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土木工程专业英语

1、Concrete is strong in compression, but weak in tension: its tensile strength varies from 8 to 14percent of its compressive strength.混凝土抗压性能强,抗拉性能弱。它的抗拉强度是它抗压强度的 8%~14%。
2、Due to such a low tensile capacity, flexural cracks develop at early stage of loading. In order to reduce or prevent such cracks from developing, a concentric or eccentric force is imposed in the longitudinal direction of structural element.由于如此低的抗拉能力,裂缝会在受力早期产生,为了减少或防止裂缝发展,就要沿着结构构件纵向施加一个轴心的或偏心的力。
3、This force prevents the cracks from developing by eliminating or considerably reducing the tensile stress at the critical midspan and support sections at service load, thereby raising the bending, shear, and torsional capacities of the sections.这个力能消除或大大减少使用荷载在跨中及支座等临界面处产生的拉应力,阻止裂缝出现,从而提高截面的抗弯、抗剪和抗扭的能力。
4、Such an imposed longitudinal force is called a prestressing force, i.e. , a compressive force that prestresses the sections along the span of the structural element prior to the application of the transverse gravity dead and live loads or transient horizontal live loads.这样一个强加的纵向力就称为预应力,即在施加横向的重力横载或活载或瞬间水平活载之前沿着结构构件的跨距预先施加在截面上的压力。
5、Prestressed members are shallower in depth than their reinforced concrete counterparts for the same span and loading conditions.在相同的跨径和承载状况下,预应力构件要比钢筋混凝土要浅。
6、In general, the depth of a prestressed concrete member is usually about 65 to 80 percent of the depth of the equivalent reinforced concrete member.一般情况下,预应力混凝土的深度通常约是等价的钢筋混凝土构件深度的65%~80%。
7、In spite of these additional costs, if a large enough number of precast units are manufactured, the difference between at least the initial costs of prestressed and reinforced concrete systems is usually not very large.尽管有这些额外的造价,如果大梁的预制构件被工厂预制,至少在初期预应力混凝土和钢筋混凝土体系的造价通常是不大的。
8、A structural engineering project can be divided into three phases; planning, design, and construction.结构工程项目可以分为三个阶段:规划阶段、设计阶段和施工阶段。
9、Then comes the analysis (or computation) of the internal gross forces (thrust, shears, bending moments, and twisting moments), stress intensities, strains, deflections, and reactions produced by the loads, temperature, shrinkage, creep, or other design conditions.然后开始分析(或计算)由载荷、温度、收缩、徐变或其它设计因素引起的总内力(推力、剪力、

弯矩和扭矩)、应力强度、应变、变形及反力等。
10、For most common civil engineering structures such as bridges and buildings, the usual practice in the past has been to design on the basis of a comparison of allowable stress intensities with those produced by service loadings and other design conditions.对大多数诸如桥梁和房屋建筑之类的土木工程结构,过去的规范做法是根据以下方法来进行设计,即把允许应力强度及那些由正常使用荷载和其他设计因素所产生的应力强度作对比。
11、the allowable stress intensities are chosen in accordance with the concept that the stress or strain corresponding to the yield point of the material should not be exceeded at the most highly stressed points of the structure.允许应力强度是按照如下原则选择的,在构件的最大受力点处的应力和应变不能超过相应的材料的屈服点。
12、As a result, there is today a rapidly growing tendency to base the design on the ultimate strength and serviceability of the structure, with the older allowable-stress approach serving as an alternative basis for design.结果,当今基于构件的极限强度和适用性的设计大为盛行,而把允许应力法作为可行性设计的基础。
13、In this approach for reinforced-concrete design, the theoretical capacity of a structural element is reduced by a capacity-reduction factor to provide for small adverse variations in material strengths, workmanship, and dimensions.在这种钢筋混凝土的设计方法中,结构构件的理论承载力会因为材料强度、功能性能以及尺寸的反向变动,通过能力折减系数进行折减。
14、For permanent bridges, the most commonly used materials are steel and concrete. Bridges of many different types are built with these materials, used singly or in combination.对于永久性桥梁,最常用的材料是钢筋和混凝土。很多不同类型的桥都用这些材料建造单独或组合起来用。
15、The principal portions of a bridge may be said to be the “substructure” and the “superstructure”.桥的主要组成部分可以说成是上部结构和下部结构。
16、In recent years, the dividing lines between short-, medium-, and long-span bridges have blurred somewhat.在最近几年,小跨径、中跨径、大跨径的划分在某些程度上已经变得模糊了。
17、Currently, spans of 20 to 100 ft (6.1 to 30.5 m) are regarded as short by many designers, who have developed many standardized designs to handle these spans economically.目前,20~100英寸的跨度被很多设计者当做小跨度,他们已经开发了很多标准设计方案,来经济的处理这些跨度。
18、Medium spans range up to, perhaps, 400 ft (121.9 m) in modern bridge practice, depending on the organization involved and the materials used.中跨径的范围可能高达400英尺在现代桥梁实践中,这依据所采用的结构

