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Gesture-Based Interaction and Communication Automated Classification of Hand Gesture Contours

Gesture-Based Interaction and Communication Automated Classification of Hand Gesture Contours
Gesture-Based Interaction and Communication Automated Classification of Hand Gesture Contours

Gesture-Based Interaction and Communication:

Automated Classification of Hand Gesture Contours

Lalit Gupta and Suwei Ma

Abstract—The accurate classification of hand gestures is crucial in the development of novel hand gesture based systems designed for human com-puter interaction(HCI)and for human alternative and augmentative com-munication(HAAC).A complete vision-based system consisting of hand gesture acquisition,segmentation,filtering,representation,and classifica-tion is developed to robustly classify hand gestures.The algorithms in the subsystems are formulated or selected to optimally classify hand gestures. The gray scale image of a hand gesture is segmented using a histogram thresholding algorithm.A morphological filtering approach is designed to effectively remove background and object noise in the segmented image. The contour of a gesture is represented by a localized contour sequence whose samples are the perpendicular distances between the contour pixels and the chord connecting the end-points of a window centered on the con-tour pixels.Gesture similarity is determined by measuring the similarity between the localized contour sequences of the gestures.Linear alignment and nonlinear alignment are developed to measure the similarity between the localized contour sequences.Experiments and evaluations on a subset of American Sign Language(ASL)hand gestures show that,by using non-linear alignment,no gestures are misclassified by the system.Additionally, it is also estimated that real-time gesture classification is possible through the use of a high-speed PC,high-speed digital signal processing chips,and code optimization.

Index Terms—Contours,hand gestures,morphological filtering align-ment,segmentation.

I.I NTRODUCTION

This paper describes the design and implementation of a vi-sion-based hand gesture classification(VHGC)system which can be used for novel human-computer-interaction(HCI)applications and for human alternative and augmentative communication(HAAC) applications.The main approaches for analyzing and classifying hand gestures for HCI and HAAC applications include glove-based techniques and vision-based techniques.The glove-based techniques use sensors to measure the positions of the fingers and the position of the hand in real-time.However,gloves tend to be quite expensive and the weight of the glove as well as the cables of the associated measuring equipment hinders free movement of the hand.The vision-based techniques are usually glove-free and can be divided into the three-dimensional(3-D)and the two-dimensional(2-D) approaches.In the3-D approach,gesture classification is based upon the parameters of a3-D model of the human hand.Gesture classification is based upon the parameters of an image of the gesture in the2-D approach.Because3-D hand models are quite complex, the classification of gestures from parameters derived from3-D models is computationally extensive making real-time classification difficult.The2-D models are relatively less complex than the3-D models.However,2-D models do not carry the finger movement and finger position information required for the classification of complex dynamic gestures.Therefore,the2-D approach is restricted to the less complex problem of classifying well-defined static gestures. References[1]–[4]contain notable work in addressing issues and developing methodologies to solve problems related to vision based Manuscript received January31,2000;revised January26,2001.This paper was recommended by Associate Editor R.A.Hess.

The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering,Southern Illi-nois University,Carbondale,IL62901USA(e-mail:gupta@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/2b6479304.html,). Publisher Item Identifier S

1094-6977(01)03531-3.

Fig.1.Vision-based hand gesture classification system.

hand gesture classification.Additionally,[5]contains an excellent

review of the advantages,limitations,applications,and vision based

approaches for hand gesture classification.A thorough review of

glove-based methods is contained in[6].The proceedings of the

International Workshop on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition,

Zurich,Switzerland,1995,also contains valuable information on

vision-and glove-based analysis and classification methods.

The VHGC system described in this paper is designed to be capable

of classifying static hand gestures for real-time HCI and HAAC appli-

cations.Although the use of static hand gestures may appear restric-

tive,the potential applications for the VHGC system are,in fact,quite

numerous.This is because a single gesture may represent a single com-

mand or a sequence of commands,a single word or a sequence of words

to form a phrase,and single alphanumeric character or a collection of

alphanumeric characters.Additionally,just two gestures representing

dichotomous options such as“yes”and“no”can be used to build a

rather complex hierarchical sequence of control and communication

commands.As a result,general examples of the potential applications

of the VHGC system include:

2)the remote control of devices and household appliances by dis-

abled individuals;

3)a means for communications for vocally impaired individuals;

4)the execution of commands by a computer system.

