曼昆《经济学原理》(微观)第五版测试题库 (05)
Chapter 5
Elasticity and Its Application
TRUE/FALSE
1. Elasticity measures how responsive quantity is to changes in price.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 5-0 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Definitional
2. Measures of elasticity enhance our ability to study the magnitudes of changes.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 5-0 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Definitional
3. The demand for bread is likely to be more elastic than the demand for solid-gold bread plates.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive
4. In general, demand curves for necessities tend to be price elastic.
ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive
5. In general, demand curves for luxuries tend to be price elastic.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive
6. Necessities tend to have inelastic demands, whereas luxuries have elastic demands.
ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive
7. Goods with close substitutes tend to have more elastic demands than do goods without close substitutes. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive
8. The demand for Rice Krispies is more elastic than the demand for cereal in general.
ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive
9. The demand for soap is more elastic than the demand for Dove soap.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive
10. The demand for gasoline will respond more to a change in price over a period of five weeks than over a period
of five years.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive
11. Even the demand for a necessity such as gasoline will respond to a change in price, especially over a longer
time horizon.
ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive
12. The price elasticity of demand is defined as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the
percentage change in price.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Definitional
13. The price elasticity of demand is defined as the percentage change in price divided by the percentage change
in quantity demanded.
ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Definitional
288
Chapter 5 /Elasticity and Its Application 289 14. Suppose that when the price rises by 20% for a particular good, the quantity demanded of that good falls by
10%. The price elasticity of demand for this good is equal to 2.0.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Analytical
15. Suppose that when the price rises by 10% for a particular good, the quantity demanded of that good falls by
20%. The price elasticity of demand for this good is equal to 2.0.
ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Analytical
16. If the price of calculators increases by 15 percent and the quantity demanded per week falls by 45 percent as a
result, then the price elasticity of demand is 3.
ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Applicative
17. Demand is inelastic if the price elasticity of demand is greater than 1.
ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Inelastic demand MSC: Definitional
18. A linear, downward-sloping demand curve has a constant elasticity but a changing slope.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive
19. Price elasticity of demand along a linear, downward-sloping demand curve increases as price falls.
ANS: F DIF: 3 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive
20. If the price elasticity of demand is equal to 0, then demand is unit elastic.
ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Definitional
21. If the price elasticity of demand is equal to 1, then demand is unit elastic.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Definitional
22. Demand for a good is said to be inelastic if the quantity demanded increases substantially when the price falls
by a small amount.
ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Inelastic demand MSC: Definitional
23. The midpoint method is used to calculate elasticity between two points because it gives the same answer
regardless of the direction of the change.
ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Midpoint method MSC: Interpretive
24. The flatter the demand curve that passes through a given point, the more inelastic the demand.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive
25. The flatter the demand curve that passes through a given point, the more elastic the demand.
ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive
26. If demand is perfectly inelastic, the demand curve is vertical, and the price elasticity of demand equals 0. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Perfectly inelastic demand MSC: Interpretive
27. If demand is perfectly elastic, the demand curve is horizontal, and the price elasticity of demand equals 1. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Perfectly elastic demand MSC: Interpretive
290 Chapter 5 /Elasticity and Its Application
28. Along the elastic portion of a linear demand curve, total revenue rises as price rises.
ANS: F DIF: 3 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Total revenue | Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Interpretive
29. If a firm is facing elastic demand, then the firm should decrease price to increase revenue.
ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Total revenue | Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Applicative
30. If a firm is facing inelastic demand, then the firm should decrease price to increase revenue.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Total revenue | Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Applicative
31. When demand is inelastic, a decrease in price increases total revenue.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Inelastic demand | Total revenue MSC: Interpretive
32. The income elasticity of demand is defined as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the
percentage change in income.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Income elasticity of demand MSC: Definitional
33. The income elasticity of demand is defined as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the
percentage change in price.
ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Income elasticity of demand MSC: Definitional
34. Normal goods have negative income elasticities of demand, while inferior goods have positive income
elasticities of demand.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Income elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive
35. If the income elasticity of demand for a good is negative, then the good must be an inferior good.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Income elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive
36. If the cross-price elasticity of demand for two goods is negative, then the two goods are substitutes. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Cross-price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive
37. If the cross-price elasticity of demand for two goods is negative, then the two goods are complements. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Cross-price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive
38. Cross-price elasticity of demand measures how the quantity demanded of one good changes as the price of
another good changes.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Cross-price elasticity of demand MSC: Definitional
39. Cross-price elasticity is used to determine whether goods are inferior or normal goods.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Cross-price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive
40. Cross-price elasticity is used to determine whether goods are substitutes or complements.
ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Cross-price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive
Chapter 5 /Elasticity and Its Application 291 41. The cross-price elasticity of garlic salt and onion salt is -2, which indicates that garlic salt and onion salt are
substitutes.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Cross-price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive
42. Price elasticity of supply measures how much the quantity supplied responds to changes in the price.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 5-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of supply MSC: Definitional
43. Supply and demand both tend to be more elastic in the long run and more inelastic in the short run.
ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 | 5-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticities of demand and supply
MSC: Interpretive
44. If the price elasticity of supply is 2 and the quantity supplied decreases by 6%, then the price must have
decreased by 3%.
ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 5-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of supply MSC: Applicative
45. Supply is said to be inelastic if the quantity supplied responds substantially to changes in the price, and elastic
if the quantity supplied responds only slightly to price.
ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 5-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of supply MSC: Definitional
46. Supply tends to be more elastic in the short run and more inelastic in the long run.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 5-2 NAT: Analytic
TOP: Price elasticity of supply MSC: Interpretive
47. When the price of knee braces increased by 25 percent, the Brace Yourself Company increased its quantity
supplied of knee braces per week by 75 percent. BYC's price elasticity of supply of knee braces is 0.33. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 5-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of supply MSC: Applicative
48. If a supply curve is horizontal, then supply is said to be perfectly elastic, and the price elasticity of supply
approaches infinity.
ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 5-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Perfectly elastic supply MSC: Interpretive
49. A government program that reduces land under cultivation hurts farmers but helps consumers.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 5-3 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Total revenue MSC: Applicative
50. OPEC failed to maintain a high price of oil in the long run, partly because both the supply of oil and the
demand for oil are more elastic in the long run than in the short run.
ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 5-3 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: OPEC | Price elasticity of demand | Price elasticity of supply
MSC: Applicative
51. Drug interdiction, which reduces the supply of drugs, may decrease drug-related crime because the demand for
drugs is inelastic.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 5-3 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Applicative
292 Chapter 5 /Elasticity and Its Application
SHORT ANSWER
1. Consider the following pairs of goods. For which of the two goods would you expect the demand to be more
price elastic? Why?
a.water or diamonds
b.insulin or nasal decongestant spray
c.food in general or breakfast cereal
d.gasoline over the course of a week or gasoline over the course of a year
e.personal computers or IBM personal computers
ANS:
a.Diamonds are luxuries, and water is a necessity. Therefore, diamonds have the more elastic demand.
b.Insulin has no close substitutes, but decongestant spray does. Therefore, nasal decongestant spray has the
more elastic demand.
c.Breakfast cereal has more substitutes than does food in general. Therefore, breakfast cereal has the more
elastic demand.
d.The longer the time period, the more elastic demand is. Therefore, gasoline over the course of a year has
the more elastic demand.
e.There are more substitutes for IBM personal computers than there are for personal computers. Therefore,
IBM personal computers have the more elastic demand.
DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity
TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Applicative
Chapter 5 /Elasticity and Its Application 293
2.
You own a small town movie theatre. You currently charge $5 per ticket for everyone who comes to your
movies. Your friend who took an economics course in college tells you that there may be a way to increase
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a. What is your current total revenue for both groups?
b. The elasticity of demand is more elastic in which market?
c. Which market has the more inelastic demand?
d. What is the elasticity of demand between the prices of $5 and $2 in the adult market? Is this elastic or inelastic?
e. What is the elasticity of demand between $5 and $2 in the children's market? Is this elastic or inelastic?
f.
Given the graphs and what your friend knows about economics, he recommends you increase the price of adult tickets to $8 each and lower the price of a child's ticket to $3. How much could you increase total revenue if you take his advice?
ANS:
a. Total revenue from children's tickets is $100 and from adult tickets is $250. Total revenue from all
sales would be $350.
b. The demand for children's tickets is more elasti
c.
c. The adult ticket market has the more inelastic deman
d.
d. The elasticity of demand between $5 and $2 is 0.26, which is inelastic.
e. The elasticity of demand between $5 and $2 is 1.0, which is unit elastic.
f. Total revenue in the adult market would be $320. Total revenue in the children’s market would
be $120, so total revenue for both groups would be $440. $440 - $350 is an increase in total revenue of $90.
DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity
TOP: Price elasticity of demand | Total revenue MSC: Applicative
294 Chapter 5 /Elasticity and Its Application
3. Use the graph shown to answer the following questions. Put the correct letter(s) in the blank.
a.The elastic section of the graph is represented by section from _______.
b.The inelastic section of the graph is represented by section from _______.
c.The unit elastic section of the graph is represented by section _______.
d.The portion of the graph in which a decrease in price would cause total revenue to fall would be
from _________.
e.The portion of the graph in which a decrease in price would cause total revenue to rise would be
from _________.
f.The portion of the graph in which a decrease in price would not cause a change in total revenue
would be _________.
g.The section of the graph in which total revenue would be at a maximum would be _______.
h.The section of the graph in which elasticity is greater than 1 is _______.
i.The section of the graph in which elasticity is equal to 1 is ______.
j.The section of the graph in which elasticity is less than 1 is _______.
ANS:
a. A to B
b. B to C
c.B
d. B to C
e. A to B
f.B
g.B
h. A to B
i.B
j. B to C
DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity
TOP: Price elasticity of demand | Total revenue MSC: Applicative
Chapter 5 /Elasticity and Its Application 295
4.
Using the midpoint method, compute the elasticity of demand between points A and B. Is demand along this
portion of the curve elastic or inelastic? Interpret your answer with regard to price and quantity demanded. Now compute the elasticity of demand between points B and C. Is demand along this portion of the curve elastic or inelastic?
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46810121416182022ANS:
In the section of the demand curve from A to B, the elasticity of demand would be 2.5. This would be an elastic portion of the curve. This would mean that for every 1 percent change in price, quantity demanded would change by 2.5 percent.
In the section of the demand curve from B to C, the elasticity of demand would be .75. This would be an inelastic portion of the curve. This would mean that for every 1 percent change in price, quantity demanded would change by 0.75 percent.
DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity
TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Applicative
5.
When the Shaffers had a monthly income of $4,000, they usually ate out 8 times a month. Now that the couple makes $4,500 a month, they eat out 10 times a month. Compute the couple's income elasticity of demand using the midpoint method. Explain your answer. (Is a restaurant meal a normal or inferior good to the couple?)ANS:
The income elasticity of demand for the Shaffers is 1.89. Since the income elasticity of demand is positive, eating out would be interpreted as a normal good.
DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity
TOP: Income elasticity of demand MSC: Applicative
6.
Recently, in Smalltown, the price of Twinkies fell from $0.80 to $0.70. As a result, the quantity demanded of Ho-Ho's decreased from 120 to 100. What would be the appropriate elasticity to compute? Using the midpoint method, compute this elasticity. What does your answer tell you?ANS:
The appropriate elasticity to compute would be cross-price elasticity. The cross-price elasticity for this example would be 1.36. The two goods are substitutes because the cross-price elasticity is positive.
DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity
TOP: Cross-price elasticity of demand MSC: Applicative
296 Chapter 5 /Elasticity and Its Application
Sec00 - Elasticity and Its Application
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. In general, elasticity is a measure of
a.the extent to which advances in technology are adopted by producers.
b.the extent to which a market is competitive.
c.how firms’ profits respond to changes in market prices.
d.how much buyers and sellers respond to changes in market conditions.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 5-0
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Elasticity MSC: Definitional
2. Elasticity is
a. a measure of how much buyers and sellers respond to changes in market conditions.
b.the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being.
c.the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a goo
d.
d.the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a good.
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 5-0
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Elasticity MSC: Definitional
3. When studying how some event or policy affects a market, elasticity provides information on the
a.equity effects on the market by identifying the winners and losers.
b.magnitude of the effect on the market.
c.speed of adjustment of the market in response to the event or policy.
d.number of market participants who are directly affected by the event or policy.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 5-0
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Elasticity MSC: Interpretive
4. How does the concept of elasticity allow us to improve upon our understanding of supply and demand?
a.Elasticity allows us to analyze supply and demand with greater precision than would be the case in
the absence of the elasticity concept.
b.Elasticity provides us with a better rationale for statements such as “an increase in x will lead to a
decrease in y” than we would have in the absence of the elasticity concept.
c.Without elasticity, we would not be able to address the direction in which price is likely to move in
response to a surplus or a shortage.
d.Without elasticity, it is very difficult to assess the degree of competition within a market.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 5-0
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Elasticity MSC: Interpretive
5. When consumers face rising gasoline prices, they typically
a.reduce their quantity demanded more in the long run than in the short run.
b.reduce their quantity demanded more in the short run than in the long run.
c.do not reduce their quantity demanded in the short run or the long run.
d.increase their quantity demanded in the short run but reduce their quantity demanded in the long
run.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 5-0
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Elasticity MSC: Applicative
6. A 10 percent increase in gasoline prices reduces gasoline consumption by about
a. 6 percent after one year and 2.5 percent after five years.
b. 2.5 percent after one year and 6 percent after five years.
c.10 percent after one year and 20 percent after five years.
d.0 percent after one year and 1 percent after five years.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 5-0
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Elasticity MSC: Applicative
Chapter 5 /Elasticity and Its Application 297
7. Which of the following statements about the consumers’ responses to rising gasoline prices is correct?
a.About 10 percent of the long-run reduction in quantity demanded arises because people drive less
and about 90 percent arises because they switch to more fuel-efficient cars.
b.About 90 percent of the long-run reduction in quantity demanded arises because people drive less
and about 10 percent arises because they switch to more fuel-efficient cars.
c.About half of the long-run reduction in quantity demanded arises because people drive less and
about half arises because they switch to more fuel-efficient cars.
d.Because gasoline is a necessity, consumers do not decrease their quantity demanded in either the
short run or the long run.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 5-0
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Elasticity MSC: Applicative
Sec01 - Elasticity and Its Application - The Elasticity of Demand
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The price elasticity of demand measures how much
a.quantity demanded responds to a change in price.
b.quantity demanded responds to a change in income.
c.price responds to a change in deman
d.
d.demand responds to a change in supply.
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Definitional
2. The price elasticity of demand measures
a.buyers’ responsiveness to a change in the price of a good.
b.the extent to which demand increases as additional buyers enter the market.
c.how much more of a good consumers will demand when incomes rise.
d.the movement along a supply curve when there is a change in demand.
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Definitional
3. The price elasticity of demand for a good measures the willingness of
a.consumers to buy less of the good as price rises.
b.consumers to avoid monopolistic markets in favor of competitive markets.
c.firms to produce more of a good as price rises.
d.firms to cater to the tastes of consumers.
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Interpretive
4. Which of the following statements about the price elasticity of demand is correct?
a.The price elasticity of demand for a good measures the willingness of buyers of the good to buy
less of the good as its price increases.
b.Price elasticity of demand reflects the many economic, psychological, and social forces that shape
consumer tastes.
c.Other things equal, if good x has close substitutes and good y does not have close substitutes, then
the demand for good x will be more elastic than the demand for good y.
d.All of the above are correct.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Interpretive
298 Chapter 5 /Elasticity and Its Application
5. For a good that is a necessity,
a.quantity demanded tends to respond substantially to a change in price.
b.demand tends to be inelasti
c.
c.the law of demand does not apply.
d.All of the above are correct.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Interpretive
6. Goods with many close substitutes tend to have
a.more elastic demands.
b.less elastic demands.
c.price elasticities of demand that are unit elastic.
d.income elasticities of demand that are negativ
e.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Interpretive
7. Which of the following is likely to have the most price inelastic demand?
a.mint-flavored toothpaste
b.toothpaste
c.Colgate mint-flavored toothpaste
d. a generic mint-flavored toothpaste
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Applicative
8. Which of the following is likely to have the most price inelastic demand?
a.white chocolate chip with macadamia nut cookies
b.Mrs. Field’s chocolate chip cookies
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/227409541.html,k chocolate chip cookies
d.cookies
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Applicative
9. If the price of natural gas rises, when is the price elasticity of demand likely to be the highest?
a.immediately after the price increase
b.one month after the price increase
c.three months after the price increase
d.one year after the price increase
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Applicative
10. If the price of milk rises, when is the price elasticity of demand likely to be the lowest?
a.immediately after the price increase
b.one month after the price increase
c.three months after the price increase
d.one year after the price increase
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Applicative
Chapter 5 /Elasticity and Its Application 299
11. For a good that is a luxury, demand
a.tends to be inelastic.
b.tends to be elasti
c.
