研究生英语教材课后习题解答上册

Unit 1

Text A

Exercises

1. Reading comprehension

A. Read the text and answer the following questions.

1. What, according to the author, do Americans love? Cite examples to illustrate your point.

Americans love new frontiers. For example, they hanker after wide-open spaces; they like to explore; they like to make rules but refuse to follow them.

2. Is there a place on earth where you can go and be yourself? What is the place according to the author?

According to the author, there is a place—cyberspace, where you can go and be yourself.

3. What metaphor does the author use to describe cyberspace? Why does she use such a metaphor?

Real estate, because both real estate and cyberspace consist of different parts and each part is suitable for a particular group of people.

4. Does the author approve of regulating cyberspace? Why or why not?

Yes, but first, it is fundamental to understand the nature of cyberspace.

5. What does the author think is needed in cyberspace besides government

control?

Self-rule.

6. What are some of the main areas of cyberspace that the author defines? What other areas do you know that have recently emerged in cyberspace (e.g. e-business)?

E-mail conversations, information and entertainment services, and cyberspace communities.

7. How do cyberspace communities evolve? Give examples to illustrate your point.

People of similar interests and tastes form a community. For example, communities on CompuServe tend to be professional; those on America Online are affluent young singles, and so on.

8. What is unique about cyberspace rules? What authority do they have that rules in terrestrial environments don’t have?

It allows communities of any size and kind to flourish. Cyberspace rules have moral authority that terrestrial governments don’t have.

9. In what spirit are new communities formed?

Communities cater to their own members’ inclination..

10. What kind of government do explorers in cyberspace need?

Their own local government besides terrestrial government does explorers.

11. What should be done to deal with questionable items in cyberspace?

Are people already doing that?

We should be banning them and using labels and automatic filters to get rid of them. Yes.

12. Is cyberspace a perfect place? If not, why are people so excited about it?

No, it is not. People are excited about it because it offers a lot of information and freedom.

B. Global understanding and appreciation of the text.

1. Analogy (比喻，类推) is a figure of speech (修辞手段) which draws a parallel between two different types of things, and uses on (usually familiar to the reader) to explain reader’s understanding of the writer’s point.

Can you draw a parallel between real estate and cyberspace? What point does the analogy support?

The analogy between real estate and cyberspace

2. By dividing cyberspace into three parts and using similes(明喻), the

author defines the nature of cyberspace and illustrates further her point that government regulation is not needed in cyberspace. Complete the following form to show that you understand the author’s point. Please be reminded that the underlying structure of a simile is “A is like B”.

3. In what way do the rules of a terrestrial government and those of a cyberspace community differ? Refer to para. 11 to answer the question.

4. What is the language style of the article? Is it formal and literary or informal and conversational? Cite examples from the text to support your answer.

This article is written in an informal and conversational style. For example, the author uses some slangy words, incomplete sentences, contractions, and addresses the reader as “you”.

II. Vocabulary

A. Find a word or phrase from the paragraph indicated in the bracket that means the same as:

1. in the past —→ formerly

2. include —→ embrace

3. man-made —→ artificial

4. control systematically —→ regulate

5. exactly —→ precisely

6. undesired —→ unwanted

7. irrelevant —→ extraneous

8. having intense feeling —→ passionate

9. aim toward —→ be targeted to

10. not far away —→ at hand

11. be charged for —→ be sued for

B. Choose the best word to complete each of the following sentences,

1. this book ____a___ all the information you need.

a. contains

b. embraces

c. offers

d. involves

2. The government _____c____ the number of foreign cars that could be imported.

a. refrains

b. restrains

c. restricts

d. prevents

3. As a teacher you should not show _____b___ towards any of your students.

a. pleasure

b. favor

c. preference

d. inclination

4. Traffic is _____d___ by police at every intersection.

a. enforced

b. imposed

c. limited

d. regulated

5. How much do you ____b___ for this pair of shoes?

a. bill

b. charge

c. cost

d. afford

6. We can ______b____ now and return to work in the morning.

a. leave out

b. leave off

c. sign away

d. sign off

7. That matter can be left ___b___ until our next meeting.

a. on

b. over

c. alone

d. about

8. I learned that he was _____a____ sick leave from a government office.

a. on

b. in

c. taken

d. spending

9. It was one of the most beautiful sights that I had ever set eyes ____c_____.

a. to

b. in

c. on

d. down

10. Each week he tried to set _____d____ a few dollars of his salary.

a. forth

b. about

c. apart

d. aside

III. Cloze

Choose a proper word from the list to fill in each blank in the following passage. Change the form of the word if necessary:

Born to Surf

The web From the Window contains poetry and literature from well-known writers across the global. There are thoughtful articles analyzing the state of the world we live in. There is (1)even a piece from the Secretary General of the United States, Kofi Annan. It may come (2)as some surprise to find out (3)that the editor of the magazine is a 12-year-old girl, Joy Nightingale.