II.S YSTEM D ESCRIPTION AND O PERATIONAL F LOWCHART

The VHGC system is shown in Fig.1.The relatively simple system

consists of a single video camera to acquire an image of a gesture and an

HP586-200MHz personal computer for processing and classifying the

gesture.The Video Savant?real-time video software for Windows NT

is used for the real-time acquisition,sampling,quantizing,and storing

of the gestures.Static hand gestures are represented by their contours

(discrete boundaries)and the similarity between gestures is determined

by measuring the similarity between contour representations.An oper-

ational flowchart of the processing steps,which will be described in the

subsequent sections,is shown in Fig.2.The algorithms for the segmen-

tation,filtering,representation,and classification steps were developed

using the C++programming language.

In operation,hand gestures are formed between the front of the video

camera and a uniform background in a laboratory with florescent lights

in the ceiling.No additional illumination sources are used.Individuals

are instructed to form gestures in front of the camera with no restric-

tions on the distance between the hand and the camera nor any strict

restrictions in the orientation of the hand in the plane parallel to the

camera.The individuals,however,are instructed to keep the hands ap-

proximately parallel to the camera lens in order to maintain the gesture

shape.

1094–6977/01$10.00?2001IEEE

Fig.2.Operational flowchart of the VHGC system.

For system development and off-line testing,ten gestures from the American Sign Language(ASL)were selected.These gestures were selected because they are typical of the hand gestures that can be used for HCI and HAAC applications.Five individuals,not trained in ASL, were instructed to form,twice,each of the ten gestures and a database of(521022)=100gestures was generated.The spatial resolution of the uniformly sampled gesture image was selected as(l282l28)and the amplitudes were quantized into256gray levels.

Examples of one gesture from each of the ten gesture classes are shown in Fig.3.Hereafter,gesture k;k=1;2;111;K,from class m, m=1;2;111;M,will be denoted by g m;k(x;y),where(K=10) is the number of gestures in each class and(M=l0)is the number of gesture classes.Fig.4shows examples of five gestures,each made by a different individual,from class1in the data base.Observe the within-class temporal variations which occur because very few restric-tions were imposed on forming the gestures.The temporal variations include changes in the position,orientation,dimension,and the shape of the gestures in the images.

III.G ESTURE S EGMENTATION

The goal of gesture segmentation is to extract the hand gesture as accurately as possible from the background of the image.That is,the segmented hand gesture should not have parts of the background due to under segmentation nor should it have parts of the hand deleted due to over segmentation.In general,the selection of an appropriate segmen-tation algorithm depends largely on the type of images and the appli-cation areas.Because the laboratory environment(lighting conditions) of the VHGC system is fixed,an autonomous segmentation algorithm which gives good segmentation results in the laboratory

environment Fig.3.Examples of one gesture from each gesture

class.

Fig.4.Examples of five gestures belonging to class1.

and is also computational simple can be selected.The Otsu segmenta-tion algorithm[7]was tested and found to give good segmentation re-sults for the hand gestures and was,therefore,selected.Briefly,the Otsu segmentation algorithm is a gray level thresholding algorithm based on discriminant analysis.The algorithm treats the segmentation of a gray scale image into a binary image as a classification problem in which the two classes(in this case,hand and background)are generated from the set of pixels within the gray scale https://www.sodocs.net/doc/2b6479304.html,ing a threshold T for an image with L gray levels,the image is segmented in two classes 0=f1;2;111;T g and 1=f T+1;T+2;111;L g.The optimum threshold T3is determined as that value of T which maximizes the ratio of the between-class variance 2B to the total variance 2T.If the number of pixels at gray level i is denoted by n i and the total number of pixels is N,then,for a given T,the between class variance and the total variance are defined and computed as follows:

2B=!0( 00 T)2+!1( 10 T)2

2T=

L

i=1

P i;!1=

L

i=1

(iP i)=!0; 1=

L

i=1

(iP i)

P i=n i

=N;

i=1

P i=

1

Fig.5.Examples of segmentation.

segmenting images g1;5(x;y)and g3;5(x;y)using the segmentation algorithm are shown in Fig.5.The hand pixels are assigned“1”and the background pixels are assigned“0.”

