many books, but none is interesting.(我有很多的书,但没有一本是有趣的) (3)all和both的用法： all指三者或三者以上的人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词；也可用来代替或修饰不可数名词。 both指两个人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词。all和both在句子中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。如：I know all of the four British students in their school.(他们学校里四个英国学生我全认识) / --Would you like this one or that one? –Both.(你要这个还是那个？两个都要。) all和both既可以修饰名词(all/both+(the)+名词),也可以独立使用,采用“all/both + of the +名词(复数)”的形式,其中的of 可以省略。如：All (of) (the) boys are naughty.(是男孩都调皮) (4)every和each用法： every是形容词,只能作定语修饰单数名词,意思是“每一个”,表示整体概念； each是形容词、代词,可用作主语、宾语、定语等,意思是“每个”或者“各个”,表示单个概念；each可以放在名词前,可以后跟of 短语,与动词同时出现时要放在“be动词、助动词、情态动词”之后或者行为动词之前 every和each都用作单数理解,但是下文中既可以用单数的代词(如he/him/his)也可以用复数的代词(如they/them/their)替代。如：Every one of the students in his class studies very hard.(他班上每个学生学

some,any,one ones those that的区别和用法

some和any的区别和用法 要表示"一些"的意思，可用some, any。 some 是肯定词，常用于肯定句；any是非肯定词，常用于否定句或疑问句。例如： There are some letters for me. There aren''t any letters for me. Are there any letters for me? I seldom get any sleep these days. any也常用于条件分句以及带有否定含义的句子中： If you have any trouble, please let me know. 如果你有任何麻烦，请让我知道。 I forgot to ask for any change. 我忘了要一些零钱。 当说话人期待肯定回答时，some也可用于疑问句, 比如当说话人期待来信时，他可以问道：Are there some letters for me? 当购物时向售货员提问或者主人向客人表示款待时，也可在疑问句中用some: Could I have some of these apples? some和any 既可以修饰可数名词又可以修饰不可数名词，some常用在肯定句中，而any则常用在否定和疑问句中。因此 some和any 的用法主要是考虑用在肯定句、疑问句还是否定句中，与名词的可数与否无关。 some意为“一些”，可作形容词和代词。它常修饰可数名词复数。如：some books一些书，some boys一些男孩，也可修饰不可数名词，如：some water一些水，some tea一些茶叶，some常用在肯定句中。any意为“任何一些”，它也可修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词，常用于疑问句和否定句。如： --I have some tea here. 我这儿有些茶叶。 --I can’t see any tea. 我没看见茶叶。 --Do you have any friends at school? 你在学校有些朋友吗? --I have some English books, they are my best friends. 我有英语书，它们是我最好的朋友。 但在表示建议，反问，请求的疑问句中，或期望得到肯定回答时，多用some而不用any。如：Would you like some coffee? 你要不要来点咖啡? What about some fruit juice? 来点水果汁如何? 当any表示“任何”的意义，起强调作用时，它可以用在肯定句中； Any student can answer this question.任何学生都可以回答这个问题。 选题角度： 辨析some和any的不同用法：some 常用在肯定句中，而any 则常用在否定和疑问句中。在表示建议，反问，请求的疑问句中，或期望得到肯定回答时，多用some而不用any。一般用于疑问句或否定句中，用于never, hardly, without等词之后，用于if / whether 之后。而some则用于肯定句中，用于建议或请求的疑问句中，用于预料会作肯定回答的疑问句中，用于表示反问的否定的疑句中。 如： 1. I’d been expecting ________ letters the whole morning, but there weren’t ________ for me. (全国卷)卷 A. some; any B. many; a few C. some; one D. a few; none

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一群鸟、鹅、母鸡、羊、燕子a flock of birds／geese／hens／goats／swallows 一群猎狗、狼a pack of hounds／wolves 2、描述一丝／点／层 一丝怀疑a shadow of doubt 一线未来之光a glimpse of future 一缕月光a streak of moonlight 一层霜／雪／糖霜a layer of frost／snow／cream 3. piece块；片；段；项；件；篇；首；幅；张 a piece of bread／paper／wood／furniture／land／advice／news／meat ／cloth／music... 4、英译“一阵” 一阵哭泣／喝彩／炮击／ 雷声

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some与any的用法区别 一、一般说来，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑问句。例如： She wants some chalk. She doesn’t want any chalk. Here are some beautiful flowers for you. Here aren’t any beautiful flowers. 二、any可与not以外其他有否定含义的词连用，表达否定概念。例如： He never had any regular schooling. In no case should any such idea be allowed to spread unchecked. The young accountant seldom (rarely, hardly, scarcely) makes any error in his books. I can answer your questions without any hesitation. 三、any可以用于表达疑问概念的条件句中。例如： If you are looking for any stamps, you can find them in my drawer. If there are any good apples in the shop, bring me two pounds of them. If you have any trouble, please let me know. 四、在下列场合，some也可用于疑问句。 1、说话人认为对方的答复将是肯定的。例如： Are you expecting some visitors this afternoon?（说话人认为下午有人要求，所以用some）Are you expecting any visitors this afternoon?(说话人不知道下午是否有人来，所以用any) Didn’t you give him some tickets?(说话人认为票已经给他了。问题的回答是：Sure I did) Did you give him any tickets?（说话人不知道是否给票了。回答可能是yes或no。） 2、款待用语或问句的实质等于提出一个要求并希望得到肯定的回答时。例如：

初中英语名词用法讲解

一、名词的分类 名词可分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。 1. 普通名词又可分为： （1）个体名词。如：cup，desk，student等。一般可数，有单复数形式。 （2）集体名词。如：class，team，family等。一般可数，有单复数形式。 （3）物质名词。如：rice，water，cotton等。一般不可数，没有单复数之分。 （4）抽象名词。如：love，work，life等。一般不可数，没有单复数之分。 2. 专有名词：如：China，Newton，London等。 二、名词的数 （一）可数名词的复数形式的构成规则 1. 一般情况下在名词的词尾加s，如：book books，pencil pencils. 2. 以-s，-x，-ch，-sh结尾的名词加-es，其读音为［iz］。如：bus buses，box boxes，watch watches，dish dishes等。 3. 以-y结尾的名词： （1）以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词，把y改为i再加es，读音为［iz］，如：factory factories，company companies等。 （2）以“元音字母+y”结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾，直接在词尾加-s，读音为［z］。如：key keys，Henry Henrys等。 4. 以-f和-fe结尾的名词： （1）变-f或-fe为v再加-es，读音为［vz］。如：thief thieves，wife wives，half halves等。 （2）直接在词尾加-s，如：roof roofs，gulf gulfs，chief chiefs，proof proofs等。 （3）两者均可。如：handkerchief handkerchiefs或handkerchieves. 5. 以-o结尾的名词：