和所选用的材料而定。
19、Long spans range up to 4000 ft (1219.2m) or more, but a clear span above 1000 ft (304.8 m) is comparatively rare.大跨径的范围高达4000英尺或更多,但是高达1000英尺的净跨是罕见的。
20、Plate girders are used in the United States for medium spans. They generally are continuous structures with maximum depth of girder over the piers and minimum depth at midspan.板梁在美国用作中跨径,他们通常是连续结构,在桥墩处梁的深度最大在跨中处高度最小。
21、Rigid frames are used occasionally, most often for spans in the range of 23 to 30 m (75 to 100ft) and for grade-separation structures.钢架有时被用到,更多的是用在跨径在23~30米的范围之内和立体交叉构筑物上。
22、Suspension bridges are used for very long spans or for shorter spans where intermediate piers cannot be built。悬索桥被用作更长的跨径或那些中间桥墩不能被建造的小跨径桥。
23、One has learned that curves in plan must be seen in space in combination with curves and slopes in elevation.工程师必须了解 平面曲线必须要和竖向曲线相结合。
24、Easement curve was introduced, whereby curvature changes steadily from a straight line to the desired radius.缓和曲线被引入到从直线到预定半径中的曲率变化处。
25、Bridges are a part of the alignment and it is evident these days that the bridge must be adapted to it. This means that bridges often lie within plan curvature and that they follow the slopes or curvature in elevation.桥梁也是线形的一部分 在当今这种趋势更为明显。这意味着桥梁经常位于平曲线处而且它也符合竖向的坡度和曲率标准。
26、With regard to structural articulation the arch can fixed or hinged. In the latter case either one, two or three hinges can be incorporated into the arch rib.对于结构连接形式,拱形可以采取固定和铰接。现今的案例中,拱肋中可以并入一个、两个或三个铰链。
27、The traditional filled spandrel, where the vehicular loading is transferred through the backfill material onto the extrados of the arch .在传统的实腹拱肩上,车辆载荷通过填充材料传递到拱背上。
28、The spandrel may be open with columns and/or hinges used to transfer the deck loads to the arch.拱肩对用于传递桥面载荷到主拱上的柱或铰链是开放的。
29、Tied arches are particularly appropriate when deck construction depths are limited and large clear spans are needed (particularly if ground conditions are also difficult and would require extensive piling to resist the horizontal thrusts).系拱特别适合当桥面建设深度受到限制而又需要大的净跨距的情况(特别是当地面条件也很复杂且可能要求有大量的排桩来抵消水平推力时)。
30、Reinforced concrete and steel arches are altogether much lighter structures. The structure consi

sts basically of the arch, the deck and usually some supports from the arch to the deck-in that order of importance.钢筋混凝土和钢筋材料主拱都是较轻的结构。基本包括主拱、桥面,通常还有一些二者之间的支撑。
31、The ratio of span to rise should generally be in the range 2:1 to 10:1. The flatter the arch the greater the horizontal thrust; this may affect the structural form selected i.e. whether or not a tie should be introduced, or the stiffness of the deck relative to the arch.跨度和深度的比例通常是2:1到10:1的范围内。主拱越平坦水平推力就越大;这可能影响结构形式的选择,即是否采用系拱,或连接主拱的桥面刚强度。
32、Cable-stayed bridges are constructed along a structural system which comprises an orthotropic deck and continuous girders which are supported by stays, i.e. inclined cables passing over or attached to towers located at the main piers.斜拉桥结构体系包括由斜拉索牵拉的正交各向异性桥面板和连续主梁,这些斜拉索穿过或者连接到主墩处的主塔上。
33、By comparison the cable stayed alternatives had light decks and the cable forces were part of a closed force system created by balancing the compression within the deck. Thus expensive external gravity anchorages were not required.与其他方案相比较,斜拉桥桥面板较轻,并且斜拉索的内力与桥面板中的压力构成封闭力系。因而,不需要额外建造价高昂的重力式锚。
34、The construction of modern multi-stay cable stayed bridge can be seen as an extension , for larger spans, of the prestressed concrete, balanced cantilever form of construction.现代多斜拉索斜拉桥的施工形式,可以看作是更大跨、预应力混凝土平衡悬臂施工方式的一种发展。
35、The tension cables in the cable stayed bridge are located outside the deck section, and the girder is no longer required to be of variable depth.斜拉桥的拉索位于桥面板截面外侧,也不需要采用变高度截面的纵梁。
36、However, the principle of the balanced cantilever modular erection sequence, where each deck unit is a constant length and erected with the supporting stays in each erection cycle, is retained.然而,必须要遵循平衡悬臂法的组合安装顺序,在一个装配周期里,长度恒定的桥面单元用斜拉索支承。
37、Cable-stayed bridges present a space system, consisting of stiffening girders; steel or concrete deck and supporting parts as towers acting in compression and inclined cables in tension.斜拉桥是由加劲梁、钢材或混凝土主梁和支承结构组成的一个空间体系,作为主要受力结构的主塔和斜拉索分别承受压力和拉力。
38、Substructures for bridges fall into two distinct categories, end supports and intermediate supports. The end supports are normally described as the “abutment”, whilst the general term for the i