The Otsu algorithm was also tested for small variations in the lighting conditions of the laboratory and it was found that although the threshold changed,the segmentation result was not adversely affected. That is,there were only minor changes in the segmented gesture mainly because of the uniform background.Algorithms designed to segment diverse images[8]can be employed to accurately segment gestures in varying backgrounds,however,such algorithms tend to be computationally extensive.

IV.M ORPHOLOGICAL F ILTERING

A close examination of the segmented gesture images revealed that the segmentation was seldom perfect.That is,as evident in Fig.5,the background may have ls(background noise)and the gesture may have 0s(object noise).The background noise and object noise can cause problems in extracting the contour of the gesture,especially when they are close to the contour.It is,therefore,desirable to decrease the back-ground noise and object noise prior to the extraction of the gesture con-tour.A morphological filtering[9]approach using a sequence of dila-tion and erosion operations was developed to obtain a smooth,closed, and complete contour of a gesture.In general,the dilation and erosion operations on a binary image A and with a structuring element

B are defined as follows.

1)Dilation:If A and B are sets in the2-D integer space Z2;x= (x1;x2)and is the empty set,then,the dilation of A by B is

A8B=f x j(^B)x\A= g

where,^B is the reflection of B.Dilation consists of obtaining the re-flection of B about its origin and then shifting this reflection by x.The dilation of A by B is the set of all x displacements such that^B and A overlap by at least one nonzero element.Set B is commonly referred to as the structuring element.

2)Erosion:The erosion of A by B is

A B=f x j(B)x A g:

That is,the erosion of A by B is the set of all points x such that B, translated by x,is contained in A.Note that dilation expands an image and erosion shrinks it.

3)Opening:The opening of set A by structuring element B is

A B=(A B)8B:

That is,the opening of A by B is simply the erosion of A by B fol-lowed by a dilation of the result by B.Opening generally smoothes the contour of an image,breaks narrow isthmuses,and eliminates thin protrusions.

4)Closing:The closing of set A by structuring element B is

A1B=(A8B) B:

That is,the closing of A by B is simply the dilation of A by B followed by the erosion of the result by B.Closing also tends to smooth

sections Fig.6.Examples of morphological filtering for noise removal.

of contours but,as opposed to opening,it generally fuses narrow breaks and long thin gulfs,eliminates small holes,and fills gaps in the contour. Fig.6shows the results of applying an opening operation followed by a closing operation on the noisy segmented images s1;5(x;y)and s3;5(x;y)shown in Fig.5to obtain gestures with smooth and com-

plete contours.For each case,the set A is the noisy segmented image and a323structuring element B of0s is used in these examples. The opening operation which is erosion followed by dilation is used to remove the background noise and the closing operation which is di-lation followed by erosion is used to remove object noise.It is seen that through morphological filtering,the resulting images f1;5(x;y) and f3;5(x;y)of the segmented gestures s1;5(x;y)and s3;5(x;y)are noise-free and the contour is an undistorted outline of the gesture.

V.C ONTOUR R EPRESENTATION

A careful examination of the filtered gestures reveals that what dis-tinguishes one gesture form another gesture is the shape of the contour. Therefore,the contour can be used as a basis for the discrimination of the hand gestures.The localized contour sequence(LCS),which has been proven to be a very effective representation of contours[10],is se-lected to represent the gesture contours.A contour tracking algorithm is used to track the contour of a gesture in the clockwise direction and the contour pixels are numbered sequentially starting from the arbitrarily selected contour pixel.If h i=(x i;y i),i=1;2;111;N,is the i th contour pixel in the sequence of N ordered contour pixels of a gesture, the i th sample h(i)of the LCS of the gesture is obtained by computing the perpendicular Euclidean distance between h i and the chord con-necting the end-points h[i0(w01)=2]and h[i+(w01)=2]of a window of size w boundary pixels(w odd)centered on h i.That is

h(i)=j u i=v i j;where

u i=x i[y i0(w01)=20y i+(w01)=2]