From the Window (4)won Joy Nightingale the first prize in the 1999 childnet Inter-national and Cable and Wireless awards. These are given (5)annually for the best use of the Internet (6)by and for young people. And (7)they highlight one of the most welcoming aspects of the (8)virtual world. Children have taken to the Internet as though they are born surfing.

Perhaps this is (9)because adults have had to change their understanding of technology while children (10)simply accept it as natural. Whatever the reason, children can be found building websites and E-mailing friends (11)across the world while adults are (12)still asking: “Tell me again — where (13)exactly is cyberspace?”

Of course there is growing (14)concern about the fact that children can travel far away from parental supervision in cyberspace. In (15)response , many parents have installed soft-ware packages which prevent (16)access to violent or pornographic websites. Childnet is taking a more positive line. The website is a gateway (17)to a world of education and entertainment.

The rapid growth in Internet culture has (18)led analysts to speculate that society will soon be divided (19)between the “information rich”and “information poor”. For Childnet it is especially important that children at the margins of society through poverty or disability have the chance to take their (20)palce as equal citizens in the virtual world.

IV. Translation

Translate the following into Chinese:

The possibility of a real market-style evolution of governance is at hand. In cyberspace, we’ll be able to test and evolve rules governing what needs to be governed — intellectual property, content and access control, rules about privacy and free speech. Some communities will allow anyone in: others

will restrict access to members who qualify on one basis or another. Those communities that prove self-sustaining will prosper (and perhaps grow and split into subsets with ever-more-particular interests and identities). Those that can’t survive-either because people lose interest or get scared off-will simply wither away.

一种真正的市场型管理模式很快成为可能。在信息空间，我们将能够检验并完善所需要的管理制度——知识产权制度、服务内容与使用权的控制制度、个人隐私权与自由言论制度等。有些群体允许任何人加入，而有些则只允许符合这样或那样条件的人加入。能够自持的群体会兴旺发展（或许也会因为志趣与身份日趋特殊，而发展成为几个分支）。有些群体或因为成员失去兴趣，或因为成员被吓跑而不能幸存下来，它们将渐渐萎缩消亡。

Text B

Key to Comprehension and Appreciation

1. The author argues that gene transfer should only be used for the treatment of serious disease, and not for any other purpose. Gene transfer should never be undertaken in an attempt to enhance or “improve” human beings.

2. Many genetic diseases, some types of cancer, viral diseases such as AIDS, and some forms of cardiovascular disease can be treated by gene therapy. In addition, it may be technically possible to insert a gene into the reproductive cells of a patient.

3. It means supplying a specific characteristic that individuals might want for themselves or their children. The most obvious example at the moment

would be in the insertion of a growth hormone gene into a normal child in the hope that this would make the child grow larger.

4. Somatic cell gene therapy is for the purpose of treating severe diseases. It is a clinical and ethical practice, because it would relieve human suffering. On the other hand, enhancement genetic engineering is to “improve” a human being by inserting a specific gene into his cells.

5. Genetic enhancement engineering should not be used, because this practice is unethical. It would threaten the dignity of man and threaten important human values in two ways. First, it could be medically hazardous. Second, it would be morally precarious, in that it would require moral decisions our society is not now prepared to make, and it could lead to an increase in inequality and discriminatory practices.

6. We still don’t understand thought and consciousness. Neither do we understand the spiritual side of our existence.

7. In the practice of gene transfer, we may alter one or more of human genes. We could not text for the alteration at present. If we caused a problem that would affect the individual or his or her offspring, we could not repair the damage at present.

8. By making the comparison, the author tries to explain that it is true we are now able to provide a new gene so that a property involved in a human life would be changed. But there is still so much we don’t understand about human beings that trying to alter human genes will only harm them.

9. Three problems would be created: what genes should be provided; who should receive a gene; and, how to prevent discrimination against individuals who do or do not receive a gene.

