2014年职称英语教材综合类概括大意与完成句子word版下载

概括大意与完成句子部分

第一篇The Making of a Success Story

1 IKEA is the world's largest furniture retailer, and man behind it is Ingvar Kamprad, one of the world's most successful entrepreneurs . Born in Sweden in 1926 , Kamprad was a natural businessman. As a child , he enjoyed selling things and made small profits from selling matches ,seeds ,and pencils in his community .When Kamprad was 17, his father gave him some money as a reward for his good grades .Naturally he used it to start up a business-IKEA.

2 IKEA's name comes from Kamprad's initials (I.K.)and the place where he grew up (`E` and `A`). Today IKEA is known for its modern , minimalist furniture , but it was not a furniture company in the beginning .Rather, IKEA sold all kind of miscellaneous goods ,Kamprad's ware included anything that he could sell for profits at discounted prices ,including watches ,pens and stockings .

3 IKEA first began to sell furniture through a mail-order catalogue in 1947. The furniture was all designed and made by manufacturers near Kamprad's home. Initial sales were very encouraging , so Kamprad expanded the product line . Furniture was such a successful aspect of the business that IKEA became solely a furniture company in 1951.

4 In 1953 IKEA opend its first showroom in Almhult ,Sweden. IKEA is known today for its spacious stores with furniture in attractive settings ,but in the early 1950s ,people ordered from catalogues ,Thus response to the first showroom was overwhelming:people loved being able to see and try the furniture before buying it . This led to increased sales and the company continued to thrive .By 1955, IKEA was designing all its own furniture .

5 In 195

6 Kamprad saw a man disassembling a table to make it easier to transport . Kamprad was inspired .The man had given him a great idea :flat packaging . Flat packaging would mean lower shipping costs for IKEA and lower prices for customers .IKEA tried it and sales soared . The problem was that people had to assemble furniture themselves ,but over time ,evem this grew into an advantage for IKEA . Nowadays ,IKEA is often seen as having connotations of self-sufficiency .This image has done wonders for the company ,leading to better sales and continued expansion.

6 Today there are over 200 stores in 32 countries .Amazingly ,Ingvar Kamprad has managed to keep IKEA a privately-help company .In 2004 he was named the world's richest man , He currently lives in Switzerland and is retied from the day-to-day operations of IKEA. IKEA itself , though ,just keeps on growing.

1.Paragraph 2 ____.

2.Paragraph 3 ____.

3.Paragraph 4 ____.

4.Paragraph 5 ____.

A.Ingvar Kamprad – a born businessman

B.Success brought by the introduction of showrooms

C.The origin of IKEA

D.Specialization in selling furniture

E.Flat packaging – a feature of IKEA

F.World-wide expansion of IKEA

5. Even when he was only a child, ____.

6. ____, and years later became a big company specialized in manufacturing and selling of furniture.

7. Customers liked the idea of IKEA‘s showrooms because ____.

8. As flat packaging saves money for both IKEA and the customers, ____.

A.IKEA began as a small store selling all kinds of cheap things.

B.it is highly welcomed by both

C.Ingvar Kamprad showed interest in and talent for doing business.

D.he lives happily in retirement

E.here they can see and try the furniture they are going to buy.

F.Ingvar successfully manages the company all by himself

答案与题解：

1.C第二^介绍了IKEA这个店名的来源以及它刚开始的时候是一家什么样的小杂货店。

2.D第三段讲了IKEA通过邮购方式销售自己设计、自己制造的家具，业绩喜人，从而扩大生产线，专事家具产销。

3.B 1^3年IKEA弓丨°入展示厅的做法得到很好的反响，销售大大增加。

4.E Kamprad从别人拆卸家具中得到启发，于是试行销售平板包装的家具，既利己又利人，并使独立自行成为IKEA的一个特色。

5.C时间状语从句告诉我们这里要讲的是Ingvar小时候的事情，文章的第一段就说了他从小就会做买卖。

6.A这句话的后半句说IKEA几年以后才变成一家专营家具的公司，前半句很可能讲它的前身是什么。

7.E这句的主句讲了顾客们喜欢IKEA的展示厅，从句用because引导，很清楚要求给出原因。

8.B这句先给了原因，即平板包装对双方来说都省钱，那么结果便是双方都欢迎。

译文：发迹史

宜家（IKEA)是世界上最大的家具零售商。它的幕后经营者是Ingvar Kampmd,可谓世界上最成功的企业家之一。Kampmd 1926年生于瑞典，天生就有做商人的资质。还是个孩子时，他就喜好卖东西，并在社区中通过售卖火柴、种子和铅笔赚了些小钱。Kampmd 17岁

时，他父亲给了他一些钱作为考试成绩优秀的奖励。当然了，他用这笔钱做了生意，成立了宜家。

宜家这个名字取自Kampmd全名的首字母（I.K.)和他成长地名称的缩写（―E‖ ―A‖）。如今宜家以其现代、风格简约的家具而闻名，然而发家时它却不是一个家具公司。那时，它出售的商品五花八门。Kampmd销售任何可以打折低价出售并盈利的物件，包括手表、钢笔和长袜。宜家最初在1947年通过邮寄产品目录来出售家具。这些家具都是由Kampmd家附近的生产商