ntermediate supports of a multi-span bridge is the “piers”. 桥梁下部结构分为两个不同的类别:端部支承和中间支承。端部支承一般指桥台,多跨桥的中间支承通常是指桥墩。
39、The abutments and piers are usually constructed from in situ concrete, but precast sections can be employed to speed up the construction process.桥台和桥墩常常采用混凝土现浇,但是也可以采用预制构件以缩短工期。
40、Intermediate supports for bridge decks may be grouped into columns or leaf piers.桥梁的中间支承可以分为柱式墩和树叶形桥墩。
41、A leaf pier is the term used to describe a reinforced wall with the largest lateral dimension more than four times the least lateral dimension.树叶形桥墩是一种加筋墙,这种墙的最大横向尺寸超过4倍最小横向尺寸。
42、Individual concrete columns are often used to support footbridges and bridge decks with high skew or greater height than the minimum headroom clearance.独柱式混凝土桥墩经常用于支承人行天桥和斜度更大或高于最小净高的桥梁。
43、An abutment is the substructure which supports one terminus of the superstructure of a bridge and, at some time, laterally supports the embankment which serves as an approach to the bridge. 桥台可以用于桥梁上部结构的端部支承,有时也可以用于侧向支档通向桥梁的路堤土。
44、For a river bridge, the abutment also protects the embankment from scour of the stream. Bridge abutments can be made of masonry, plain concrete or reinforced concrete.对于跨河桥,桥台也保护路堤土以免被河水冲刷。桥台材料可以采用砖石、素混凝土或钢筋混凝土等。
45、Conventional ground surveys were the original techniques available to highway engineers until developments in electronics. The most important equipments used were the transit, the level, and the tape.到电子设备得到发展前对于公路工程师来说,常规大地测量是最初可以利用的定位技术,。所使用的最重要的设备有:(测量水平角和竖直角的)经纬仪、(测量高程变化的)水准仪以及(测量水平距离的)卷尺。
46、 Electronic distance measuring (EDM) devices are now used for most surveys. They all work on the same general principle.现在电子测距仪在大部分测量工作中都得到利用。他们都遵循相同的基本原理。
47、The most commonly used remote sensing method is aerial photography ,usually referred to as photogrammetry.最常用的遥感方法是航空摄影,通常被称作摄影测量。
48、The most common uses of photogrammetry in highway engineering are the identification of suitable locations for highways and the preparation of base maps with contours of 2 or 5 ft intervals.摄影测量技术在公路工程中最通常的应用是公路合适位置的鉴别以及等高距为2~5英尺的基础地图的准备
49、Computer g

raphics , when used for highway location , is usually the combination of photogrammetry and computer techniques.计算机绘图当用来公路定线时通常综合了摄影测量和计算机技术。
50、The highway location involves four phases:Office study of existing information、Reconnaissance survey 、Preliminary location survey、Final location survey公路定线包括四个阶段:对现有信息的室内研究、探勘测量、初步定线调查、最终定线调查
51、 A unique bridge site or a mountain pass also may become a primary control point.一个特殊的特殊桥梁或垭口可以被作为一个基本控制点。
52、The benefit–cost ratio method is used for evaluating the economic and environmental feasibility of the alternative routes.效率成本比的方法被用作评估可供选择路线的经济可行性和环境可行性。
53、Recently, application of computer techniques has significantly enhanced the efficiency of the highway location, resulting in possibility of best alignmemt.近年来,计算机技术的应用极大地提高了公路定线的效率,这提高了确定最佳路线的可能性。
54、The primary object of reconnaissance survey is to identify several feasible routes with a band, then plotting on photographic maps.勘测调查的主要目标就是确定最佳路线带之后标记在摄影测量途图中。
55、The vertical and horizontal layouts of the highway make up the alignment.公路的线性由竖向和横向两种线形布设组成
56、In order to obtain a safe and smooth alignment, they must have consistent standards and be considered together.为了获得安全缓和的线形,它们必须具备符合一致的标准,这点必须被考虑到。
57、The design of the vertical alignment involves the selection of suitable grades for the tangent sections and the design of the vertical curves. 竖直线形的设计包括切线部分的合适坡度设计和竖曲线设计。
58、There are four types of horizontal curves: simple, compound, reversed, and spiral.有四种类型的平曲线:单曲线、复曲线、反向曲线和缓和曲线
59、The primary object of a transition curve is to avoid a sudden change from a tangent with infinite radius to a curve of finite radius.缓和曲线的主要作用是避免从无限大半径的切线到一定半径的切线的急剧变化
60、The vehicles in interchange may transfer their movement direction by the use of ramps.平面交叉的车辆可以通过匝道来改变它们的行驶方向
61、In urban areas, the intersections at grade generally require signalized control to organize the vehicles and decrease in accidents.在城市地区,平面交叉通常需要信号控制车辆来减少交通事故。
62、Wrong-way movements must be taken care of in the design of the ramps of diamond interchange.在菱形立交的匝道设计中应该仔细注意错向行车的问题
63、Using collector-distributor roads can over