10. The language style of this article is formal and academic. It is different from that of Text A. Unlike Text A, no slangy words are used in this article. Words are formal and complex ideas. There are few long sentences in Text A.

Unit 2

Text A

Exercises

I. Reading comprehension

A. Read the text and answer the following questions.

1. How does the author begin her article? What is her purpose?

The author begins her article by offering an interesting anecdote. The purpose is to introduce the theme.

2. What problem does she find about how American men and women talk? She finds that American men tend to talk more than women in public situation, but they often talk less at home, and this pattern is endangering marriages.

3. What do American women often complain about? Why?

They complain that their husbands do not listen to them, because they expect that their husbands should be conversational partners. When the husbands do not listen to them, they think the conversation fails..

4. Does this lack of understanding between husband and wife affect their marriage?

Yes, it does.

5. What is the main topic of Eleanor Maccoby’s research?

The organizational structure of boys’and girls’groups and their interactive patterns and norms..

6. How do little girls create and maintain friendships? In what way are they similar to women regarding their attitude toward conversation? Little girls create and maintain their friendships by exchanging secrets; in the same way, women regard conversation as the cornerstone of friendship. Exchanging thoughts, feelings and impressions can create a sense of closeness.

7. How do boys maintain their friendships?

Boys maintain their friendships by doing things together.

8. Do men listen to women according to the author’s study? Why do women complain that men are not listening when they talk?

Yes, they do. Only their physical position gives women the impression that they are not listening even when they are listening attentively.

9. How do boys and girls differ in switching a topic of conversation? Girls tend to talk at length about one topic while boys tend to jump from topic to topic.

10. Do men and women respond differently when they hear a problem? How?

Yes, they do. Women respond to a problem by asking probing questions and expressing agreement and understanding, but men respond to a problem by dismissing it.

11. What do women expect from a conversation?

They expect agreement, understanding, and support.

12. How would men and women interpret a stream of “listener-noise”? Men often interpret it as overaction or impatience, but women interpret it as attention given to what they are saying.

13. Why do men and women have different expectations about communication in marriage?

This is because women think that communication between husband and wife creates intimacy, and marriage is an orgy of closeness: you can tell your feeling and thoughts and still be loved. For men, however, talking maintains independence and status.

14. Why is the man talkative in public situations and free to remain silent at home?

In public setting, the man feels challenged to show his intelligence and display his understanding, while at home, he feels that there is nothing to prove and no one to defend against.

15. What does a woman try to avoid in a conversation?

A woman tries to avoid offending someone, or sparking disagreement, or appearing to show off.

16. What solution does the author offer to the communication problem between men and women?

The author offers to the communication problem that a sociolinguistic approach should be taken to understand the problem first without blaming either men or women. Then men and women can adapt to each other’s conversational habits.

B. Global understanding and appreciation of the text.

1. Complete the following chart with information from the text to show that you understand the differences between men and women regarding their conversational habits.

2. Discuss how men and women interpret the above conversational habits.

3. Write a few sentences to summarize women’s expectations about communication in marriage according to the article.

According to the article most women expect their husbands are conversational partners. Their husbands should pay attention to what they say and try to understand and support them. For women, talking is the cornerstone for closeness. At home, a woman can tell her husband her feelings and thoughts without offending anyone or sparking disagreement. II. Vocabulary

A. Find a word or expression from the paragraph indicated in the bracket to complete each of the following sentences. Change the form if necessary.

1. His criminal activities were finally uncovered.

2. Scientists from the two countries concurred to develop the vaccine.

3. Lightning usually accompanies thunder.

4. The bad weather frustrated our hopes of going out.

5. She believes that she is not a good mother because she does not fit the stereotype of a woman who spends all her time with her children.

6. He is always switching from one job to another.

7. He just smiled and dismissed the story as mere rumor.

8. The sudden noise distracted his mind from his painful memories.

9. The story can be adapted for use in schools.

10. That is what we assume, but it’s not easy to find evidence to prove it.

11. She tried to probe into my mind and discover what I was thinking.

12. She is too ambitious to remain in a subordinate position for long in the company.

B. Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.