设计和制造的。起初的销售额非常喜人，所以Kamprad扩大了生产线。因为家具销售成为宜家非常重要的一个生意份额，宜家于1951年成为了专营家具公司。

1953年，宜家在瑞典的Almhult开立了第一家展示厅。今天宜家因其店面的大空间和家具的引人摆设而闻名，但在20世纪50年代初的时候，人们只是通过产品目录订购。所以宜家的首间展厅备受瞩目，因为人们十分乐意能够在购买之前亲眼看到并试用这些家具。这样的销售模式促进了销售额的增长，使得公司继续茁壮成长。截至1955.年，宜家已开始独立地设计其所有的家具。

1956年,Kamprad看到有一个人通过拆解桌子来方便装运，从而受到启发。这个人让他灵光一闪，想出了平板包装的点子。平板包装对宜家意味着更低的货运费以及对客户而言更低的售价。宜家如此示范，销售额因此一路飙升。虽然顾客自己拼装家具有些麻烦，但是时间一长，这样的亲手操作倒成了宜家的强项。现今，宜家被视为有独立自行的风格。这样的形象为公司在销售额和经营规模上带来了奇迹般的效果。

今天宜家在32个国家开有超过200家分店。令人惊叹的是，Ingvar Kamprad设法将宜家保持为一家私有企业。2004年，他被冠名为世界上最富有的人。他如今住在瑞士，已脱离了宜家的日常经营。而宜家将继续成长。

第二篇The Paper Chase

1. "Running a house is lot like running a business." says Stephanie Denton, a professional organizer based in Cincinnati, Ohio, who specializes in both residential and commercial paperwork and record keeping. To get a successful grip on organizing documents, bills, and other materials, Denton suggests the following tips:

2. Create a space in which you can always do your paperwork. This is perhaps the most important element of a successful system. If you can't devote an entire desk to the task, at least invest in a rolling file cart to store active paperwork and a two-drawer file cabinet for family records. Store the rolling file cart wherever it is most convenient and comfortable to do your work. whether that is the kitchen, office, or family room.

3. When in doubt, throw it out, the first step to implementing a workable filling system is to eliminate paper you don't use, don't need, or that you could easily access again elsewhere. Throw out duplicate statements, old catalogs, and all of the coupons, mailings, or offerings you'll never have an opportunity to use or even read.

4. Set aside two days a month to pay bills, if a monthly due date doesn't fit into your cycle, call up the creditor and suggest a more convenient date, keep two manila folders at the front of your system for current bills —one to correspond with each bill-paying day —and file all incoming bills. Keep a list in the front of each folder of what needs to be paid in case the invoice never arrives or gets misplaces.

5. Think of your filling system not as a rigid tool, but as a living, breathing system that can accommodate your changing needs. A good filling system is both mentally and physically flexible, everyone's needs are different, says Denton, but when devising a filling system, ask yourself: "Where would I look for this?" Create main headings for your filling system, such as investments, Taxes, Children, and so forth, and file individual folders under the main headings. Never overstuff your files.

练习：

1. Paragraph 2 __________

2. Paragraph 3 __________

3. Paragraph 4 __________

4. Paragraph 5 __________

A. Find a Place to Work on

B. Implementing a Workable Filing System

C. What Is a Good Filing System

D. How to Invest in a Rolling File Cart

E. Get Rid of Unimportant Things

F. Dealing With Bills

5. Stephanie Denton is expert ____________________.

6. You can put your file cart anywhere you like, on condition ____________________.

7. Coupons should be thrown away because ____________________.

8. "Mentally flexible" indicates the fact ____________________.

A. they are useless

B. in paper chase

C. that it is easily reached

D. that different people have different requirements

E. they are not comfortable

F. in investing in coupons

答案与题解：

1.A 这段的第一句是主题句，讲的是要为整理文件找到工作空间。

2.E 这段谈及的是，没有用的文件如各种复件、旧索引、优待券等，要及时扔掉。

3.F 这一段讲的是如何处理账单。

4.C 这段讲的是一个好的档案系统应具备的两个条件：既要灵活又要调理清晰。

5. B Stephanie Denton非常擅长整理档案，所以B是答案。虽然F在语法上讲得过去，但优待券不是可进行投资的东西，所以也就不存在是否擅长做此事的问题。

6. C 文中提到，档案车放在什么地方都可以，前提是使用方便。

7. A 文章说，优待券没什么用，所以应该扔掉。

8. D 文章的最后一段谈到，好的档案系统要有心理和身体两个方面的灵活性，接下去又说，每个人的需要都是不同的。所以答案是D。

译文：文件整理

Stephanie Denton是俄亥俄州辛辛那提地区的职业筹划人，专门负责居民和商业部分的文书和记录工作。他说，―打理房子更像做生意‖。如何成功地组织文件、账单和其他材料，Denton提供了如下建议：

创造一个可以一直做文书工作的空间。这或许是一个成功机制的最重要的部分。如果你没有整张桌子的话，至少要有一个可以移动的小车来储存那些经常使用的文书，还要有一个带两个抽屉的柜子来存放家庭记录。把这个可移动的小车放在你工作最方便、最舒适的地方，无论是厨房、办公室还是家庭游艺室。

当有怀疑的时候，就把它扔出来。建立一个可行的档案系统，首先要把那些你不用、不需要或者你可以在其他地方轻易得到的文件扔掉。扔掉那些复件、旧索引和所有你永远不会有机会使用甚至阅读的优待券、邮件和礼券。

每个月留出两天时间付账单。如果每个月的结账日期不适合你，打电话给你的债权人并建议换一个更方便的日期。建立一个与每个结账日相对应的账单系统，在你当前的账单系统前放两个马尼拉折叠夹来整理所有进来的账单。在每个需要付账的文件夹前列一个清单以防发票没到或者放错了地方。