c.has unit elasticity.
d.cannot be represented by a demand curve in the usual way.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Interpretive
12. For a good that is a necessity, demand
a.tends to be inelastic.
b.tends to be elasti
c.
c.has unit elasticity.
d.cannot be represented by a demand curve in the usual way.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Interpretive
13. A person who takes a prescription drug to control high cholesterol most likely has a demand for that drug that
is
a.inelastic.
b.unit elasti
c.
c.elastic.
d.highly responsive to changes in incom
e.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Interpretive
14. The demand for Neapolitan ice cream is likely quite elastic because
a.ice cream must be eaten quickly.
b.this particular flavor of ice cream is viewed as a necessity by many ice-cream lovers.
c.the market is broadly define
d.
d.other flavors of ice cream are good substitutes for this particular flavor.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Interpretive
15. The demand for Werthers candy is likely
a.elastic because candy is expensive relative to other snacks.
b.elastic because there are many close substitutes for Werthers.
c.elastic because Werthers are regarded as a necessity by many people.
d.inelastic because it is usually eaten quickly, making the relevant time horizon short.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Interpretive
16. There are very few, if any, good substitutes for motor oil. Therefore,
a.the demand for motor oil would tend to be inelastic.
b.the demand for motor oil would tend to be elasti
c.
c.the demand for motor oil would tend to respond strongly to changes in prices of other goods.
d.the supply of motor oil would tend to respon d strongly to changes in people’s tastes for large cars
relative to their tastes for small cars.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Interpretive
300 Chapter 5 /Elasticity and Its Application
17. Holding all other forces constant, when the price of gasoline rises, the number of gallons of gasoline
demanded would fall substantially over a ten-year period because
a.buyers tend to be much less sensitive to a change in price when given more time to react.
b.buyers tend to be much more sensitive to a change in price when given more time to react.
c.buyers will have substantially more real income over a ten-year perio
d.
d.the quantity supplied of gasoline increases very little in response to an increase in the price of
gasoline.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Interpretive
18. A good will have a more inelastic demand,
a.the greater the availability of close substitutes.
b.the broader the definition of the market.
c.the longer the period of time.
d.the more it is regarded as a luxury.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Interpretive
19. A good will have a more elastic demand,
a.the greater the availability of close substitutes.
b.the more narrow the definition of the market.
c.the shorter the period of time.
d.the more it is regarded as a necessity.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Interpretive
20. Which of the following statements is correct?
a.The demand for flat-screen computer monitors is more elastic than the demand for monitors in
general.
b.The demand for grandfather clocks is more elastic than the demand for clocks in general.
c.The demand for cardboard is more elastic over a long period of time than over a short period of
time.
d.All of the above are correct.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Interpretive
21. Which of the following statements is correct?
a.The demand for natural gas is more elastic over a short period of time than over a long period of
time.
b.The demand for smoke alarms is more elastic than the demand for Persian rugs.
c.The demand for bourbon whiskey is more elastic than the demand for alcoholic beverages in
general.
d.All of the above are correct.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Interpretive
22. Which of the following is not a determinant of the price elasticity of demand for a good?
a.the time horizon
b.the steepness or flatness of the supply curve for the good
c.the definition of the market for the good
d.the availability of substitutes for the good
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Interpretive
Chapter 5 /Elasticity and Its Application 301
23. The greater the price elasticity of demand, the
a.more likely the product is a necessity.
b.smaller the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price.
c.greater the percentage change in price over the percentage change in quantity demande
d.
d.greater the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in pric
e.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Interpretive
24. The value of the price elasticity of demand for a good will be relatively large when
a.there are no good substitutes available for the good.
b.the time period in question is relatively short.
c.the good is a luxury as opposed to a necessity.
d.All of the above are correct.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Interpretive
25. For which of the following goods would demand be most elastic?
a.clothing
b.blue jeans
c.Tommy Hilfiger jeans
d.All three would have the same elasticity of demand since they are all related.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Applicative
26. For which of the following goods would demand be most inelastic?
a.chocolate
b.Godiva chocolate
c.Hershey’s chocolate
d.All three would have the same elasticity of demand since they are all related.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Applicative
27. Whether a good is a luxury or necessity depends on
a.the price of the good.
b.the preferences of the buyer.
c.the intrinsic properties of the goo
d.
d.how scarce the good is.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Interpretive
28. The price elasticity of demand for bread
a.is computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of bread divided by the percentage
change in price of bread.
b.depends, in part, on the availability of close substitutes for bread.
c.reflects the many economic, social, and psychological forces that influence consumers' tastes for
bread.
d.All of the above are correct.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Interpretive
302 Chapter 5 /Elasticity and Its Application
29. The price elasticity of demand for eggs
a.is computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of eggs divided by the percentage
change in price of eggs.
b.will be lower if there is a new invention that is a close substitute for eggs.
c.will be higher if consumers consider eggs to be a luxury goo
d.
d.All of the above are correct.
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Interpretive
30. Other things equal, the demand for a good tends to be more inelastic, the
a.fewer the available substitutes.
b.longer the time period considered.
c.more the good is considered a luxury goo
d.
d.more narrowly defined is the market for the good.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Interpretive
31. Economists compute the price elasticity of demand as the
a.percentage change in price divided by the percentage change in quantity demanded.
b.change in quantity demanded divided by the change in the price.
c.percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price.
d.percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in incom
e.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Definitional
32. Suppose there is a 6 percent increase in the price of good X and a resulting 6 percent decrease in the quantity
of X demanded. Price elasticity of demand for X is
a.0.
b. 1.
c. 6.
d.36.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Applicative
33. If the price elasticity of demand for a good is 4.0, then a 10 percent increase in price results in a
a.0.4 percent decrease in the quantity demanded.
b. 2.5 percent decrease in the quantity demanded.
c. 4 percent decrease in the quantity demande
d.
d.40 percent decrease in the quantity demanded.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Applicative
34. If the price elasticity of demand for a good is 10.0, then a 4 percent increase in price results in a
a.0.4 percent decrease in the quantity demanded.
b. 2.5 percent decrease in the quantity demanded.
c. 4 percent decrease in the quantity demande
d.
d.40 percent decrease in the quantity demanded.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Applicative
Chapter 5 /Elasticity and Its Application 303
35. If the price elasticity of demand for a good is 0.4, then a 10 percent increase in price results in a
a.0.4 percent decrease in the quantity demanded.
b. 2.5 percent decrease in the quantity demanded.
c. 4 percent decrease in the quantity demande
d.
d.40 percent decrease in the quantity demanded.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Applicative
36. If the price elasticity of demand for a good is 0.25, then a 20 percent decrease in price results in a
a.0.0125 percent increase in the quantity demanded.
b. 4 percent increase in the quantity demanded.
c. 5 percent increase in the quantity demande
d.
d.80 percent increase in the quantity demanded.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Applicative
37. If the price elasticity of demand for a good is 1.5, then a 3 percent decrease in price results in a
a.0.5 percent increase in the quantity demanded.
b. 2 percent increase in the quantity demanded.
c. 4.5 percent increase in the quantity demande
d.
d. 5 percent increase in the quantity demanded.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Applicative
38. If the price elasticity of demand for a good is 0.8, then which of the following events is consistent with a 4
percent decrease in the quantity of the good demanded?
a. a 0.2 percent increase in the price of the good
b. a 3.2 percent increase in the price of the good
c. a 4.8 percent increase in the price of the good
d. a 5 percent increase in the price of the good
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Applicative
39. For a particular good, a 2 percent increase in price causes a 12 percent decrease in quantity demanded. Which
of the following statements is most likely applicable to this good?
a.There are no close substitutes for this good.
b.The good is a luxury.
c.The market for the good is broadly define
d.
d.The relevant time horizon is short.
ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Analytical
40. For a particular good, a 12 percent increase in price causes a 3 percent decrease in quantity demanded. Which
of the following statements is most likely applicable to this good?
a.There are many substitutes for this good.
b.The good is a necessity.
c.The market for the good is narrowly define
d.
d.The relevant time horizon is long.
ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Analytical
304 Chapter 5 /Elasticity and Its Application
41. For a particular good, a 3 percent increase in price causes a 10 percent decrease in quantity demanded. Which
of the following statements is most likely applicable to this good?
a.The relevant time horizon is short.
b.The good is a necessity.
c.The market for the good is broadly define
d.
d.There are many close substitutes for this good.
ANS: D DIF: 3 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Analytical
42. For a particular good, a 10 percent increase in price causes a 3 percent decrease in quantity demanded. Which
of the following statements is most likely applicable to this good?
a.The relevant time horizon is short.
b.The good is a luxury.
c.The market for the good is narrowly define
d.
d.There are many close substitutes for this good.
ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Analytical
43. Demand is said to have unit elasticity if elasticity is
a.less than 1.
b.greater than 1.
c.equal to 1.
d.equal to 0.
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Definitional
44. Demand is said to be unit elastic if
a.quantity demanded changes by the same percent as the price.
b.quantity demanded changes by a larger percent than the price.
c.the demand curve shifts by the same percentage amount as the price.
d.quantity demanded does not respond to a change in pric
e.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Definitional
45. Elasticity of demand is closely related to the slope of the demand curve. The more responsive buyers are to a
change in price, the
a.steeper the demand curve will be.
b.flatter the demand curve will be.
c.further to the right the demand curve will sit.
d.closer to the vertical axis the demand curve will sit.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Interpretive
46. Elasticity of demand is closely related to the slope of the demand curve. The less responsive buyers are to a
change in price, the
a.steeper the demand curve will be.
b.flatter the demand curve will be.
c.further to the right the demand curve will sit.
d.closer to the vertical axis the demand curve will sit.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Interpretive
Chapter 5 /Elasticity and Its Application 305
47. The flatter the demand curve through a given point, the
a.greater the price elasticity of demand at that point.
b.smaller the price elasticity of demand at that point.
c.closer the price elasticity of demand will be to the slope of the curve.
d.greater the absolute value of the change in total revenue when there is a movement from that point
upward and to the left along the demand curve.
ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Analytical
48. The smaller the price elasticity of demand, the
a.steeper the demand curve will be through a given point.
b.flatter the demand curve will be through a given point.
c.more strongly buyers respond to a change in price between any two prices P1 and P2.
d.smaller the decrease in equilibrium price when the supply curve shifts rightward from S1 to S2.
ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Analytical
49. When quantity moves proportionately the same amount as price, demand is
a.elastic, and the price elasticity of demand is 1.
b.perfectly elastic, and the price elasticity of demand is infinitely large.
c.perfectly inelastic, and the price elasticity of demand is 0.
d.unit elastic, and the price elasticity of demand is 1.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Interpretive
50. Jean-Paul says that he will spend exactly 75 cents a day on M&Ms, regardless of the price of M&Ms.
Jean-Paul’s demand for M&Ms is
a.perfectly elastic.
b.unit elasti
c.
c.perfectly inelastic.
d.None of the above answers is correct.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Interpretive
51. As we move downward and to the right along a linear, downward-sloping demand curve,
a.slope and elasticity both remain constant.
b.slope changes but elasticity remains constant.
c.slope and elasticity both change.
d.slope remains constant but elasticity changes.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Interpretive
52. When we move upward and to the left along a linear, downward-sloping demand curve, price elasticity of
demand
a.first becomes smaller, then larger.
b.always becomes larger.
c.always becomes smaller.
d.first becomes larger, then smaller.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Interpretive
306 Chapter 5 /Elasticity and Its Application
53. The price elasticity of demand changes as we move along a
a.horizontal demand curve.
b.vertical demand curve.
c.linear, downward-sloping demand curve.
d.All of the above are correct.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Interpretive
54. The difference between slope and elasticity is that
a.slope is a ratio of two changes, and elasticity is a ratio of two percentage changes.
b.slope is a ratio of two percentage changes, and elasticity is a ratio of two changes.
c.slope measures changes in quantity demanded more accurately than elasticity.
d.none of the above; there is no difference between slope and elasticity.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Interpretive
55. According to a New York Times article published in November 2005, author Anna Bernasek asserts that a 10
percent increase in the price of gasoline leads to a decline in the quantity demanded of about
a.0.01 percent.
b. 2 percent.
c.20 percent.
d.200 percent.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Interpretive
56. According to a New York Times article published in November 2005, author Anna Bernasek asserts that a 10
percent increase in the price of electricity leads to a decline in the quantity demanded of about
a.0.01 percent.
b. 3 percent.
c.30 percent.
d.300 percent.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Interpretive
Chapter 5 /Elasticity and Its Application 307
Figure 5-1
A A
B B
C C D
D
Quantity
Price
57. Refer to Figure 5-1. The demand curve representing the demand for a luxury good with several close
substitutes is a. A. b. B. c. C. d. D.
ANS: C
DIF: 2
REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity
TOP: Price elasticity of demand
MSC: Applicative
58. Refer to Figure 5-1. Atog says he would buy one cup of coffee per day regardless of the price. If this is
true, then Atog's demand for coffee is represented by demand curve a. A. b. B. c. C. d. D.
ANS: A
DIF: 3
REF: 5-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity
TOP: Perfectly inelastic demand
MSC: Applicative
曼昆经济学原理试题Chapter 08a