come weaving movements of the cloverleaf interchange.利用集散式道路可以解决苜蓿叶立交的交织行车问题
64、Highway pavement are divided into two main categories:rigid and flexible.路面主要分为2种:刚性路面和柔性路面
65、The components of a flexible pavement include the or prepared roadbed , the subbase,basecoarse, and the surface course 333柔性路面的组成包括路基、底基层、基层和面层。
66、The requirements for subbase materials are usually given in terms of the gradation, plastic characteristics, and strength.对底基层材料的要求通常以级配、塑性特性和强度给出
67、The Portland cement concrete commonly used for rigid pavements consists of Portland cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and water.通常被刚性路面采用的波士兰混凝土由波士兰水泥、粗集料和细集料和水组成。
68、The surface course should be capable of withstanding high tire pressures, resisting the abrasive forces due to traffic, providing a skid-resistant driving surface, and preventing the penetration of surface water into the underlying layers. 表层应该能够承受高的轮胎压力,能够抵抗车辆的摩擦力,提供良好的抗滑表面并能阻止表面水渗入下卧层。
69、Rigid highway pavement be divided into three general types: plain concrete pavements, simply reinforced concrete pavements, and continuously reinforced concrete pavements.刚性路面分为三大类:素混凝土路面,普通加筋混凝土路面,和连续加筋混凝土路面。
70、Hot rolled asphalt (HRA) is a gap graded material with less coarse aggregate. In fact ,it is essentially a bitumen/fine aggregate/filler mortar into which some course aggregate is placed. 热压沥青混凝土是一种含有少量粗集料的间断级配材料。事实上在集料中掺杂沥青细集料砂浆填料是很必要的。
71、Porous asphalt(PA) is a uniformly graded material which is designed to provide large air voids so that water can drain to the verges within the layer thickness.多孔沥青是一种均匀级配材料,目的是为了提供足够的空隙允许水分沿层厚排除到路边缘。
72、Asphalt concrete and dense bitumen macadam(DBM) are continuously graded mixtures similar in principle to the DBMs used in roadbases and basecourses but with smaller maximum particle sizes.沥青混凝土和密级配沥青碎石是连续级配混合料,它与道路基层中的密级配沥青混凝土相似但却有着较小的最大粒径。
73、SMA has a coarse, aggregate skeleton, like PA, but the voids are filled with a fine aggregate/filler/bitumen mortar.沥青玛蹄脂碎石含有像多孔沥青的粗集料和骨架结构,但是它的空隙由细集料、填料和沥青砂浆填充。
74、A variety of thin and what were called ultra thin surfacings have been introduced in recent years, principally as a result of development work concentrated in Fra

nce.许多被我们称作薄面层或超薄面层表面处置是近几年引进的,主要是集中在法国的发展导致的。
75、 Freeways , especially those built to Interstate standards are the safest of the various classes of highways. 高速公路,尤其是那些按照州内公路标准设计的,是各种等级公路中最安全的。
76、 Pavement marking, such as lane lines, edge lines, channelizing lines at interchanges and ramps, and word and symbol markings, provide important information to the driver.路面标记,如车道线,边缘线,立交桥和匝道上的渠化线,以及文字和符号标记,为驾驶员提供重要的信息
77、In areas with relatively close interchanges spacing, the principle of sign spreading should be followed. 在立交桥相对较近的区域就需要遵守标志分布原则。
78、Where interchanges are so close together that major guide signs cannot be adequately spaced, they may be supplemented with interchange-sequence-series that identify the next two or three interchanges.当立交之间太近以至于引导标志信号不能被合适的安装时,立交排序标志能补充这种不足它能识别相邻的两个或三个立交。

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