1. All this ceremony is just b ; it doesn’t mean a thing.

a. on show

b. for show

c. a show-off

d. a show-up

2. Bill is afraid to a since tom threatens to beat him up.

a. show his face

b. show his colors

c. put on a show

d. make a show

3. She has been behaving foolishly; I hope you will d .

a. make sense of it

b. drive her out of her senses

c. be in your senses

d. bring her to her sense

4. The classroom is 30 feet b and 20 feet in breadth.

a. at length

b. in length

c. as for length

d. to length

5. I’m leaving this job because I’m tired of being a .

a. pushed around

b. pushed off

c. pushed away

d. pushed ahead

6. After the rain, the orchard seems to have d blossom overnight.

a. burst out

b. burst upon

c. burst with

d. burst into

7. The two men stood a each other, while the crowd looked on with amusement.

a. glaring at

b. glancing at

c. peeping at

d. glimpsing at

8. When you have any problems in your studies, you can always c John for help.

a. look for

b. look on

c. look to

d. look over

III. Cloze

Choose a proper word from the list to fill in each blank in the following passage. Change the form of the word if necessary.

When you can e-mail your colleagues from the comfort of your garden, there is no need to suffer an uncomfortable journey just to speak to them. If you need an important document, it can be faxed via satellite to your mobile

phone, and (1) viewed on a laptop computer. You can receive the document (2) almost immediately, (3) even from another continent.

Since the price of technology gets (4) lower every day, ownership of the (5) means of production becomes a (6) reality. Having bought the computer, mobile phone, fax machine, Internet connection and printer that are their only material tools, telecommuters (7) become true electric peasants.

Living and working in the same environment (8) like traditional peasant farmers, they do not till the soil with their hands but (9) grow services from fertile resources of their minds.

With no fancy office on the twenty-fifth floor, however, the micro-entrepreneur can have trouble (10) proving his or her credentials. Rightly or wrongly, people respond to (11) status symbols like big offices in smart building. “If the company can (12) afford all this,”people think, “it must be doing pretty well.” But (13) faced with one person doing business from a room at home, clients are tempted to think that their contact is not such a big-shot after all. But is it (14) necessarily true that a central location and a large office make a better worker?

In fact, studies show that home workers are actually more (15) disciplined about completing tasks and indeed work (16) longer hours than their colleagues in the office. Like the traditional peasant who owned his land, they feel that they (17) own their work.

Furthermore they aren’t tied to (18) schedule but work when it suits

them. If that means (19) taking an hour or two to play with the children and then staying up (20) until midnight to finish a presentation, the net result is a happier worker who has completed the task.

IV. Translation

Translate the following into Chinese:

Once the problem is understood, improvement comes naturally. Women who feel abandoned and deprived when their husbands won’t listen to or report daily news may be happy to discover their husbands trying to adapt once they understand the place of small talk in women’s relationships. But if their husbands don’t adapt, the women may still be comforted that for men, this is not a failure of intimacy. Accepting the difference, the wives may look to their friends or family for that kind of talk. And husbands who can’t provide it shouldn’t feel their wives have made unreasonable demands. Some couples will still decide to divorce, but at least their decisions will be based on realistic expectations.

一旦问题得到理解，情况自然有所改善。那些通常因丈夫不倾听或不谈论每天发生的事情而感到被遗弃、感到丧失生活乐趣的女性会高兴地发现，她们的丈夫一旦知道了不起眼的谈话在女性关系中的地位后，正努力地在适应。如果丈夫不适应，妻子仍然能得到安慰，因为她知道对男人来说，这不是不亲密的表现。当妻子接受了男女存在区别这一事实后，便会去找自己的朋友或家人说一说话。那些不能够给予妻子谈话快乐的丈夫，也不应该觉得妻子提出了无理要求。仍然会有一些夫妻决定离婚，但起码他们的决定是建立在比较现实的期望基础上的。

Text B

Key to Comprehension and Appreciation

1. She was told that God was everywhere and that He knew everything, but nobody could be everywhere. She was told that God was in her, but she never heard any voices in her head other than her own or her mother’s telling her what not to do. She spent a lot of time looking up at the sky, because she thought God was up there, but she knew the sky was not solid. She was told that “God is a spirit. You can’t see him,”but her mother, grandfather, and other relatives claimed that they could see spirits. She was told that God was all powerful and could do anything, but when she made even the simplest of requests she never got any answers.

2. She thought adults lied a great deal. They made rules that they tried to make her learn but they themselves broke these rules.

3. (open)

4. She believed that white people wrote the rules in the Bible.

5. Because she found it idiotic and ridiculous to pray instead of working out a solution to a problem.

6. Her Christian mother is always saying prayers for her, in which case Alleyne doesn’t have to try again and again if she fails.