+y i[x i+(w01)=20x i0(w01)=2]

+[y i+(w01)=2][x i0(w01)=2]

0[y i0(w01)=2][x i+(w01)=2];and

v i=[(y i0(w01)=20yi+(w01)=2)2

+(x i0(w01)=20x i+(w01)=2)2]1=2:

The computation of h(i)is illustrated in Fig.7.A gesture f m;k(x;y) with N m;k contour pixels results in an N m;k point sequence repre-sented by h m;k(i),i=1;2;111;N m;k.The LCS has the following properties that make it attractive for representing hand gesture con-tours.

a)The LCS is not restricted by shape complexity and is,therefore,

suitable for gestures which typically have convex and concave contours.

b)The LCS can also be used to robustly represent partial contours

[10].Therefore,the representation of the visible part of the ges-

ture will not be affected when a part of the gesture is obscured because the hand is not parallel to the camera.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/2b6479304.html,putation of the samples of the LCS.

c)Because the representation does not involve derivative compu-

tations such as slopes or curvature,the representation is quite robust with respect to contour noise(random variations in the contour).

d)Increasing w tends to increase the amplitudes of the samples of

the localized contour sequence.An increase in the amplitudes has the effect of increasing the signal-to-noise ratio for a fixed contour noise level,therefore,the robustness with respect to con-tour noise can be increased by increasing w.

Because the gestures have closed boundaries,h m;k(i)may be regarded as a circular sequence.Fig.8shows the LCSs h1;5(i)and h3;5(i)of the filtered gesture f1;5(x;y)and f3;5(x;y)shown in Fig.6using w=99. To aid visual analysis,the discrete LCSs are displayed as continuous signals in the figures.

VI.L INEAR A LIGNMENT OF LCSs

Recall that during operation,no restrictions are placed on the po-sition,distance,and orientation of the gesture in front of the camera. The shape of the gesture does not change when the position,distance, and orientation of the gesture change.A change in the position of a gesture results in a translation of the gesture in the image plane.The LCS is clearly invariant to gesture translation in the image plane.The start-point is determined by locating the first contour pixel using a left-to-right and top-to-bottom scan of the image.Therefore,a change in the orientation of a gesture results in a circular shift in the samples of the LCS.The dimension of the contour is scaled when the distance of the gesture from the camera changes;therefore,the duration and the amplitude of the LCS are also scaled.However,the shape of the LCS does not change because the shape of the contour does not change.The scaling of the amplitude of the LCS can be easily normalized by di-viding the samples of the LCS by the standard deviation of the LCS. The scaling of the duration can also be easily normalized by uniformly expanding or compressing the LCS to have a fixed duration^N using a linear transformation.Invariance to shifts in the start point can be in-corporated into the classification stage by determining the position of best match using a circular shifting operation.

In the first method developed to compute the similarity between LCSs,which will be referred to as the linear alignment method,the LCSs are amplitude normalized using the standard deviation and are duration normalized using a linear transformation.That is,if the ampli-tude and duration normalized LCSs of the reference gesture of class

m Fig.8.LCSs of the contours of the gestures in Fig.6.

and a test gesture are represented by^h m(i)and^t(i),i=1;2;111;^N, respectively,then,the dissimilarity between the two LCSs can be found by first determining

D m(j)=

^

N

sequences.In nonlinear alignment,the goal is to optimally align the samples of the two sequences so that the dissimilarity between the two sequences is minimized.

In the nonlinear alignment formulation to follow,it will be assumed that the LCSs are amplitude and duration normalized as well as start-point aligned using circular shifting.Although duration normalization is not necessary in the formulation,it is incorporated so that exactly the same sequences are used in the comparison between the performances of linear and nonlinear alignment classification methods.If the ampli-tude and duration normalized LCSs of a gesture from class m and a test

gesture are now represented as ^h

m (q )and ^t (r ),q ,r =1;2;111;^N ,re-spectively,then,the samples of two sequences are optimally aligned by determining an alignment function W of the form

W =w (1);w (2);111;w (Z )

where w (z )=[i (z );j (z )].