Chapter 8 Application: The Costs of Taxation Test A 1. A tax levied on the buyers of a product shifts the a. demand curve upward or to the right. b. demand curve downward or to the left. c. supply curve upward or to the left. d. supply curve downward or to the right. ANSWER: b. demand curve downward or to the left. TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y 2. When a tax is levied on a good a. buyers are worse off but sellers are not. b. sellers are worse off but buyers are not. c. neither buyers nor sellers are worse off. d. both buyers and sellers are worse off. ANSWER: d. both buyers and sellers are worse off. TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y 3. When a tax on a good is enacted, a. sellers always bear the full burden of the tax. b. buyers always bear the full burden of the tax. c. buyers and sellers share the burden of the tax regardless of which party it is levied on. d. sellers bear the full burden if the tax is levied on them, but buyers bear the full burden if the tax is levied on them. ANSWER: c. buyers and sellers share the burden of the tax regardless of which party it is levied on. TYPE: M KEY1: C SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y 4. A tax placed on a good a. causes the price of the good to fall. b. causes the size of the market for the good to shrink. c. affects buyers of the good, but not sellers. d. is usually borne entirely by the seller of the good. ANSWER: b. causes the size of the market for the good to shrink. TYPE: M KEY1: C SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y 5. When a tax is levied on a good a. the market price falls because demand declines. b. the market price falls because supply falls. c. the market price rises because demand falls. d. a wedge is placed between the price buyers pay and the price sellers receiv e. ANSWER: d. a wedge is placed between the price buyers pay and the price sellers receive. TYPE: M KEY1: C SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y
曼昆经济学原理第6版微观经济学分册第6章课后习题答案
曼昆《经济学原理》第 6 版微观经济学分册第 6 章课后 习题答案 曼昆《经济学原理》第 6 版微观经济学分册第5 章课后习题答案P132-P134第六章供给、需求与政府政策 复习题 1(举出一个价格上限的例子和一个价格下限的例子。 答: 为了保障城镇中低收入居民的住房需求，国家对城镇居民中的安居工程售房制定最高限价。为了保护农民种粮的积极性，对粮食的国家合同定购部分收购时制定最低限价，以保护农民的利益; 。 2(什么引起了一种物品的短缺, 是价格上限还是价格下限?用图形证明你的答案。 答: 当价格上限低于市场均衡价格时会引起一种物品的短缺。当价格下限高于市场均衡价格时会引起一种物品的过剩。 3( 当不允许一种物品的价格使供给与需求平衡时，配置资源的机制是什么? 答: 当政府对竞争市场实行限制性价格上限时，就产生了物品的短缺。卖者必然在大量买者中配置稀缺物品。这时的配给机制可能是排长队，或者是卖者根据自己的偏好来配给物品。当政府对竞争市场实行限制性价格下限时，就产生了过剩。过剩会引起一些不合意的配给机制，例如那些也许由于种族或家族之故而受买者青睐的卖者能比那些没有受到青睐的卖者更好地出售自己的物品。 4( 解释为什么经济学家通常总是反对价格控制? 答: 因为在市场经济中，价格对资源配置起着调节作用。如果人为的控制价格，往往会造成某种物品的过剩或短缺，从而使生产者和消费者的利益受到伤害，破坏市场配置资源的有效性。
5( 假设政府取消向一种物品的买者征税，而向这种物品的卖者征同样的税。税收政策的这种变动如何影响买者为这种物品向卖者支付的价格、买者所支付的包括税在内的货币量、卖者扣除税收得到的货币量以及销售量, 答: 税收政策的变动对它们都不产生影响。因为税收的归宿取决于供给和需求的价格弹性，而不取决于向买者征税还是向卖者征税。 6( 一种物品的税收如何影响买者支付的价格、卖者得到的价格，以及销售量答:一种物品的税收使买者支付的价格上升，卖者得到的价格下降，销售量下降。 7( 什么决定了税收负担在买者与卖者之间分摊?为什么? 答: 需求弹性和供给弹性决定了税收负担在买者与卖者之间的分摊。税收负担将更多地落在缺乏弹性的市场一方身上。因为弹性实际上衡量当条件变得不利时，买者或卖者离开市场的意愿。当对某种物品征税时，市场中其他合适选择少的一方不能轻而易举地离开，从而必须承担更多的税收负担。 问题与应用 1(古典音乐的爱好者说服了国会实行每张门票40 美元的价格上限。这种政策 使听古典音乐会的人多了还是少了? 答:如果40 美元高于门票的市场价格，对市场没有影响，听古典音乐会的人数不会改变。如果40 美元的价格上限低于门票市场价格，会有更多的人想购票去听音乐会。但是，在40 美元的价格下，古典音乐会的举办者所愿意并且能够提供的音乐会门票数量比实行价格上限之前下降，市场上形成了短缺。这种价格控制政策使听音乐会的人少了。2( 政府确信奶酪自由市场的价格太低了。 A(假设政府对奶酪市场实行限制性价格下限。用供求图说明，这种政策对奶酪价格和奶酪销售量的影响。是存在奶酪的短缺还是过剩? 答: 从图中看，存在奶酪的过剩曼昆《经济学原理》第 6 版微观经济学分册第5 章课后习题答案P132-P134 图6,1 奶酪市场供求图
曼昆-经济学原理1章
1 - Ten Principles of Economics The word economy comes from the Greek word for “one who manages a household.”At first, this origin might seem peculiar. But, in fact, households and economies have much in common. A household faces many decisions. It must decide which members of the household do which tasks and what each member gets in return: Who cooks dinner? Who does the laundry? Who gets the extra dessert at dinner? Who gets to choose what TV show to watch? In short, the household must allocate its scarce resources among its various members, taking into account each member’s abilities, efforts, and desires. Like a household, a society faces many decisions. A society must decide what jobs will be done and who will do them. It needs some people to grow food, other people to make clothing, and still others to design computer software. Once society has allocated people (as well as land, buildings, and machines) to various jobs, it must also allocate the output of goods and services that they produce. It must decide who will eat caviar and who will eat potatoes. It must decide who will drive a Porsche and who will take the bus. The management of society’s resources is important because resources are scarce. Scarcity means that society has limited resources and therefore cannot produce all the goods and services people wish to have. Just as a household cannot give every member everything he or she wants, a society cannot give every individual the highest standard of living to which he or she might aspire. Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources. In most societies, resources are allocated not by a single central planner but through the combined actions of millions of households and firms. Economists therefore study how people make decisions: how much they work, what they buy, how much they save, and how they invest their savings. Economists also study how people interact with one another. For instance, they examine how the multitude of buyers and sellers of a good together determine the price at which the good is sold and the quantity that is sold. Finally, economists analyze forces and trends that affect the economy as a whole, including the growth in average income, the fraction of the population that cannot find work, and the rate at which prices are rising. Although the study of economics has many facets, the field is unified by several central ideas. In the rest of this chapter, we look at Ten Principles of Economics. These principles recur throughout this book and are introduced here to give you an overview of what economics is all about. You can think of this chapter as a “preview of coming attractions.” HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS There is no mystery to what an “economy” is. Whether we are talking about the economy