7. (open)

8. She believes in human efforts. Only by making efforts can you solve problems, not by divine intervention.

研究生英语精读教程第三版上unit one原文

Unit One Text: You Are What You Think And if you change your mind-from pessimism to optimism -you can change your life Claipe Safran [1] Do you see the glass as half full rather than half empty? Do you keep your eye upon the doughnut, not upon the hole? Suddenly these clichés are scientific questions, as researchers scrutinize the power of positive thinking. [2] A fast-growing body of research—104 studies so far, involving some 15,000 people—is proving that optimism can help you to be happier, healthier and more successful. Pessimism leads, by contrast, to hopelessness, sickness and failure, and is linked to depression, loneliness and painful shyness. "If we could teach people to think more positively," says psychologist Craig A. Anderson of Rice University①in Houston②，"it would be like inoculating them against these mental ills." [3] "Your abilities count," explains psychologist Michael F. Scheier of Carnegie Mellon University③in Pittsburgh④, "but

研究生英语(下)-综合教程课后答案-何莲珍主编

研究生英语(下)-综合教程课后答案-何莲珍主编

1 第一单元 1. The tranquil atmosphere of the inn allows guests to feel totally at home. 2. Technological advances might ultimately lead to even more job losses. 3. In the aftermath of the shootings, there were calls for tighter controls on gun ownership. 4. Her kindness and generosity cancel out her occasional flashes of temper. 5. He was beginning to wonder if he would survive the ordeal 6. Foreign food aid has led to a drastic reduction in the numbers of people dying of starvation. 7. Perhaps her most important legacy was her program of educational reform. 8. There were food shortages and other deprivations during the Civil War. 9. The new economic policies could prove suicidal for the party. 10. The building will be completed around six months earlier than anticipated. 11. The experience was enough to keep him preoccupied for some time 12. The road to happiness is paved with adversities. 13. She aspires to nothing no less than the chairmanship of the company. 14. He might be influenced by nostalgia for the surroundings of hishappy youth. 15. In retrospect, I wish that I had thought about alternative courses of action. 二、1. Watching your baby being born is a mind-blowing experience(极其令人兴 奋的经历). 2. There is built-in storage space(内置储藏空间) in all bedrooms. 3. This handout focuses on self-protection measures(自我保护措施) under difficult climatic conditions. 4. I’m sure we could offer you some short-term employment (短期的工作). 5. So, how is it that we all, or at least many of us, have such a distorted and negative self- perception(歪曲的、否定的自我观念)? 6. Helen Hunt stars as a character undergoing life-changing events(改变了生活的事件) in Then She Found Me. 7. She has written a book that is beautiful because of the honesty and the raw emotion that is portrayed in all-encompassing details(无所不包的细节). 8. Having a decent job contributes to a good self-image(一个好的自我形象). 三、What then is a good mind? It is the whole mental …… 1、searches 2、connections 3、inventive 4、discerning 5、anticipates 6、future 7、individual 8、identifies 9、fallacy 10、self-discipline 四、翻译1、I had so worked upon my imagination as really to believe that about the whole mansion and domain there hung 。。。。。。。the silent tarn-a pestilent and mystic vapor, dull, sluggish, faintly discernible, and leaden-hued. (Edgar Allan Poe: “The Fall of the House of Usher”) 译文: 我如此沉湎于自己的想象，以至于我实实在在地认为那宅院及其周围悬浮着一种它们所特有的空气。那种空气并非生发于天地自然，而是生发于那些枯树残枝、灰墙暗壁，生发于那一汪死气沉沉的湖水。那是一种神秘而致命的雾霭，阴晦，凝滞，朦胧，沉浊如铅。 2、She had a very thin face like the dial of a small clock seen faintly in a dark room in the middle of a 。。。。。。。。l of the night passing swiftly on toward further darkness but moving also toward a new sun. 译文:( 她的)容貌那么清秀，就像半夜里醒来时在黑暗中隐约可见的小小的钟面，报告时刻的钟面。它皎洁而安静，深知时间在飞驰，深信黑暗虽然越来越深沉，却也越来越接近新生的太阳。 2 1. I’ve been spared a lot, one of the blessed of the earth, at least one of its lucky, that privileged handful of the dramatically