W provides a mapping between the axes q and r via an intermediate axis z of length Z such that the overall dissimilarity between the two samples is minimized.For each w (z ),a cost d [w (z )]is assigned to reflect the discrepancy between the aligned samples.Assuming that the absolute difference is used for the cost function,the alignment function is determined such that the overall cost

Z

z =1

j ^h

m [i (z )]0^t [j (z )]j is minimized subject to the following constraints.

1)Monotonicity:The alignment function must be monotonic to preserve the natural ordering of the samples in the sequences.That is

i (z ) i (z 01)j (z ) j (z 01):

2)End-Point Alignment:The end-points (first and last samples)of the sequences must be aligned.That is

i (1)=j (1)=1

i (Z )=j (Z )=^N:3)Continuity:The alignment function must not skip any samples in the two sequences;therefore

i (z )0i (z 01) 1j (z )0j (z 01) 1:

The solution to the above optimization problem is given by solving the recursive equation

D [w (z )]=d [w (z )]+min w (z 01)

f D [w (z 01)]g

with initial conditions

D [w (1)]=d [w (1)]:

The overall dissimilarity between the two sequences after alignment is given by

D m =(1=Z )D [w (Z )]:

From the monotonicity and continuity constraints imposed on the alignment function,if w (z )=(i;j )then w (z 01)consists of [i 01;j ],[i;j 01],and [i 01;j 01]and the recursive equation becomes

D [i;j ]=d [i;j ]+min f D [i 01;j ];D [i;j 01];D [i 01;j 01]g

:

Fig.9.Amplitude and duration normalized LCSs of the gestures in Fig.3.

D [i;j ]is the dissimilarity remaining between the sequences ^h

m (q )and ^t

(r )after alignment and is referred to as the discrepancy measure.If D [i;j ]is stored in an ^Nx

2^N array,D [i;j ]is computed only for [i;j ]values in a narrow band along the diagonal of the ^N

2^N array because the optimal alignment path for sequences with similar samples tends to fluctuate in the neighborhood of the diagonal.Restricting the compu-tations in the band along the diagonal serves two important purposes.The band restricts the region of search for the optimal alignment path in a meaningful manner.That is unreasonable alignment between very dissimilar sequences (e.g.,LCSs from different gesture classes)is pre-vented.The band also reduces the number of computations required in determining the discrepancy measure.

In order to classify a test gesture represented by the LCS ^t

(r ),the discrepancy D m ,m =1;2;111;M ,between ^t

(r )and each reference gesture ^h

m (q ),m =1;2;111;M is computed.The test gesture is assigned to the class m 3given by

m 3=arg min [D m ]:

VIII.C LASSIFICATION R ESULTS

The amplitude and duration normalized LCSs of the 100gesture im-ages in the database were computed.That is,each gesture was repre-sented by its corresponding normalized LCS.The LCSs were normal-ized to have a duration equal to 516which was the average duration

of the 100LCSs.Fig.9shows the amplitude and duration normalized LCSs of the ten gestures in Fig.3.In order to robustly evaluate the per-formance,a random sampling approach was used to generate multiple classification trials.For each trial,a reference LCS for each class was randomly selected from the ten LCSs of the class.The remaining nine LCSs formed the test set for each class.Therefore,the total number of LCSs tested in each trial was (9210)=90.The probability of classi-fication error for trial number j was estimated as

p j =(total number of LCSs misclassified in trial j=90):

The overall probability of misclassification was estimated as

p e =(1=J )

J

TABLE I

C LASSIFICATION R ESULTS AN

D P ROBABILITY OF M ISCLASSIFICATION U SING

N ONLINEAR A

LIGNMENT

TABLE II

C LASSIFICATION R ESULTS AN

D P ROBABILITY OF M ISCLASSIFICATION U SING

N ONLINEAR A

LIGNMENT

of the tables.The results show that the performance of the nonlinear alignment classification method is superior to that of the linear align-ment method.