你的档案系统不是一个严格的工具，而是一个活生生的、能够呼吸的、能适应你不断变化需要的系统。一个好的档案系统要有心理和身体两个方面的灵活性。Denton说，每个人的需要都是不同的，但是在设计档案系统前问问自己，―我要到哪儿去找它呢?‖为你的档案系统加上主要的标题，比如投资、税务、孩子等，然后将文件夹分类放在标题下。不要把你的文件夹塞得过满。

第三篇English and English Community

1 There is no denying that1 English is a useful language. The people who speak English today make up the largest speech community in the world with the exception of speakers of Chinese. Originally they were small tribes of people from northern Europe who settled in England. Their languages became more and more similar to each other. Finally, the language had enough uniformity

2 to be used by all speakers in England. The people were united into a speech community through their shared language.

2 A speech community is similar to other kinds of communities. The people who make up the conimunity share a common language. Often they live side by side, as they do in aneighborhood, a village, or a city. More often they form a whole country. National boundaries, however, are not

always the same as the boundaries of a speech community. A speech community is any group of people who speak the same language no matter where they happen to live.

3 We may say that anyone who speaks English belongs to the English speech community. For convenience3, we may classify the speakers into two groups: one in which the speakers use English as their native language, the other in which the speakers learn English as a second language for the purpose of education, commerce, and so on.

4 English serves as an alternative language in several areas of public activity for the many nations of the world which employ it as an international second language.4 English has been adoptedas the language of air traffic, commerce, as well as international diplomacy. Moreover, English is the language of the majority of published materials in the world so that education has come to rely heavily on an understanding of English.

5 Learning a second language extends one's vision and expands the mind. The history and literature of a second language record the real and fictional lives of people and their culture;5 a knowledge of them adds to our ability to understand and to feel as they feel. Learning English as a second language provides another means of communication through which the window of the entire English speech community becomes a part of our heritage.

注释：

1.There is no denying that…：毫无疑问……

2.uniformity：一致性。uniformity是uniform的名词形式。全句译为：最终，这种语言具有足够的统一性，致使所有在英格兰居住的人都能使用。

3.for convenience：意为―为了……方便起见‖

4.English serves as an alternative language in several areas of public activity for the many nations of the world which employ it as an international second language．对世界上许多在国际交往中把英语作为第二语言的国家来说，英语是在公共活动的几个领域中可供选用的语言之一。

5.The history and literature of a second language record the real and fictional lives of people and their culture．第二语言记载的历史和文学记述了一个民族真实和虚构的生活和文化。句中history和real lives相对应，literature和fictional lives相对应。

练习：

1.Paragraph 2_________

2.Paragraph 3_________

3.Paragraph 4_________

4.Paragraph 5_________

A The Wide Use of English

B Historical Account of English and Its Community

C The Advantages of Learning a Second Language

D The Composition of the English Community

E The Threat That English Poses to Other Languages

F The Definition of a Speech Community

5.Only through the shared language_________.

6 The idea of the national boundaries is often different from_________.

7.Speakers are classified into two groups_________.

8.An understanding of English_________.

A that of a speech community

B can a speech community be formed

C in order to learn English better

D for the sake of simplicity

E has played an important role in the field of education

F is widely used in several areas of public activity

答案与题解：

1.F 此段解释何为语言群体，最后一句话是关键，可以看做是语言群体的定义。

2.D 此段是讲英语语言群体包括的两类人，所以用composition―构成‖一词。

3.A 此段讲述英语在全世界许多领域被广泛应用，如航空、商务、外交、教育等。

4.C 此段主要谈的是学习第二语言的益处，最后一句话更具体到学习英语的益处。

5.B 答案来自第一段最后一句，说明人们是通过他们所拥有的共同语言组成一个语言群体。以only开头的句子谓语部分要求使用倒装句。

6.A 第二段第四句话表明国界与语言群体的界限并不总是一致的。that用来替代the+有关前述名词，以避免重复。

7.D 第三段第二句表明，为了方便起见我们将说话者分为两类。for the sake of指―出于……的考虑‖。

8.E 第四段最后一句话表明教育越来越依赖对英语的理解。也就是说对英语的理解能力在教育中起着重要的作用。

译文：英语和英语群体

毫无疑问英语是一种有用的语言。现在说英语的人构成类除了汉语者之外最大的语言群体。最初他们是从北欧定居英格兰的一些小部落。他们的语言变得越来越相似。最终，这种语言具有类足够的统一性，致使所有在英格兰居住的人都能使用。人们由于共享同一种语言而组成了一个语言群体。

一个语言群体和其他类型的群体相似。构成这个群体的人共同使用一种语言。通常他们彼此相邻，就像四邻、一个村庄或城市那样。通常他们组成一个国家。然而国界并不一定是一种语言群体的分界线。一个语言群体是讲同一种语言的人群，无论他们住在哪里。

我们可以说讲英语的人都属于英语语言群体。为了方便起见，我们可以把说英语的人分为两类：第一类中讲话者把英语作为他的母语，另一类中讲话者因为教育、商业等目的把英语作为第二语言来学。

对世界上许多国际交往中把英语作为第二语言的国家来说，英语是在公共活动的几个领域中可供选用的语言之一。英语被用作空中交通、商业和国际外交的语言。而且，英语是世界上大部分出版物所用的语言，因此教育开始严重地依赖对英语的理解。

学习第二语言能开阔人的眼界和拓宽人的思维。第二语言记载的历史和文学记述类一个民族真实和虚构的生活和文化；了解它们能够提高我们的理解力，并且像他们那样去感受。把英语作为第二外语来学口语提供另一种交流途径，通过这个途径整个英语语言群体的窗口就成为我们的文化遗产的一部分。

第四篇Alaska

In 1858 Americans welcomed Alaska into the Union as the 49th state，symbolizing a change of attitude that hold in 1867，when the peninsula was purchased from Russia. Then，most Americans had little interest in 1，500，000 square kilometers ―of icebergs and polar bear‖-beyond Canada s western borders，far from the settled areas of the United States.