研究生英语精读教程教师参考书(第三版下)中国人民大学出版社

Language Points 1.Subtitle:Toxin sniffers，missile jammers,dirty-bomb detectors： The post-9/11security blitz is affecting more than public safety—it’s changing the course of science. Toxin sniffers:毒素嗅探器missile jammers:导弹人为干发射机 dirty-bomb detectors:放射性核弹探测器 全句可译为：毒素嗅探器、导弹人为干发射机、放射性核弹探测器：“9·11” 事件后闪电式的保卫行动不仅影响着公共安全——还在改变着科学的进程。 2.Par.[1]:In the race to prevent future9/11-style attacks—or worse—Washington has marshaled the U.S.science establishment on a scale not seen since Sputnik. 全句可译为：华盛顿以前苏联发射人造地球卫星以来所未有的规模对美国的科 学机构做了安排。 3.Par.[2]:“A lot of it is security theater technology designed to make you feel better,”says Bruce Schneier，author of Beyond Fear：Thinking Sensibly about Security in an Uncertain World. 全句可译为：《超脱恐惧：明智地考虑变幻莫测世界的安全问题》的作者布鲁 斯·施奈尔说：“这当中有许多都是做表面文章的保安技术，目的是让你感到 更安全。 4.Par.[6]:As the archive of visa applicants balloons，scans of all10 fingers will provide more fail-safe identifications. 全句可译为：随着护照签证申请人的档案急剧增加，对十指全部进行扫描将 使身份验证更加万无一失。 5.Par.[9]:Resembling a sleek outhouse，the$150,000walk-through machine sends a quick blast of air over your clothing to dislodge trace explosive particles. walk-through:（建筑物）从两端都可进入的 全句可译为：这种价值15万美元的从两端都可进入的机器像个造型优美的 户外小屋，它在你的衣服上面迅速地吹过一股气流，从衣服上吹下微量炸药 粒子， 6.Par.[10]:Still,building technology today already seems light-years beyond pre-9/11days． 全句可译为：然而，今天的建筑技术看来已经远远超过“9·11”事件以前的 日子了。 7.Par.[11]:GPS:Global Positioning System全球卫星定位系统 8.Par.[12]:A cyber-attack on the country’s financial networks or power and telecommunications grids could make other means of protecting our physical assets moot. 全句可译为：对国家的金融网或电力和电信网进行的网络攻击，可使我们保 护有形资产的其他手段变得无实际意义。 9.Par.[12]:Developers describe it as a“Google-esque”tool and predict

高等学校研究生英语系列教材-综合教程(上)主编熊海虹何莲珍 1-6单元 练习参考答案

《研究生英语综合教程上》1-6单元练习参考答案 Unit One Planning Your Future Career Reading Focus Traits of the Key Players Text Exploration Task 2 1. B 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. D 6. B 7. C 8. B 9. B 10. B Vocabulary in Action Task 1 1. A 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. D 6. D 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. D 11. A 12. B Task 2 1. public (c) 2. discipline (b) 3. strength (a) 4. reference (a) 5. strength (d) 6. public (a) 7. demonstrated (b) 8. discipline (c) 9. reference (c) 10. personality (a) 11. disciplining (d) 12. demonstrates (a) 13. public (d) 14. reference (b) 15. personality (c) Task 3 1. employment 2. paid 3. adjust

4. setting 5. discouraged 6. credit 7. cite 8. demonstrate 9. teamwork 10. rules Translation Practice Paragraph One “一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，生意始终在进行。这意味着一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，竞争也同样在进行。”豪特说，“公司取胜的方法之一，就是要更快到达‘目的地’！这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。这样，不仅对那些行动快速的人们，也对那些思维敏捷并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。这需要全公司各部门的运作，而不仅仅是管理部门的工作。” Paragraph Two 最后，职业地位包含对职业标准的遵守。很多律师通过在行业内外把自己塑造成一个具有良好职业道德的典范来找到自我价值。对那些在所有职业行为中都表现出极度正直和谦逊有礼的律师来说，当管理阶层对他们理应受到的特别尊重表示肯定时，便又获得了另一种形式的精神报酬。 Unit Two Arts of the Table Reading Focus Culinary Delights in China