There are two factors that need to be considered in the development of gesture based classification systems for HCI and HAAC applica-tions.The first,which is the goal of this paper,is to demonstrate that the gestures can be classified accurately by the system.This has been demonstrated clearly by the results shown in Table II.The next is to demonstrate that the gestures can be classified in real-time.The seg-mentation,morphological filtering,LCS computation,and the align-ment classification algorithms were coded in the C++programming language.No attempt was made to optimize the code.Additionally,the gesture images are read from the hard drive during operation because the video capturing software is designed to store the images directly onto the hard drive.Clearly,the system is not optimized with respect to the classification speed.It took 20s to classify each gesture using linear alignment.It took 30s to classify each gesture when nonlinear alignment was used in a band of nine samples centered along the di-agonal.Both methods incorporated start-point normalization by deter-mining the best match using ten circular shifts centered on the initially detected start point.The computations involved in the segmentation,filtering,LCS,start-point normalization,and the nonlinear alignment algorithms are typical of the computations that can be performed quite rapidly using available high-speed processors and high-speed digital signal processing chips.Further reductions in the classification time are also possible through the development of a buffer-based image cap-turing system and code optimization.It is,therefore,estimated that sig-nificant reductions in the classification time are possible if the VHGC system is developed using high-speed processors,buffer-based acqui-sition,and code optimization,thus,making real-time gesture classifi-cation possible.

IX.C ONCLUSION

The goal of the paper was to develop a complete system capable of robustly classifying hand gestures for HCI and HAAC applications.From a visual analysis of hand gestures,it was determined that essen-tial shape information for discriminating gestures was in the boundary of the gestures.Therefore,a contour and vision based classification approach was formulated.The relatively simple system consisted of a video camera,video capturing software,and a personal computer.For flexible operation,no constraint other than holding the gesture approx-imately parallel to the camera lens was imposed.The processing steps to classify a gesture included gesture acquisition,segmentation,mor-phological filtering,contour representation,and alignment based clas-sification.Rather than forming an arbitrary set of gestures,the database for off-line evaluation consisted of the gestures for numbers 0through 9of the ASL.These gestures were selected because they are typical of the hand gestures that can be used for HCI and HAAC applications.The ten-class database consisted of ten example gestures for each class.The Otsu algorithm was selected to autonomously segment the ges-ture images and a morphological filtering approach was developed to remove background and object noise.The contour of a gesture was represented by the LCS and a linear alignment and a nonlinear align-ment method were formulated to determine the similarity between two LCSs.The classification results showed that no misclassifications were obtained using nonlinear alignment even though the within-class vari-ations were high because the gestures were formed by individuals not trained in ASL and with few constraints.The performance of the non-linear alignment method was superior to that of the linear alignment method because,unlike linear alignment which simply uniformly ex-pands or compresses the duration of a sequence,nonlinear alignment optimally aligns the samples of two sequences to minimize the dissim-ilarity between the sequences.Nonlinear alignment is clearly the better choice for classifying hand gestures because of the inherent nonlinear distortions that can be expected in the contours of the gestures.

The main goal was to show that robust classification of hand ges-tures is possible using the system developed in this paper.No attempt was made to optimize the code nor was any attempt made to use the fastest available processors.For the system to be successfully applied to the potentially numerous real-time HCI and HAAC applications,the hand gestures should not only be classified accurately but must also be classified rapidly.It is estimated that if the system is developed using a high-speed PC with high-speed digital signal processing chips,images are read directly from a buffer,and the code for the processing steps is optimized,gestures can be classified fast enough to make real-time ap-plications possible.Additionally,through the further reduction in clas-sification time,the VHGC could be extended to classify dynamic ges-tures represented by sequences of static gestures.

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Nonparametric Genetic Clustering:Comparison of Validity

Indices

Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay and Ujjwal Maulik Abstract—Variable string length genetic algorithm(GA)is used for developing a novel nonparametric clustering technique when the number of clusters is not fixed a priori.Chromosomes in the same population may now have different lengths since they encode different number of clusters. The crossover operator is redefined to tackle the concept of variable string length.Cluster validity index is used as a measure of the fitness of a chromosome.The performance of several cluster validity indices,namely, Davies–Bouldin(DB)index,Dunn’s index,two of its generalized versions and a recently developed index,in appropriately partitioning a data set, are compared.