曼昆经济学原理答案30—34
曼昆经济学原理答案30—34
第十二篇短期经济波动 第三十一章总需求与总供给 复习题 1．写出当经济进入衰退时下降的两个宏观经济变量的名字。写出当经济进入衰退时上升的一个宏观经济变量的名字。 答：当经济进入衰退时，实际GDP和投资支出下降，失业率上升。 2．画出一个有总需求、短期总供给和长期 总供给的曲线的图。仔细地标出正确的轴。 答： 图31—1 经济的长期均衡 3．列出并解释总需求曲线向右下方倾斜的 三个原因。 答：为了理解总需求曲线向右下 方倾斜的原因，我们必须考察物价水平如何影响消费、投资和净出口的物品与劳务需求量。 (1)庇古的财富效应
物价水平下降使消费者感到更富裕，这又鼓励他们更多地支出，消费支出增加意味着物品与劳务的需求量更大。 (2)凯恩斯的利率效应 较低的物价水平降低了利率，鼓励了家庭和企业更多地支出于投资物品，从而增加了物品与劳务的需求量。 (3)蒙代尔——弗莱明汇率效应 当美国物价水平下降引起美国利率下降时，实际汇率贬值，而且这种贬值刺激了美国的净出口，从而增加了国外对美国物品与劳务的需求量。 由于这三个原因，总需求曲线向右下方倾斜。 4．解释为什么长期总供给曲线是垂线。 答：在长期中，一个经济的物品与劳务的供给取决于它资本与劳动的供给，以及用来把资本与劳动变为物品与劳务的生产技术。由于物价水平并不影响这些实际GDP的长期决定因素，所以长期总供给曲线是一条垂线，即经济的资本、劳动和技术决定了物品与劳务供给量，而且，无论物价水平如何变动，供给量都是相同的。
5．列出并解释为什么短期总供给曲线向右上方倾斜的三种理论。 答：在短期中，总供给曲线向右上方倾斜，也就是说，在一个一两年的时期中，经济中物价总水平的上升增加了物品与劳务的供给量，而物价水平下降倾向于减少物品与劳务供给量。什么因素引起物价水平与产量之间的正相关关系呢?宏观经济学家提出了三种理论说明短期总供给曲线的向右上方倾斜。在每一种理论中，一种特殊的市场不完全性引起经济中供给一方的短期状况与长期不同。虽然每一种理论在细节上不同，但它们具有共同的内容：当物价水平背离了人们预期的物价水平时，供给量就背离了其长期水平或“自然水平”。当物价水平高于预期水平时，产量就高于其自然率。当物价水平低于预期水平时，产量就低于其自然率。 (1)新古典的错觉理论 根据这种理论，物价总水平的变动会暂时误导供给者对他们出售其产品的市场发生的变动的看法。由于这些短期的错觉，供给者对物价水平的变动作出了反应，而这种反应引起了向右上方倾斜的总供给曲线。假设物价总水平降到低于
经济学原理总结曼昆
曼昆经济学原理总结 第一章经济学十大原理个人做出决策的四个原理： 1）人们面临权衡取舍（做出决策的时候人们不得不在不同的目标之间做出取舍） 2）某种东西的成本是为了得到它而放弃的东西（比如读大学，要考虑到不能工作带来的工资损失）3）理性人考虑边际量（比如应该读到什么时候才能拿到最好的工资，博士，硕士呵呵）4）人们会对激励做出反应（比如去超市买东西很便宜，于是我们去买，结果买了很多的不需要的东西，反倒花了更多的钱） 经济相互交易的三个原理： 5）贸易能使每个人的状况更好（想想如果没有贸易，我们还处于自然经济的状况，那 么我们需要做所有的事情，需要去做冰箱，彩电……不可能吧。没有贸易就没有竞争了，那么我们就可能在某一领域被人们垄断，想想封闭的中国，我们可能不能得到很多的先进的科 技，但是我们现在和很多的国家贸易，这样我们可以享用更多的先进的技术） 6）市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法（这个东西从我学过的邓小平理论当中可以 反复地看到，无形的手，价格！） 7）政府有的时候可以改善市场结果（我们需要政府来维持这个社会的治安……，抄一 句：促进效率和促进公平〈尽管很多的时候他们是一对矛盾，有的时候政府也不一定能做到 这一点〉市场失灵）整体经济如何运行的三个原理： 8）一国的生活水平取决于它生产的物品与劳务的能力（就是劳动生产率，你工作一个小时，那么你能够创造出多少的财富。那么我们要提高生活水平，我们就需要去得到良好教育，现在我就在这么做，呵呵，拥有生产工具一一我现在需要一台电脑，速度要快些，屏幕要液晶的更好，以及获取最好技术的机会一一这我需要向导师和图书馆，师兄多多请教了， 还要自己去争取机会！） 9）当政府发行了过多的货币时，物价上升（这个好理解，不就是通货膨胀么） 10）社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍（菲利普斯曲线一一增加货币的供应量，可以至少短期的失业率〈其实我还是不懂为什么？〉，但是会造成通货膨胀） 第二章像经济学家一样思考第一节作为科学家的经济学家 为什么我们会把经济学家作为一个科学家来看待呢？ 经济学家同样的需要去观察世界，冷静地建立并且检验有关世界如何运行的各种理论。但是我们可以看到，经济学家更多的是关注历史提供的自然实验一一因为你不可能为了去验证一些数据去影响国家的经济运行，所以说经济学里的“实验”不是那么好做的。 那么如何去做呢？ 我们可以用科学的方法去观察世界，建立理论，再去进一步的观察（检验！）…… 在观察世界的时候我们可以做出一定的假设，这些假设会有利于我们的观察。当然，假设并不是永远的成立。比如我们去买东西，如果商店就在门口，我们可以假设买东西所花费的时间为零，如果是在3站地以外的话，这个假设就不能成立。 建立起经济模型。 两个模型：循环流向图，生产可能性边界 定义一下宏观经济学和微观经济学的概念。 这两个家伙基本上可以见名见意。 前者，研究整体经济现象。后者，研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们在某个市场 上如何相互交易。 或者这么说吧。如果你关心的是货币和失业率的关系，那么你所关心的话题应当是宏观经济学。而如果你看到的是一个公司如何在生产某种产品上决策，你所关心的应当是微观经
曼昆经济学原理试题及答案
一、名词解释（每小题5分，共50分） 1.机会成本 2.科斯定理 3.搭便车 4.囚徒困境 5.菲利普斯曲线 6.供应学派 7.凯恩斯革命 8.看不见的手 9.比较优势 10.外部性 二、简述题（第11、12、13题各12分，14题14分，共50分） 1.简述银行存款的创造过程。 2.简述失业的根源及其类型。 3.简述节俭的是非。 4.根据有关经济学原理，简析我国森林减少、珍稀动物来绝的原因及解决的措施。 三、论述题(每小题25分，共计50分) 1.论述人民币升值对中国经济的影响。 2.论述政府公共投资对国民经济的作用。 一、名词解释（每小题5分，共50分） 1.机会成本:指人们利用一定资源获得某种收入时所放弃的在其他可能的用途中所能够获取的最大收入。生产一单位的某种商品的机会成本是指生产者所放弃的使用相同的生产要素在其他生产用途中所能得到的最高收入。机会成本的存在需要三个前提条件。第一，资源是稀缺的；第二，资源具有多种生产用途；第三，资源的投
向不受限制。从机会成本的角度来考察生产过程时，厂商需要将生产要素投向收益最大的项目，而避免带来生产的浪费，达到资源配置的最优。机会成本的概念是以资源的稀缺性为前提提出的。从经济资源的稀缺性这一前提出发，当一个社会或一个企业用一定的经济资源生产一定数量的一种或者几种产品时，这些经济资源就不能同时被使用在其他的生产用途方面。这就是说，这个社会或这个企业所能获得的一定数量的产品收入，是以放弃用同样的经济资源来生产其他产品时所能获得的收入作为代价的。这也是机会成本产生的缘由。因此，社会生产某种产品的真正成本就是它不能生产另一些产品的代价。所以，机会成本的含义是：任何生产资源或生产要素一般都有多种不同的使用途径或机会，也就是说可以用于多种产品的生产。但是当一定量的某种资源用于生产甲种产品时，就不能同时用于生产乙种产品。因此生产甲种产品的真正成本就是不生产乙种产品的代价，或者是等于该种资源投放于乙种产品生产上可能获得的最大报酬。一种资源决定用于甲种产品，就牺牲了生产其他产品的机会；从事生产甲种产品的收入，是由于不从事或放弃其他产品生产的机会而产生的。 2.科斯定理:指一种产权理论。科斯本人并未将科斯定理写成文字，科斯定理的提出是由其好友斯蒂格勒首先根据科斯于20世纪60年代发表的《社会成本问题》这篇论文的内容概括出来的。其内容是：只要财产权是明确的，并且其交易成本为0或者很小，则无论在开始时财产权的配置是怎么样的，市场均衡的最终结果都是有效率的。科斯定理进一步扩大了“看不见的手”的作用。按照这个定理，只要那些假设条件成立，则外部影响就不可能导致资源配置不当。或者以另一角度来说，在所给条件下，市场力量足够强大，总能够使外部影响以最经济的办法来解决，从而仍然可以实现帕累托最优状态。西方学者认为，明确的财产权及其转让可以使得私人成本（或利益）与社会成本（或利益）趋于一致。以污染问题为例，科斯定理意味着，一旦所需条件均被满足，则污染者的私人边际成本曲线就会趋于上升，直到与边际社会成本曲线完全重合，从而污染者的利润最大化产量将下降至社会最优产量水平。 科斯定理解决外部影响问题在实际中并不—定真的有效。资产的财产权不一定总是能够明确地加以规定；已经明确的财产权不一定总是能够转让；分派产权会影响收入分配，而收入分配的变动可以造成社会不公平，引起社会动乱。在社会动乱的情况下，就谈不上解决外部效果的问题了。 3.搭便车：指不付成本或支付很低的成本而消费公共产品的行为。公共产品的特点决定了私人厂商不愿自动提供这种产品。这是因为在公用产品消费中存在“搭便车”问题，即每个人都想不付任何成本，或只支付很低的代价，来享受公共产品的服务。由于公共物品具有消费的非竞争性和受益的非排他性，人们可以在不付费的情况下享受公共物品所带来的效益。因此公共产品覆盖的消费者人数越多，搭便车问题就越严重，公共产品由私人厂商提供出来的可能性就越小。例如：1970年美国通用汽车公司研制出了一种汽车污染物排放控制装置，每个售价20美金，如果每个车尾都装上这一装置，可使汽车排放的污染下降30％至50％。然而，污染的降低是一种公共产品，每个人呼吸空气质量是否改善并不取决于自己的车上是否装上这个新发明，而是取决于该地区大多数车主的选择，于是大多数人都不想多花20美元而只是试图搭便车，结果，在私人市场上，这种公共产品的产量总难以达到最佳水平。私人不能提供公共产品，就只能由政府出面担当此项职能。事实上，私人经济中的政府，最初就是为了提供公共产品(法律、国防、公安等等)的目的由众多私人共同建立起来的。政府这一职能具体体现为：①尽可能正确地估价社会对公用产品的实际需求；②按照社会福利最大化的原则确定税收比率，并用税收收入购置公用产品，为公众提供服务。 4.囚徒困境：指两个被捕获的囚犯之间的一种特殊“博弈”，说明为什么甚至在合作对双方有利时，保持合作也是困难的。囚犯两难处境的故事包含着一个一般性的结论，这个结论适用于任何一个力图维持其成员合作的集团。这是博弈论中的一个经典例证，同一市场上的寡头在力图达到垄断结果时的博弈类似于两个处于两难处境的囚犯的博弈。具体情况如下：两囚徒被指控是一桩罪案的同案犯。他们被分关在不同的牢房且无法互通信息。各囚徒都被要求坦白罪行。如果两囚徒都坦白，各将被判入狱5年；如果两人都不坦白，则很难对他们提起刑事诉讼，因而两囚徒可以期望被从轻发落为入狱2年；另一方面，如果一个囚徒坦白而另一个囚徒不坦白，坦白的囚徒就只需入狱1年，而另一个将被判入狱10年。那么囚徒将会怎么选择呢？下表归纳了各种可能的结果。（其中“得益”是负的，表格右下角单元格意思是两个囚徒各2年徒刑）。该表说明，这两个囚徒面临着一种困境。如果他们都不坦白（以一种会遵守的方法），那么两人只需入狱仅仅2年。但他们不能相互讲话，如果囚徒A不坦白，他就冒着被B利用的危险。因为不管囚徒A怎么选择，囚徒B坦白总是最优方案。
曼昆经济学原理宏观经济学第六版答案
曼昆经济学原理宏观经济学第六版答案【篇一：曼昆经济学原理(宏观部分答案)】 >第二十三章一国收入的衡量 复习题 1 ．解释为什么一个经济的收入必定等于其支出? 答：对一 个整体经济而言，收入必定等于支出。因为每一次交易都有两方： 买者和卖者。一个买者的1 美元支出是另一个卖者的1 美元收入。 因此，交易对经济的收入和支出作出了相同的贡献。由于gdp 既衡 量总收入 135 又衡量总支出，因而无论作为总收入来衡量还是作为 总支出来衡量，gdp 都相等. 2 ．生产一辆经济型轿车或生产一辆豪华型轿车，哪一个对gdp 的 贡献更大？为什么? 答：生产一辆豪华型轿车对gdp 的贡献大。因 为gdp 是在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的 市场价值。由于市场价格衡量人们愿意为各种不同物品支付的量， 所以市场价格反映了这些物品的市场价值。由于一辆豪华型轿车的 市场价格高于一辆经济型轿车的市场价格，所以一辆豪华型轿车的 市场价值高于一辆经济型轿车的市场价值，因而生产一辆豪华型轿 车对gdp 的贡献更大. 3 ．农民以2 美元的价格把小麦卖给面包师。面包师用小麦制成面包，以3 美元的价格出售。这些交易对 gdp 的贡献是多少呢? 答： 对gdp 的贡献是3 美元。gdp 只包括最终物品的价值，因为中间物 品的价值已经包括在最终物品的价格中了. 4 ．许多年以前，peggy 为了收集唱片而花了500 美元。今天她在 旧货销售中把她收集的物品卖了100 美元. 这种销售如何影响现期gdp? 答：现期gdp 只包括现期生产的物品与劳务，不包括涉及过去生产的东西的交易。因而这种销售不影响 现期gdp. 5 ．列出gdp 的四个组成部分。各举一个例子. 答：gdp 等于消费(c)+投资(i)+政府购买(g)+净出口(nx) 消费是家庭用于物品与劳务的支出，如汤姆一家人在麦当劳吃午餐. 投资是资本设备、存货、新住房和建筑物的购买，如通用汽车公司 建立一个汽车厂. 政府购买包括地方政府、州政府和联邦政府用于物品与劳务的支出，如海军购买了一艘潜艇.