In those sections of the state which lie above the Arctic Circle，Alaska still is a land of icebergs and polar bear. Ice buried in the earth，which is permanently frozen to a depth of 90 or more meters，From early May until early August，the midnight sun never sets on this flat，treeless region，but the sun cannot melt the icy soil more than two-thirds of a meter down.

Alaska is America s largest state，but only about 325，000 people live there. According to estimates，800，000 hectares of its land area are fit for plowing but only about 640，000 hectares are being cultivated.

Arctic Alaska has been the home of Eskimos for countless centuries. It is believed that the Eskimos moved there from Mongolia or Siberia，probably crossing Bering Strait，named for Vitus Bering，the Danish sea captain who discovered Alaska on his voyage for Russia in 1741. The Eskimos are the state s earliest known inhabitants. Russian fur traders established settlements but，by the time Alaska was sold to the United States，most of the traders had departed.

In 1896 gold was discovered near the Klondike River in Canada just across the Alaskan border. Thousand of Americans rushed to the region on their way to Klondike；some never returned. Alaska was never completely cut off again，although even today transportation is a major problem. There are only two motor routes from the U.S mainland，and within the state，every town has its own airfield. Planes fly passengers，mail and freight to the most distant villages.

The gold that changed life so suddenly for Alaska was soon ended，and although many stories about mining camps have become part of American literature，the gold from Alaskan earth contributed less to economic progress than the fish from Alaska waters. The fish caught in a single year range in value from $80 million to $ 90 million. Fur-bearing animals are plentiful in the forests and streams，and valuable fur seals inhabit the waters. After fishing，the state s chief

industry is lumber and the production of wood pulp. In recent years，Alaska s single most important resource has become oil. The state also has large deposits of coal，copper，gold and other minerals.

词汇：

symbolize 象征fur-bearing 有毛皮的

peninsular 半岛lumber 伐木，木材

hectares 公顷pulp 木浆

range （在一定范围内）变化，变动

注释：

1.In 1959 Americans welcomed Alaska into the Union as the 49th state. 1959 年美国人欢迎阿拉斯加成为美国的第49个州。the Union指美国南北战争时期支持联盟政府的各州，此处即指美国。

2.the settled areas:已有人定居的地区

3.Ice masses lie buried in the earth :地下埋藏着巨大的冰块。注意这里动词lie的用法，这里lie作半系动词用，既有动词的实义,同时又起系动词的作用，后面跟的buried是它的补语或称表语。

4.Bering Strait:白令海峡

5.the earliest known inhabitants ：已知的最早的居民，也可说the earliest inhabitants known。

1. Paragraph 3________

2. Paragraph 4_________

3. Paragraph 5_________

4. Paragraph 6_________

A）Rich resources of the state

B）Connections with the outside world

C）Transportation problem

D）The natives of the land

E）Cold climate

F）Land and population

5. For as long as three months of a year，the sun ________ on the ice-covered land of Alaska.

6. According to statistics，_________ of the total area of Alaska has been used for farming.

7. Alaska was originally part of Russia，but was bought _______.

8. Gold did not bring to Alaska as much wealth__________

A. as fish does

B. because of its rich natural resources

C. by the United States in the 19th century

D. shines day and night

E. only a very small percentage

F. a limited amount of the gold found there.

答案与题解：

1.F这段不长,但提供了一些有关阿拉斯加面积和人口的数字。

2.D本段介绍了爱斯基摩人最早是怎样来到阿拉斯加并成为这片土地永久的居民的。

3.C这一段的开始虽然谈了淘金热的情况，但主要讲的还是阿拉斯加和外界的联系，以及它的不那么方便的交通情况。

4.A这段介绍了阿拉斯加的几种主要的自然资源，包括鱼类、木材、裘皮、石油等。

5.D本句中缺少谓语动词,在所给的六个选项中只有shines是单数第三人称的动词，后面所跟的状语day and night 符合文中内容：the midnight sun never sets.