Index Terms—Clustering,cluster validity,Davies–Bouldin(DB)index, generalized Dunn’s index,genetic algorithms(GAs),pattern recognition.

I.I NTRODUCTION

Genetic algorithms(GAs)[1],[2]are randomized search and opti-mization techniques guided by the principles of evolution and natural genetics,and have a large amount of implicit parallelism.They provide near optimal solutions of an objective or fitness function in complex, large,and multimodal landscapes.In GAs the parameters of the search space are encoded in the form of strings(or,chromosomes).A fitness function is associated with each string that represents the degree of goodness of the solution encoded in it.Biologically inspired operators like selection,crossover,and mutation are used over a number of gen-erations for generating potentially better strings.

Clustering[3],[4]is a popular unsupervised pattern classification technique which partitions the input space into K regions based on some similarity/dissimilarity metric where the value of K may or may not be known a priori.The aim of any clustering technique is to evolve Manuscript received June23,2000;revised December22,2000.This paper was recommended by Associate Editor V.Kolmanovskii.

S.Bandyopadhyay is with the Machine Intelligence Unit,Indian Statistical Institute,Calcutta,India(e-mail:sanghami@isical.ac.in).

U.Maulik is with the Department of Computer Science&Tech-nology,Kalyani Government Engineering College,Kalyani,India(e-mail: ujjwal_maulik@kucse.wb.nic.in).

Publisher Item Identifier S1094-6977(01)03532-5.a partition matrix U(X)of the given data set X(consisting of,say,n patterns,X=f x1;x2;...;x n g)such that

n

k=1

u kj=1for j=1;...;n and

K

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二、陶渊明作品欣赏 (一)陶渊明的诗歌:平淡自然、内容平实、意境浑融 1、《和郭主簿》 蔼蔼堂前林,中夏贮清阴。凯风因时来,回飙开我襟。息交游闲业,卧起弄书琴。园疏有余滋,旧谷犹储今。营己良有极,过足非所钦。舂秫作美酒,酒熟吾自斟。弱子戏我侧,学语未成音。此事真复乐,聊用忘华簪。遥遥望白云,怀古一何深。 本诗写出了作者归园生活的闲适愉悦,在平和自然的语言中层层传递着作者内心油然的快乐,抒发了他内心怀古之幽情。全诗所写都是农村常见的平常之景和日常生活之景,所用也都是极朴素平淡的语言,但带给我们的是深厚的真情和无穷的回味,体现了陶渊明田园诗平淡自然,又淡而有味,意蕴醇厚的特点。此诗具有陶诗典型风格特征,在看似平淡的叙写之中,蕴含幽美而和谐的意境,生动表现了一代高人的胸襟和情趣。 2、《饮酒》 结庐在人境,而无车马喧。问君何能尔,心远地自偏。采菊东篱下,悠然见南山。山气日夕佳,飞鸟相与还,此中有真意,欲辩已忘言。 静谧的山林与倦飞的鸟儿与诗人问答,这时作者的心境不是用语言所能描述的。诗人不愿与世俗同流,极力向往自然和田园生活的愿望也可表现一斑。寥寥数字将人对生活的态度、对自然的热爱、对事物的描写、对世事的鄙视,表现得一览无余。 隐居田园的陶渊明积极参与劳动,自力更生,这在当时与统治阶级倡导的“耻农”思想是背离的,他歌唱劳动者,赞美劳动,他不被世俗所接受。他的很多诗中充满了对封建统冶阶级的鄙视和憎恶, 3、《归园田居》 少无适俗韵,性本爱丘山。误落尘网中,一去三十年。羁鸟恋旧林,池鱼思故渊。开荒南野际,守拙归园田。方宅十余亩,草屋八九间。榆柳荫后檐,桃李罗堂前。暧暧远人村,依依墟里烟。狗吠深巷中,鸡鸣桑树