曼昆-经济学原理-概念归纳
曼昆《经济学原理》名词解释归纳——上下册 一、经济学十大原理 1、稀缺性：社会资源的有限性。 2、经济学：研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。 3、效率：社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性。 4、平等：经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。 5、机会成本：为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。 理性人：系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现起目标的人。 6、边际变动：对行动计划微小的增量调整。 激励：引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。 7、市场经济：当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时，通过他们的分散决策配 置资源的经济。 8、市场失灵：市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。 9、外部性：一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。 10、市场势力：一个经济活动者（或经济活动者的一个小集团）对市场价格有显著影响的能 力。 11、生产率：一个工人一小时所生产的物品与劳务量。 12、通货膨胀：经济中物价总水平的上升。 13、菲利普斯曲线：通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍。 14、经济周期：就业和生产等经济活动的波动（就是生产这类经济活动的波动。） 二、像经济学家一样思考 15、循环流向图：一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型。 16、生产可能性边界：表示一个经济在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时所能生产的产量 的各种组合的图形。 17、微观经济学：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们在市场上的相互交易。 18、宏观经济学：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。 19、实证表述：企图描述世界是什么的观点。 20、规范描述：企图描述世界应该如何运行的观点。 三、绝对依存性与贸易的好处 21、绝对优势：根据生产率比较一种物品的生产者。 22、比较优势：根据机会成本比较一种物品的生产者。 23、进口：国外生产而在国内销售的物品。 24、出口：国内生产而在国外销售的物品。 四、供给与需求的市场力量 25、市场：由某种物品或劳务的买者与卖者组成的一个群体。 26、竞争市场：有许多买者与卖者，以致于每个人对市场价格的影响都微乎其微的市场。 27、需求量：买者愿意而且能够购买的一种物品量。 28、需求定理：认为在其他条件相同时，一种物品价格上升，该物品需求量减少的观点。 29、需求表：表示一种物品价格与需求量之间关系的表格。
曼昆经济学原理 课后答案
第一篇导言 第一章经济学十大原理 复习题 1．列举三个你在生活中面临的重要权衡取舍的例子。 答：①大学毕业后，面临着是否继续深造的选择，选择继续上学攻读研究生学位，就意味着在今后三年中放弃参加工作、赚工资和积累社会经验的机会；②在学习内容上也面临着很重要的权衡取舍，如果学习《经济学》，就要减少学习英语或其他专业课的时间；③对于不多的生活费的分配同样面临权衡取舍，要多买书，就要减少在吃饭、买衣服等其他方面的开支。 2．看一场电影的机会成本是什么? 答：看一场电影的机会成本是在看电影的时间里做其他事情所能获得的最大收益，例如：看书、打零工。 3．水是生活必需的。一杯水的边际利益是大还是小呢? 答：这要看这杯水是在什么样的情况下喝，如果这是一个人五分钟内喝下的第五杯水，那么他的边际利益很小，有可能为负；如果这是一个极度干渴的人喝下的第一杯水，那么他的边际利益将会极大。 4．为什么决策者应该考虑激励? 答：因为人们会对激励做出反应。如果政策改变了激励，它将使人们改变自己的行为，当决策者未能考虑到行为如何由于政策的原因而变化时，他们的政策往往会产生意想不到的效果。 5．为什么各国之间的贸易不像竞赛一样有赢家和输家呢? 答：因为贸易使各国可以专门从事自己最擅长的活动，并从中享有更多的各种各样的物品与劳务。通过贸易使每个国家可供消费的物质财富增加，经济状况变得更好。因此，各个贸易国之间既是竞争对手，又是经济合作伙伴。在公平的贸易中是“双赢”或者“多赢”的结果。 6．市场中的那只“看不见的手”在做什么呢? 答：市场中那只“看不见的手”就是商品价格，价格反映商品自身的价值和社会成本，市场中的企业和家庭在作出买卖决策时都要关注价格。因此，他们也会不自觉地考虑自己行为的(社会)收益和成本。从而，这只“看不见的手”指引着千百万个体决策者在大多数情况下使社会福利趋向最大化。 7．解释市场失灵的两个主要原因，并各举出一个例子。 答：市场失灵的主要原因是外部性和市场势力。 外部性是一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。当一个人不完全承担(或享受)他的行为所造成的成本(或收益)时，就会产生外部性。举例：如果一个人不承担他在公共场所吸烟的全部成本，他就会毫无顾忌地吸烟。在这种情况下，政府可以通过制定禁止在公共场所吸烟的规章制度来增加经济福利。 市场势力是指一个人(或一小群人)不适当地影响市场价格的能力。例如：某种商品的垄断生产者由于几乎不受市场竞争的影响，可以向消费者收取过高的垄断价格。在这种情况下，规定垄断者收取的价格有可能提高经济效率。 8．为什么生产率是重要的? 答：因为一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力，而对这种能力的最重要的衡量度就是生产率。生产率越高，一国生产的物品与劳务量就越多。
曼昆《经济学原理》名词解释(整理版)
曼昆《经济学原理》（上）名词解释 1、稀缺性：社会资源的有限性。 2、经济学：研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。 3、效率：社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性。 4、平等：经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。 5、机会成本：为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。 理性人：系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现起目标的人。 6、边际变动：对行动计划微小的增量调整。 激励：引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。 7、市场经济：当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时，通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济。 8、市场失灵：市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。 9、外部性：一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。 10、市场势力：一个经济活动者（或经济活动者的一个小集团）对市场价格有显著影响的能力。 11、生产率：一个工人一小时所生产的物品与劳务量。 12、通货膨胀：经济中物价总水平的上升。 13、菲利普斯曲线：通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍。 14、经济周期：就业和生产等经济活动的波动（就是生产这类经济活动的波动。） 15、循环流向图：一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型。 16、生产可能性边界：表示一个经济在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时所能生产的产量的各种组合的 图形。 17、微观经济学：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们在市场上的相互交易。 18、宏观经济学：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。 19、实证表述：企图描述世界是什么的观点。 20、规范描述：企图描述世界应该如何运行的观点。 21、绝对优势：根据生产率比较一种物品的生产者。 22、比较优势：根据机会成本比较一种物品的生产者。 23、进口：国外生产而在国内销售的物品。 24、出口：国内生产而在国外销售的物品。 25、市场：由某种物品或劳务的买者与卖者组成的一个群体。 26、竞争市场：有许多买者与卖者，以致于每个人对市场价格的影响都微乎其微的市场。 27、需求量：买者愿意而且能够购买的一种物品量。 28、需求定理：认为在其他条件相同时，一种物品价格上升，该物品需求量减少的观点。 29、需求表：表示一种物品价格与需求量之间关系的表格。 30、需求曲线：一种物品价格与需求量之间关系的图形。 31、正常物品：在其他条件相同时，收入增加引起需求量增加的物品。 32、低档物品：在其他条件相同时，收入增加引起需求量减少的物品。 33、替代品：一种物品价格上升引起另一种物品需求增加的两种物品。 34、互补品：一种物品价格上升引起另一种物品需求减少的两种物品。 35、供给量：卖者愿意而且能够出售的一种物品量。 36、供给定理：认为在其他条件相同时，一种物品价格上升，该物品供给量增加的观点。 37、供给表：表示一种物品价格与供给量之间关系的表格。 38、供给曲线：一种物品价格与供给量之间关系的图形。 39、均衡：供给与需求达到了平衡的状态。 40、均衡价格：使供给与需求平衡的价格。