6.E本句的主语不完整,of前面缺少一个名词短语，从内容上看应填入E。

7.C but后面的被动语态的句子使我们很自然就想到或许应该有一个by短语。

8.A句中出现as much wealth,后面很可能还会有一个as引导的句子，否侧比较的意义不完整。

译文：阿拉斯加

1959年美国人欢迎阿拉斯加成为美国的第49个州，这表明美国人的态度与1867年刚把这个半岛从俄罗斯手中买来时的态度相比有了转变。那个时候，大多数美国人对这块150万平方公里冰山和北极熊的土地不感兴趣。它在加拿大的那一头，远离美国有人居住的地区。

阿拉斯加州在北极圈里的部分仍旧是冰山和北极熊出没的地方。巨大的冰块被埋在地下，这里永久的冻土层有90米或者更深。从5月初到8月初，午夜的太阳从不离开这个平坦、连一棵树都没有的地带。然而这时的太阳只能晒化2/3米深的冻土层。

阿拉斯加是美国最大的州，而居民却只有32. 5万人。据估计，这里只有80万公顷土地适合耕种，然而正在开发的却只有64万公顷。

阿拉斯加处于北极地区的部分千百年来就是爱斯基摩人的家园。据说最早的爱斯基摩人是从蒙古或西伯利亚穿过白令海峡到这里来的。白令海峡因丹麦船长威塔斯?白令而得名。白令船长在1741年为俄罗斯所做的一次航行中发现了阿拉斯加。爱斯基摩人是已知的阿拉斯加最早的居民。俄罗斯皮毛商在这里建立了居民区。然而，当阿拉斯加被卖给美国人的时候，他们大多离开了这里。

18年在靠近阿拉斯加的加拿大边境的克朗代克河附近发现了金子。成千上万的美国人在奔赴克朗代克河的路上到了这个地区，有些人就再也没返回。阿拉斯加与其他地方完全隔离的情况结束了，可是即使是在今天，运输仍然是主要问题。只有两条公路通往美国本土，而州内各市都有自己的机场。飞机将乘客、邮件和货物送到最偏远的村落。

给阿拉斯加的生活带来突变的金子很快就被采光了。虽然那些关于矿区营地的故事被写进文学作品，然而阿拉斯加的金子对经济发展的贡献远不如阿拉斯加水中的鱼。那里一年捕到的鱼能卖8 000万到9 000方美元。皮毛类动物在溪流和森林里多的是，水里有皮毛昂贵的海豹。仅次于捕鱼业的是木材业和木浆生产。近几年来阿拉斯加最重要的资源是石油。阿拉斯加还有丰富的煤、铜、金以及其他矿物。

第五篇US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty

1 The United States has taken the first step toward approving a global tobacco treaty that promises to help control the deadly effects of tobacco use throughout the world. Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson signed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) this week at the United Nations. The Senate must still approve the treaty before the US can implement its provisions.

2 The FCTC was developed by the World Health Organization and approved by members of the World Health Assembly，including the United States，last year. Countries that ratify it would be required to enact strict tobacco control policies.

3 For instance, cigarettes sold in those countries would have to have health warnings on at least 30% of the front and back of every pack. The treaty calls for higher tobacco taxes, restrictions on smoking in public places, and more promotion of tobacco prevention and cessation programs. It also requires bans on tobacco advertising, though there are some exceptions for countries like the United States, where the Constitution prohibits such an outright ban.

4 The impact of the treaty could be huge. The World Health Organization estimates that tobacco use kills nearly

5 million people worldwide every year. In the US alone, about 440,000 people die each year from tobacco-related illnesses; about one-third of all cancers in the US are caused by tobacco use. If current trends continue, WHO estimates, by 2025 tobacco will kill 10 million people each year.

5 The treaty must be ratified by at least 40 countries before it can take effect. So far，109 countries have signed it, and 12 have ratified it.

词汇：

ratify vt 批准;认可

enact vt.使(法案等）成为法律；通过(法案等）；颁布(法令等）

cessation n.停止，休止

advertising n.做广告,登广告

prohibit v.禁止;不准

outright adj.完全的,彻底的

注释：

1.The United States has taken the first step toward approving a global tobacco treaty that promises to help control the deadly effects of tobacco use throughout the world.美国朝着批准一项全球性烟草协议迈出了第一步。该协议有望在世界范围内控制使用烟草所产生的致命性影响。

2.Countries that ratify it would be required to enact strict tobacco control policies.批准该协议的国家将被要求制定严格的烟草控制政策。

3.For instance, cigarettes sold in those countries would have to have health warnings on at least 30% of the front and back of every pack.例如，在那些国家出售的香烟将必须在每包烟正反面至少30%的地方注明吸烟有害健康的警告。

练习：

1. Paragraph 2______

2. Paragraph 3______

3. Paragraph 4_____

4. Paragraph 5_____

A What the FCTC Demands

B US Signing of the FCTC

C Opposition to the FCTC

D How the FCTC Came into Being

E What the FCTC Will Bring about

F Ratification of the FCTC

5.Signing the FCTC is only the first step toward__________.

6.Countries that ratify the FCTC will have to, among other things, __________.

7. It is hoped that the FCTC will greatly help to reduce deaths__________.

8.Much more countries have signed the FCTC than those that__________.

A have ratified it

B approving it

C implement its provisions

D restrict smoking in public places

E caused by tobacco use

F including higher tobacco taxes

答案与题解：

1.B文章第一段主要讲美国朝着批准一项全球性烟草协议迈出了第一步，这一步指的就是美国本周在联合国签署了烟草控制框架性协议(FCTC)—事。

2.D文章第二段简要介绍了烟草控制框架性协议的形成过程。

3.A文章第三段列举了烟草控制框架性协议的一些具体要求。

4.E文章第四段通过列举吸烟所造成的危害旨在说明实施烟草控制框架性协议将产生的影响。

5.B通过文章的第一句可知，签署烟草控制框架性协议只是批准该协议的第一步。

6.D文章第二段说，通过烟草控制框架性协议的国家必须实施严格的烟草控制措施,而文章的第三段便列举了具体应实施的措施，其中便包括限制在公共场所吸烟。

7.E文章第四段的第一句说，实施烟草控制框架性协议将产生巨大的影响。接下来便列举了吸烟所造成的巨大危害。可见人们希望该协议的实施将大大减少吸烟所造成的危害，尤其是大量的死亡。