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一、你认为自己是什么样的人，那你就是什么样的人 如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活 [1]你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗？你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈，而不是它中间的孔吗?当研究者们仔细观察积极思维的作用时，这些陈词滥调突然间都成了科学问题。 [2]迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有104个研究项目，涉及大约15 000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。与此相反，悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败它与沮丧、孤独、令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关。休斯敦莱斯大学的心理学家克雷格·A·安德森说：“如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考，那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗。” [3] “你的能力固然重要,”匹兹堡卡内基–梅隆大学的心理学家迈克尔·F·沙伊尔说，“但你成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功。”在某种程度上，这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望。 [4]以你的工作为例。宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁·E·P·塞利格曼与同事彼得·舒尔曼在一项重要研究中对大都会人寿保险公司的推销员进行了调查。他们发现，在工龄较长的推销员中，积极思考者比消极思考者要多推销37%的保险额。在新雇用的推销员中，乐观主义者则多销了20%。 [5]公司受到了触动，便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化行业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人。这些本来可能根本不会被雇用的人售出的保险额高出一般的推销员10%。 [6]他们是如何做到的呢？据塞利格曼说，乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的“解释方式”。出了问题之后，悲观主义者倾向于自责。他说：“我不善于做这种事，我总是失败。”乐观主义者则寻找漏洞，他责怪天气，抱怨电话线路，甚至怪罪别人。他认为，是那个客户当时情绪不好。当一切顺利时，乐观主义者居功自傲而悲观主义者只把成功视为侥幸。[7]克雷格·安德森让一组学生给陌生人打电话，请他们为红十字会献血。当他们的第一、二个电话未能得到对方同意时，悲观者说：“我干不了这事。乐观主义者则对自己说：“我需要试试另一种方法。” [8]无论是消极还是积极，都是一种本身会成为事实的预言。安德森说：如果人们感到没有希望，他们就不会费事去获得成功所需的技能。” [9]据安德森看来，有无控制感是成功的试金石。乐观者能够掌握自己的命运。如果事情不顺利，他立刻做出反应，寻找解决办法，制定新的行动计划，并且主动寻求指点。悲观者则感到自己只能由命运摆布，行动拖拉。既然认为毫无办法，他便不去寻求指点。 [10]乐观主义者也许认为自己比事实能够证明的要强——有时正是这一点使他们充满生机。匹兹堡肿瘤研究所的桑德拉·利维博士对患晚期乳腺癌的妇女进行了研究。对那些通常持乐观态度的妇女来说，两次发病间隔的时间比较长，而这是生存下去的最好预兆。在一次对早期乳腺癌妇女的初步研究中，利维博士发现这一疾病在悲观病人身上复发更早。 [11]乐观态度不会使不治之症痊愈，却有可能预防疾病。在一项长期研究中，研究人员跟踪观察了一组哈佛大学毕业生的健康史。所有这些人都是班上的学生，并且健康状况良好。他们之中有的是积极思考者，有的是消极思考者。20年后，悲观者中患有中年常见病——高血压、糖尿病、心脏病——的人数要比乐观者多。 [12]许多研究显示，悲观者的无助感会损害人体的自然防御体系，即免疫系统。密执安大学的克里斯托弗·彼德森博士发现悲观主义者不能很好地照顾自己。他消极被动，无法避开生活中的打击，无论做什么都会担心身体不好或其他灾难将临。他大嚼不利于健康的垃圾食品，逃避体育锻炼，不听医生的劝告，还总是要再贪一杯。 [13]在多数人身上，乐观主义和悲观主义兼而有之，但总是更倾向于其中之一。塞利格曼说，这是一种早在“母亲膝下”就开始形成的思维模式，来自千万次警告或鼓励，消极的或积极的话语。过多的“不许”及危险警告会使一个孩子感到无能、恐惧以及悲观。 [14]随着年龄的增长，儿童能体会到许多小小的成就感，如学会系鞋带等。家长可以促使这类成功转变为控制感，从而培养出乐观主义。 [15]悲观是一种很难克服的习惯，但并非不能克服。在一系列具有重大突破的研究中，伊利诺伊大学的卡罗尔·德韦克博士对小学低年级儿童做了一些工作。她帮助那些屡屡出错的学生改变对失败原因的解释——从“我准是很笨”变成“我学习还不够努力”——因此他们的学习成绩提高了。 [16]匹兹堡的利维博士想知道把病人变成乐观主义者是否会延长他们的生命。在一次试验性研究中，两组结肠癌病人受到同样方式的治疗，但其中一些人还得到了鼓励乐观态度的心理帮助。试验结果表明这一做法有一定的效果。现在已在计划实施一项重大研究，以确定这一心理变化是否会改变病情的发展。 [17]因此，如果你是个悲观主义者，你完全有理由乐观起来。你能改变自己。以下就是范德比尔特大学的心理学家史蒂夫·霍朗指出的方法： [18]一、当坏事发生时，仔细留意自己的想法，把你最初的想法原原本本地记下来，一字不改。