曼昆经济学原理-习题答案
曼昆经济学原理-习题答案 第一篇导言 第一章经济学十大原理 1(列举三个你在生活中面临的重要权衡取合的例子。 答:?大学毕业后(面临着是否继续深造的选择，选择继续上学攻读研究生学位，就意味着在今后三年中放弃参加工作、赚工资和积累社会经验的机会;2、在学习为什么各国之间的贸易不像竞赛一样有赢家和输家呢? 答:因为贸易使各国可以专门从事自己最擅长的话动，并从中享有更多的各种各样的物品与劳务。通过贸易使每个国家可供消费的物质财富增加，经济状况变得更好。因此，各个贸易国之间既是竞争对手，又是经济合作伙伴。在公平的贸易中是“双赢”或者“多赢”的结果。 6(市场巾的那只“看不见的手”在做什么呢， 答:市场中那只“看不见的手”就是商品价格，价格反映商品自身的价值和社会成本，市场中的企业和家庭在作出买卖决策时都要关注价格。因此(他们也会不自觉地考虑自己行为的(社会)收益和成本。从而，这只“看不见的手”指引着干百万个体决策者在大多数情况下使社会福利趋向最大化。 7 解释市场失灵的两个主要原因，并各举出一个例子。 答:市场失灵的主要原因是外部性和市场势力。 外部性是一个人的行为对旁观者棉利的影响。当一个人小完全承担(或享受)他的行为所造成的成本(或收益)时，就会产生外部性。举例:如果一个人不承担他在公共场所吸烟的全部成本，他就会毫无顾忌地吸烟。在这种情况下，政府可以通过制定禁止在公共场所吸烟的规章制度来增加经济福利。
市场势力是指一个人(或一小群人)不适当地影响市场价格的能力。例如:某种商品的垄断生产者由于几乎不受市场竞争的影响，可以向消费者收取过高的垄断价格。在这种情况下，规定垄断者收取的价格有可能提高经济效率。 8(为什么生产率是重要的? 答:因为一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力，而对这种能力的最重要的衡量度就是生产率。生产率越高，一国生产的物品与劳务量就越多。 9什么是通货膨胀，什么引起了通货膨胀? 答:通货膨胀是流通中货币量的增加而造成的货币贬值生活中价格总水平上升。货币量增长引起了通货膨胀。 10(短期中通货膨胀与失业如何相关? 答:短期中通货膨胀与失业之间存在着权衡取台，这是由于某些价格调整缓慢造成的。政府为了抑制通货膨胀会减少流通中的货币量，人们可用于支出的货币数量减少了，但是商品价格在短期描写下列各种情况所面临的权衡取舍: A(一个家庭决定是否买一辆车。 答:如果买新车就要减少家庭其他方面的开支，如:外出旅行，购置新家具;如果不买新车就享受不到驾驶新车外出的方便和舒适。 B国会议员决定对国家公园支出多少。 答:对国家公园的支出数额大，国家公园的条件可以得到改善，环境会得到更好的保护。但同时，政府可用于文通、邮电等其他公共事业的支出就会减少。 C一个公司总裁决定是否开一家新厂。 答:开一家新厂可以扩大企业规模，生产更多的产品。但可能用于企业研发的资金就少了。 这样(企业开发新产品、利用新技术的进度可能会减慢。 D(一个教援决定用多少时间备课。
曼昆《经济学原理》第6版-微观经济
曼昆《经济学原理》微观经济学分册第3章课后习题答案P63-P66 ■复习题 1.在什么情况下，生产可能性曲线是直线，而不是外凸的？ 【重要级别】☆☆☆【难度级别】☆☆☆ 【考查要点】生产可能性边界定义 【参考答案】当生产一种产品的机会成本为常数时，生产可能性曲线是直线而不是外凸的。 2.解释绝对优势和比较优势有什么不同。 【重要级别】☆☆☆☆【难度级别】☆☆☆ 【考查要点】绝对优势定义；比较优势定义 【参考答案】绝对优势和比较优势都是用于衡量不同生产者生产效率差异的概念，绝对优势以生产效率为评价标准，比较优势以机会成本为评价标准。同一生产者可能同时在两种物品上都具有绝对优势，但不可能同时在两种物品上都拥有比较优势。绝对优势反映了生产率的高低，比较优势反映了相对机会成本的高低。 3.举例说明一个人在做某件事上有绝对优势，而另一个人有比较优势。 【重要级别】☆☆☆【难度级别】☆☆ 【考查要点】绝对优势应用；比较优势应用 【参考答案】工程师A每小时的工资为500元，一个小时可以把自己的家打扫干净。B每小时的工资为50元，两个小时可以把与A相同面积的房屋打扫干净。在此例中，无论是赚钱还是打扫房间，A都拥有绝对优势。但从比较优势的角度来看，打扫A的家，A的机会成本是500元，而B的机会成本是100元，所以B在打扫房间上具有比较优势。
4.对贸易来说，是绝对优势重要还是比较优势重要?以你对上一道题的答案为例来解释你的推理。 【重要级别】☆☆☆☆【难度级别】☆☆ 【考查要点】绝对优势应用；比较优势应用 【参考答案】对贸易而言，比较优势重要。如果按照绝对优势，A和B之间没有从事贸易的可能。但是如果从比较优势来看，A专门工作而B专门打扫房间，在相同的时间内，A和B都可以获得更高的收入，这样双方的状况都变得更好。 5.一国是倾向于出口还是进口自己有比较优势的物品？解释原因。 【重要级别】☆☆☆☆【难度级别】☆☆ 【考查要点】比较优势应用 【参考答案】倾向于出口自己具有比较优势的产品。因为在该国的生产效率和资源禀赋不变的条件下，出口自己具有比较优势的产品并进口自己没有比较优势的产品可以获得更多的消费者组合。 6.为什么经济学家反对限制各国之间贸易的政策？ 【重要级别】☆☆【难度级别】☆ 【考查要点】比较优势应用 【参考答案】各国具有不同的资源禀赋决定了每个国家在不同的劳务或物品生产上具有比较优势，各国专业化生产具有比较优势的产品会增加世界劳务或产品的总量，而贸易既是各国专业化分工的前提，也是各国专业化分工的结果。如果限制各国之间的贸易，那么基于分工的优势就会减弱，所以经济学家反对限制各国之间贸易的政策。 ■问题与应用 1.Maria每小时可以读20页经济学著作，也可以每小时读50页社会学著作。她每天学习5小时。
曼昆《经济学原理》第五版宏观经济学习题答案(中文)
第 20 章货币制度 1、为什么银行不持有百分百的准备金？银行持有的准备金量和银行体系所创造的货币量 有什么关系？ 参考答案： 银行不持有百分百的准备金是因为把存款用于放贷并收取利息比持有全部存款更有利 可图。银行持有的准备金量和银行体系通过货币乘数所创造的货币量是相关的。银行的准备金率越低，货币乘数越大，所以银行存款的每一元钱可以创造更多的货币 2、考察以下情况如何影响经济的货币制度。 a、假设雅普岛的居民发现了一种制造石轮的简单方法。这种发现如何影响石轮作为货 币的有用性呢？并解释之。 b、假设美国某个人发现了一种仿造100 美元钞票的简单办法。这种发现将如何影响美 国的货币制度呢？并解释之。 参考答案： a、如果有一种制造石轮的简单方法，雅普岛上的居民就会制造多余的石轮，只要每个 石轮的货币价值大于制造它的成本。结果，人们会自己制造货币，于是就有太多的货币被制 造出来。最有可能的是，人们会停止接受石轮作为货币，而转向其他资产作为交换的媒介 b.如果美国有人发现了伪造百元面值美钞的简单方法，他们就会大量地生产这种假 钞，而降低百元美钞的价值，结果可能是转为使用另一种通货。 3、伯列戈瑞德州银行(BSB)有 2.5 亿美元存款，并保持10％的准备率。 a)列出 BSB的 T 账户。 b) 现在假设BSB的大储户从其账户中提取了1000 万美元现金。如果 BSB决定通过减 少其未清偿贷款量来恢复其准备率，说明它的新T 账户。 c) 解释 BSB的行动对其他银行有什么影响？ d) 为什么 BSB要采取 (b) 中所描述的行为是困难的？讨论BSB恢复其原来准备金率的 另一种方法。 参考答案： a. BSB的 T 账户如下： : 伯列戈瑞德州银行(BSB) 资产负债 准备金$25 million存款$250 million 贷款$225 million b.当 BSB的大储户提取了 1000 万美金现金，而 BSB通过减少其未清偿贷款量来恢复其 准备率，它的 T 账户如下：
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