8.A从文章的第五段可知，签署烟草控制框架性协议的国家的数量大大超过通过该协议的国家的数量。

译文：美国签订了全球烟草协议

美国朝着批准一项全球性烟草协议迈出了第一步。该协议有望在世界范围内控制使用烟草所产生的致命性影响。卫生和人类服务大臣托米?汤普森本周在联合国签署了烟草控制框架性协议（FCTC)。在美国能够实施其条款之前参议院还必须要批准这个协议。

FCTC是由世界卫生组织制定的，并且是由世界卫生大会的成员们去年批准的，其中包括美国。批准该协议的国家将被要求制定严格的烟草控制政策。

例如，在那些国家出售的香烟将必须在每包烟的正反面至少30%的地方注明吸烟有害健康的警告。这个协议呼吁对烟草收取更多的税，限制在公共场所吸烟和进一步推动禁止烟草的计划。它还要求禁止烟草广告，但是对像美国这样的国家有例外，这些国家的宪法禁止这么直率的禁令。

这个协议的影响可能是巨大的。世界卫生组织估计世界上每年有500万人因为吸烟而死亡。仅在美国，每年大约有44万人死于与烟草相关的疾病；美国所有的癌症中约有1/3是因为吸烟导致的。如果目前的趋势持续的话，世界卫生组织估计，到2025年烟草将每年夺取一千万人的生命。

这个协议至少被40个国家批准才能生效。到目前为止，109个国家已经签订了这个协议，12个国家已经批准了它。

第六篇How We Form First Impression

1We all have first impression of someone we just met. But why? Why do we form an opinion about someone without really knowing anything about him or her — aside perhaps from a few remarks or readily observable traits.

2The answer is related to how your brain, allows you to be aware of the world. Your brain is so sensitive in picking up facia l traits, even very minor difference in how a person‘s eyes, ears, nose, or mouth are placed in relation to each other makes you see him or her as different1. In fact, your brain continuously processes incoming sensory information — the sights and sounds of your world. These incoming ―signals‖ are compared against2 a host of ―memories‖ stored in the brain areas called the cortex system to determine what these new signals ―mean.‖

3If you see someone you know and like at school3, your brain says ―familiar and safe. ??If you see someone new, it says, ―new —potentially threatening.‖ Then your brain starts to match features of this stranger with other ―known‖ memories；The height, weight, dress, ethnicity,

gestures, and tone of voice are all matched up. The more unfamiliar the characteristics, the more your brain may say, ―This is new. I don‘t like this person.‖ Or else, ―I‘m intrigued. ―Or your brain may perceive a new face but familiar clothes, ethnicity, gestures — like your other friends；so your brain says: ―I like this person.‖ But these preliminary ―impressions‖ can be dead wrong4.

4When we stereotype people, we use a less mature form of thinking（not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child）that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others. Rather than leam about the depth and breadth of people — their history, interest, values, strengths, and true character — we categorize them as jocks, geeks, or freaks.

5However, if we resist initial stereotypical impressions, we have a chance to be aware of what a person is truly like. If we spend time with a person, hear about his or her life, hopes, dreams, and become aware of the person‘s character, we use a different, more mature style of thinking — and the most complex areas of our cortex, which allow us to be humane.

词汇：

trait 特点，特征，特性

host 一大群，许多simplistic 过分单纯化的

categorical 绝对的jock 骗子

geek 反常的人stereotype 对……产生成见

humane 有人情味的，人文的sensory 感官的，感觉的

cortex 脑皮层ethnicity n．种族特点

intrigue 激起兴趣freak 怪人

注释：

1．Your brain is so sensitive in picking up facial traits, even very minor difference in how a person‘s eyes, ears, nose, or mouth are placed in relation to each other makes you see him or her as different：从even开始到as different是个结果状语从句，相当于that even very minor ... .，而that是与主句中的so呼应的。

2．against：和……对比

3．If you see someone you know and like at school ...：如果你在学校里看见某个你认识而且喜欢的人…… like在这里是动词。

4．dead wrong：相当于completely wrong。dead wrong是口语表达用语。

练习：

1．Paragraph 2 ________

2．Paragraph 3 ________

3．Paragraph 4 ________

4．Paragraph 5 ________

A Ways of Departure from Immature and Simplistic Impressions

B Comment on First Impression

C Illustration of First Impression

D Comparing Incoming Sensory Information against Memories

E Threatening Aspect of First Impressions

F Differences among Jocks, Greeks and Freaks

5．Sensory information is one that is perceived through ________.

6．You interpret by comparing it against the memories already stored in your brain ________.

7．The way we stereotype people is a less mature form of thinking, which is similar to ________.

8．We can use our more mature style of thinking thanks to ________.

A a stranger‘s less mature type of thinking

B the most complex areas of our cortex

C the immature form of thinking of a very young child

D the meaning of incoming sensory information

E the sights and sounds of the world

F an opportunity to analyze different forms of thinking

答案与题解：

1．D本段叙述的是人脑解读感官信息的过程。

2．C本段举例说明第一印象解读的过程，将第二段叙述的内容具体化。

3．B本段对第一印象进行了评论，说第一印象不成熟，simplistic and categorical。

4．A本段说如果我们与某个人多接触，了解他的生活、希望、梦想和性格特征，我们对该人的认识就不会停留在第一印象的阶段，而是进入一个更深的层次。

5．E选E的依据在第二段的第三句。

6．D选D的依据在第二段的最后两句。sensory information的意思就是information perceived through sensory organs（视觉、听觉、味觉、触觉、嗅觉等）。

7．C选C的依据在第四段的第一句，该句是：When we stereotype people, we use a less mature form of thinking（not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child）that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others.