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采购数量可根据销售预测,定购2-3个月的所需的量。 6.茶食与茶食碟茶食可选择黑瓜子、白瓜子、葡萄干、开心果等。茶食碟可根据茶艺馆的风格和个人爱好到市场上选购。 7.其他物品如报刊杂志和书籍、棋类等。 (二)证照办理 茶艺馆开业前需办理的证照有: ①消防安全合格证。 ②卫生许可证、健康证。 ③公共场所经营许可证。 ④营业执照。 ⑤税务登记证(并领取发票)。 (三)服务定价与菜谱 定价的内容包括:服务价格、茶叶价格、茶点价格等。定价时要充分考虑周围茶艺馆的定价情况,从而使所定价格具有比较强的竞争力。 茶谱的形式多种多样,有仿古式、菜谱式、活页式、单项式等。菜谱的设计要与茶艺馆的风格相适应。 (四)服装定置 不同风格的茶艺馆对服装的要求有所不同,这要视茶艺馆的具体情况而定。大多数茶艺馆是以民族风格的服装为主。

《茶馆》教学案例 (4)

《茶馆》教案 一、教学目标 1、感知剧情和人物形象,认识清末民族危机和社会危机。 2、把握走马灯式的结构特点,学习别开生面的创新精神。 3、欣赏老舍的语言艺术。 二、教学重点 1、感知剧情和人物形象,认识清末民族危机和社会危机。 2、欣赏老舍的语言艺术。 三、课时安排 第一课时精读课文,把握剧情。 第二课时分析主要人物,揣摩结构艺术。 第三课时朗读品味,欣赏语言艺术。 四、教学过程 第一课时 《茶馆》第一幕,时间是“1988年初秋,康梁等的维新运动失败了”,离1911年推翻清王朝的辛亥革命只有十几年了,常四爷的判断一点不错:“大清国要完!”这一幕末了,在“静场”中响起一个下棋的茶客的喊声:“将!你完啦!”真是一语双关。这一幕再现了清朝末年的社会面面观。可以在通读的基础上,先立一个提纲,然后一个方面一个方面地指导学生作些分析概括。 立提纲的过程,也是一个抓住本质,分析概括的过程。例如马五爷是“吃洋饭”的,透过他的威风可以看出帝国主义的势力。又如宋恩子、

吴祥子是两个爪牙,可以归入清朝封建势力。 提纲可以整理如下: 封建主义 帝国主义 社会渣滓 民族资本主义 市民 农民 按照这个提纲,分析剧情,就可以认识在帝国主义、封建主义双重压迫之下中国人民的悲惨境遇,认识那个时代的民族危机和社会危机。封建主义 庞总管是封建主义势力的代表。他“侍候着太后,红得不得了”,透过庞总管,可以看到清朝封建主义顽固派头子慈禧太后的狰狞面目,她挥起屠刀,血腥镇压维新运动。谭嗣同问斩,还要搜查谭嗣同余党,搞得满城兵荒马乱,一片恐怖。宋恩子之流的特务,充当朝廷耳目,常四爷是旗人,他爱大清国,仅仅说了一句“大清国要完”,就被当作“谭嗣同一党”抓进监狱。 封建主义顽固派是极端落后、保守、反动的势力。1840年鸦片战争以后,西方列强入侵,中国逐渐沦为半殖民地半封建社会,丧权辱国,积贫积弱。顽固派不思进取,死守“祖宗的章程”,维护既得利益,他们不顾民族危亡,只顾自己作威作福。庞总管这个70多岁的老太监,居然买一个15岁的黄花闺女作老婆,还要操办喜事,荒唐之至。顽

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六、茶店提倡求真务实的工作作风,提高工作效率;提倡厉行节约,反对铺张浪费;倡导员工团结互助,同舟共济,发扬集体合作和集体创造精神,增强团体的凝聚力和向心力。 七、员工必须维护茶店纪律,对任何违反茶店章程和各项规章制度的行为,茶店都要根据情况予以追究相关责任。 员工守则大纲 一、遵纪守法,忠于职守,爱岗敬业。 二、维护茶店声誉,保护茶店利益。 三、服从领导,互帮互助,精诚团结。 四、爱护公物,勤俭节约,杜绝浪费。 五、不断学习,提高水平,精通技艺。 六、积极进取,勇于开拓,求实创新。 一、职业道德及职业素质

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