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1“弗兰肯食品”能养活世界吗? 1、如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一场激烈的争论，那就提出转基因食品的话题吧。对许多人来说，高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里，转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。 2、事实上，转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。根据农业部的统计，美国去年所种植玉米的1／3，大豆和棉花的一半以上都是生物技术的产物。今年，美国将种植6500多万英亩的转基因作物。基因妖怪已经从瓶子里跑出来了。 3、但是，显然还有一些非常现实的问题需要解决。就像任何一种要进入食物链的新食品一样，转基因食品必须经过严格的检验。在富裕的国家里，由于有大量丰富的食品可供选择，而且供应远远超过需求，所以关于生物技术的争论相对缓和一些。在迫切想要养活其迅速增长而又吃不饱的人口的发展中国家，问题比较简单，也更加紧迫：生物技术的好处是否大于风险呢? 4、关于人口增长和饥饿的统计数字读来令人感到不安。去年，世界人口达到了60 亿。联合国预测，到2D0年，这个数字很可能将接近90亿，而增加的人口几乎都来自发展中国家。与此同时，世界人均耕地正在减少。国际农业生物工程应用技术采购管理局(ISAAA)称，自1960年以来，耕地面积一直持续下降，并将在今后50年减少一半。 5、联合国估计，世界上有近8 亿人口营养不良。它产生的效应是破坏性的。大约有4亿的育龄妇女体内缺铁，也就是说，她们的婴儿将可能有各种天生的缺陷。数量多达1亿的儿童缺乏维生素A，这是导致失明的主要原因。还有数千万的人患有因食物匮乏而导致的其他严重疾病和营养不良症。 6、生物技术对此能做些什么呢?生物技术专家已经培育出了含有β—胡萝卜素(身体可将之转化为维生素A)和更多铁元素的转基因水稻，目前正在研究培育其他一些增进营养成分的农作物。生物技术还可以帮助提高因虫害、干旱、土壤贫瘠和作物病毒、细菌或真菌导致作物减产而出现食物匮乏的地区的农业生产率。 7、虫害带来的损失令人难以置信。例如，欧洲玉米螟每年毁掉4000 万吨玉米，占世界玉米总产量的7％。把抗虫害的基因植入种子可以帮助避免这一损失。在非洲进行的抗虫害棉花试验中，棉花的产量已大幅度提高。有人担心，抗虫害的转基因作物不仅将害虫杀死，而且有可能连益虫也一起杀死，但到目前为止，这种担心似乎没有根据。 8、病毒常常在发展中国家造成主要粮食作物的大面积歉收。两年前，花叶病毒使非洲损失了超过一半的木薯，而这种作物是当地人的主要食物。转基因的抗病毒作物可以减少这种损失，就像抗干旱种子在可耕地面积因缺水而受到限制的地区起到的作用一样。含铝过高的土壤会损伤作物的根系并使许多主要作物歉收，对于这种问题生物技术也能帮助解决。目前，研究人员已经识别出一种有助于中和水稻里铝的毒性的基因。 9、许多科学家认为，生物技术能够把发展中国家的农业总产量提高25％，并且帮助防止作物收割后遭受损失。 10、尽管具有这么多潜力，生物技术还远远不能解决全部问题。在发展中国家，作物歉收只是造成饥饿的一个原因。贫穷才是罪魁祸首。今天，全世界有超过10 亿人口每天靠不到1美元维持生计。如果农民没钱种植转基因作物或当地人买不起农民种出的粮食，培育转基因作物就无法减少饥饿。 11、此外，生物技术也无法克服在发展中国家分配粮食的难题。从整体上看，世界生产的粮食足够养活所有人，但大部分粮食却不是在需要的地方。尤其在运输基础设施落后的国家，地理条件对食物供给的限制正如遗传学为食物供给带来的希望一样大。 12、生物技术也面临自身的“分配”问题。许多转基因作物方面的尖端研究都是富国的私

熊海虹主编《高等学校研究生英语综合教程 下》课后习题答案

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