8．B选B的依据在第五段第二句。

译文：对别人的第一印象是怎样形成的

对刚刚遇到的人我们都会留下第一印象，为什么？为什么我们会对一无所知的人形成自己的印象——除去一些描述或显而易见的特征？

这与你的大脑如何感知世界是息息相关的。大脑对面部特征十分敏感，即使是每个人在眼睛、耳朵或嘴部的细小差异也会使大脑察觉到其不同之处。实际上，大脑一直在不断地对接收到的感官信息进行处理——包括影像和声音。大脑将这些―信号‖与储存在脑皮层系统的大量―记忆‖相比较以便确定这些新收到的信号的―意思‖。

如果你在学校看到某个你认识而且喜欢的人，你的大脑会做出―熟悉安全‖的判断；如果你看见了一个陌生的人，你的大脑会告诉你―陌生，有潜在的威胁‖，紧接着你的大脑会开始将这个陌生人的特征与―已知‖的记忆进行比较，包指身高、体重、穿着、种族、手势以及音调等等。特征越不相符，大脑越会告诫你，―这是陌生人，我不喜欢这个人‖，或―我很好奇‖。大脑也可能观察到一张新面孔，但却有着熟悉的穿着、种族特征和手势——像你的朋友，这时大脑会告诉你―我喜欢这个人‖。但这些第一印象却可能是完全错误的。

当区分人时，我们使用一种欠成熟的思维方式（与小孩子不成熟的想法一样）去对别人做出简单并且范畴化的判断。（这佯的后果是）我们将人区分为骗子、反常的人或怪人，而不是对人的深度和广度，即历史、兴趣、价值、力量或真正的性格有所了解。

但是，如果对模式化的第一印象加以抑制，我们就会有机会对一个人有真正的了解。如果我们花一些时间与一个人在一起，倾听他或她的生活、希望和梦想，了解了这个人的性格，我们才会用一种不同的、更成熟的方式去思考——即用脑皮层中最复杂的区域进行思考，而这会使我们更富有人情味。

第七篇How to Argue with Your Boss

1 Before you argue with your boss, check with the boss's secretary to determine his mood. If he ate nails for breakfast1, it is not a good idea to ask him for something. Even without the boss's secretary, there are keys to timing2: don't approach the boss when he's on deadline3; don't go in right before lunch, when he is apt to be distracted and rushed4; don't go in just before or after he has taken a vacation.

2 If you're mad, that will only make your boss mad. Calm down first. And don't let a particular concern open the floodgates for all your accumulated frustration5. The boss will feel that you think negatively about the company and it is hopeless trying to change your mind. Then, maybe he will dismiss you.

3 Terrible disputes can result when neither the employer nor the employee knows what is the problem the other wants to discuss. Sometimes the fight will go away when the issues are made clear. The employee has to get his point across clearly in order to make the boss understand it6.

4 Your boss has enough on his mind without your adding more7. If you can't put forward an immnediate solution, at least suggest how to approach the problem. People who frequently present problems without solutions to their bosses may soon find they can't get past the secretary8.

5 To deal effectively with a boss, it's important to consider his goals and pressures. If you can put yourself in the position of being a partner to the boss, then he will be naturally more inclined to work with you to achieve your goals9.

词汇：

mood 心情apt 易于……的，有……倾向的

concern 所关注的事情negatively 负面地

dismiss 解雇dispute 争论

issue 所争论的事情，争论的焦点solution /解决办法

inclined 倾向于……的，有……意向的

注释：

1. …ate nails for breakfast: ……早饭吃了钉子。比喻情绪很糟糕。

2. …there are keys to timing: ……在选择时间方面有窍门。key：秘诀；线索。timing：选择时间；时间安排。

3. ... don't approach the boss when he's on deadline: ……别在老板赶期限时去找他。deadline: （某项工作必须完成的）最后期限。

4. …, when he is apt to be distracted and rushed. ……，这时他最易走神，匆忙行事。apt：易于……的，有……倾向的。

5.…don't let a particular concern open the floodgates for all your accumulate d frustration. ……别让某件特别的事情打开你积怨的闸门。accumulated frustration：积累起来的烦恼。

6.The employee has to get his point across clearly in order to make the boss understand it．雇员必须清楚地传达他的观点，让老板明白。get his point across：把他的观点传达给对方。

7.Your boss has enough on his mind without your adding more．即使你不给老板添麻烦，他要考虑的事也已经够多的了。

8. ... they can't get past the secretary. ……他们连秘书那一关也过不了。

9.If you can put yourself in the position of being a partner to the boss, then he will be naturallymore inclined to work with you to achieve your goals．如果你能把自己摆在老板的合伙人的位置上，他自然会愿意与你合作，达到你的目的。be inclined to：倾向于，想要。

练习：

1.Paragraph 2_________

2.Paragraph 3_________

3.Paragraph 4_________

4.Paragraph 5_________

A Keep Your V oice Low All the Time

B Put Yourself in the Boss's Position

C Propose Your Solution

D Don't Go in When You Are Angry

E Make the Issue Clear

F Never Give in

5.If you want to ask the boss for anything, it is important to find out first_________.

6.It is necessary to make clear to the boss_________.

7.It is not wise to present the boss with a problem_________.

8.You must be consilerate and think of the troules_________.

A to give the boss your advice.

B how he is feeling

C the boss may have

D what you really want to talk to him about

E without suggestipg.a way to solve it

F how unhappy you are

答案与题解：

1.D 本段的中心思想是，如果你在自己心情不好时去找老板会把事情弄得更糟。

2.E 本段的中心思想是，双方都应清楚对方想要说什么。

3.C 本段的中心思想是，在提出问题时也要提出问题的解决办法。

4.B 本段的中心思想是，应该从老板的位置看问题，设身处地，老板才会愿意帮助你。

5.B 从语法上看，这里需要的是个宾语，现在填入的是一个宾语从句，本句的意义和文章第一段的第一句话相同。

6.D 这句话需要填入的是动词make的宾语，现在填入的是what引导的宾语从句。

7E 只提出问题，不建议解决方法是不聪明的，这个意思在第四段里讲到了。

8.C. the troubles需要有限定或修饰成分，故填入一个定语从句。

译文：怎样与老板争论

在你与老板争论以前，先去老板秘书那里问一下老板的情绪，如果他情绪很糟，去向他提要求可不是一个好主意。即使没有老板的秘书，在选择时间方面也有窍门：别在老板赶期限时去找他；别在午饭前去找他，因为这时他最易走神，匆忙行事；别在他度假前后去找他。

如果你快发疯了，只会使你的老板也气疯。先平静一下。别让某件特别的事情打开你积怨的闸门。老板会认为，你对公司持完全否定的态度，而且无法改变你的观点。接下来，你可能要被开除。

当雇主和雇员双方都不明白对方要说什么时，会发生可怕的争执。有时问题弄清时，矛盾也就消除了。雇员必须清楚地传达他的观点，让老板明白。

即使你不给老板添麻烦，他要考虑的事也已经够多的了。如果你无法提出直接的解决方案，至少要表明怎样对待此问题。那些经常给老板提问题，而不提出解决方案的人会发现他们连秘书那一关也过不了。

要想和老板相处融洽，多考虑他的目标和压力非常重要。如果你能把自己摆在老板的合伙人的位置上，他自然会愿意与你合作，达到你的目的。

第八篇Screen Test

1. Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. If this happens early enough, the disease can often be treated successfully. According to a, survey

published last year, 21 countries have screening programmes. Nine of them, including Australia, Canada, the US and Spain, screen women under 50.

2. But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial, partly because the radiation brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue is denser.

3. Researchers at the Polytechnic University1 of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160, 000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the women‘s cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause.

4. The mathematical model recommended by Britain‘s Nationa l Radiological Protection Board (NRPB)predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers.

5. The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is ―not very significant‖ compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. The Valencia programme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened.

6. But they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45, because they would be exposed to less radiatio n. The results of their study, they suggest, could help ―optimise the technique‖ for breast cancer screening.

7. ―There is a trade-off between the diagnostic benefits of breast screening and its risks,‖ admits Michael Clark of the NRPB. But he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. ―On the basis of the current data, for every 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of causing one later in life. That‘s why radiation exposure should be minimised in any screening pro gramme.‖

词汇：

polytechnic 多工艺的cumulative 递增的

radiological 放射性的contract 感染

optimize最大限度地完善trade-off n.平衡

注释：

Polytechnic University:理工大学

练习：

1.Paragraph 2 ________________

2.Paragraph 3 ________________

3.Paragraph 4 ________________

4.Paragraph 5 ________________

A Harm Screening May Do to a Younger Woman

B Investigating the Effect of Screening

C Effects Predicted by Two Different Models

D Small Risk of Inducing Cancers from Radiation

E Treatment of Cancers

F Factors That Trigger Cancers

5.Early discovery of breast cancer may________________.

6.Advantages of screening women under 50 are________________.

7.Delaying the age at which screening starts may________________.

8.Radiation exposure should be ________________.

A be costly

B harmful

C save a life

D still open to debate

E reduce the risk of radiation triggering a cancer

F reduced to the minimum

答案与题解：

1.A A说的是:用X射线检查可能对年轻女人不好。下面是第二段讲的意思:但是,用X射线检查年轻女人,就医学上的好处而论,是有争议的,部分原因是辐射有诱发癌症的小小的危险。另外,年轻女人乳房组织紧密,给予的X射线的剂量要多一些。

2.B B说的是:调查用X射线检查的结果。第三段的第一句话是这么说的:Valencia理工大学的研究人员分析了11个社区诊所用X射线检查16万以上女人的结果。

3.C C说的是:两种不同的模型预测的结果。第四段讲的是,两种不同的数学模型在预测用X射线检査女人诱发癌症的结果是不一样的。C概括了这段话。

4.D D说的是:辐射诱发癌症的危险是很小的。第五段的第一句话是这么说的:The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is ―not very significant‖ compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated.研究人员争辩说,与发现后接受治疗的癌症数字相比,由辐射诱发癌症的数字是很小的。

5.C C与题干生成:Early discovery of breast cancer may save a life.乳腺癌发现得早也许能挽救生命。答案可以从第一段中找到。

6.D D 与题干生成:Advantages of screening women under 50 are still open to debate.对50岁以下的女人用X射线检查的好处仍然是有争议的。第二段的第一个句子是这么说的:But

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