太阳能电池转换效率

Research on New Technologies of Photoelectric Conversion Efficiency in Solar Cell

Tianze LI, Chuan JIANG, Cuixia SHENG School of Electric and Electronic Engineering Shandong University of Technology

Zibo 255049 ,China

e-mail: ltzwang@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/288214609.html,

Hengwei LU,Luan HOU, Xia ZHANG School of Electric and Electronic Engineering Shandong University of Technology

Zibo 255049 ,China

e-mail: henrylu007@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/288214609.html,

Abstract—The characteristics of the solar energy and three conversion mode of solar energy including photovoltaic conversion, solar thermal conversion, and photochemical conversion are represented in this paper. On this basis,the materials used in solar cell, as well as the working principle of solar cells, the factors of low convert efficiency of solar cells and the two major bottlenecks encountered in the solar application are analyzed.The idea that spontaneous arrangement of compound organic molecules is achieved by changing the molecular arrangement structure of the organic thin-film solar is put forward. The new structure of liquid crystal layer come into being accordingly so that the electron donor and the receptor molecules of the mixture are separated, and the contacting area between them is enlarged. So the efficiency solar photovoltaic is improved. The research and development of this new technology can solve the technical problem of the low conversion efficiency of solar cell, and open up an effective way to improve the conversion efficiency of solar cells. At last,the prospect of solar photovoltaic technology, solar energy exploit technology and the development of industry is offered in the article.

Keywords- photoelectric conversion efficiency; electron donor and recipient; photovoltaic generate power technology

I.I NTRODUCTION

Energy is the material basis of human society survival and development. In the past 200 years?the energy system based on coal, oil, natural gas and other fossil fuel has greatly promoted the development of human society. However,

material life and spiritual life is increasing, the awareness of serious consequences brought from the large-scale use of fossil fuels is increasing at the same time: depletion of resources, deteriorating environment, in addition to all of the above, it induce political and economic disputes of a number of nations and regions, and even conflict and war. After in-depth reflection of the development process of the past, human advance seriously the future path of sustainable development. Today in the 21st century, there is no a problem as important as a sustainable energy supply, especially for the benefit of solar energy development and has been highly concerned by all mankind. Around the world are faced with limited fossil fuel resources and higher environmental challenges, it is particularly important to adhere to energy conservation, improve energy efficiency, optimize energy structure, rely on scientific and technological progress, development and utilization of new and renewable sources.After analyzing two bottleneck problems which affect the conversion efficiency of the solar cell, we put forward a new structure of molecular arrangement of the solar cell to improve the conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

II.T HE F EATURES O F S OLAR A ND T HREE C ONVERSION

M ODES

A.The Features of Solar

Solar resources are solar radiation energy on the entire surface of the earth. Solar energy has four features. Firstly, solar energy is sufficient. The gross of solar radiation energy on the surface of the earth is about 6h1017kWh every year. It can be used several billions of years, which is reproducible and cleanest. It isn’t monopolized by any groups or coutries. Secondly, the energy density of solar energy is low. People want to obtain higher energy density by condensers. Thirdly, because of climatic change, the solar energy is mutative. For example, cloudy day and rainy day, the solar energy is weak. People should consider energy storage or use auxiliary devices which provide conventional energy to use solar energy in a row. Forthly, because of the earth rotation, the earth revolution and the angle between the axis of rotation and the orbital plane, days and sensons must change on the earth, solar energy must change too. Fifthly, use of solar energy can make energy level appropriate allocation, so heat energy is made used of. When the sun light shines on the earth, part of the light is reflected or scattered, some light is absorbed, only about 70% of the light which are direct light and scattered light passes through the atmosphere to reach the surface of the earth. Part of the light on the surface of the earth is absorbed by the objects surface, another part is reflected into the atmosphere. Fig.1 shows the schematic diagram of the sun incident on the ground.

Figure1. Schematic diagram of the sun incident on the ground

978-1-4244-7739-5/10/$26.00 ?2010 IEEE

B.Three Conversion Modes

The use of solar energy technologies are divided into the following three ways on the energy conversion methods, such as photoelectric conversion, light-heat conversion, photochemical convertion. The light-heat conversion among them is the most widely used, which is a TECHNOLOGY that can change solar radiant energy into heat energy.

III.T HE P RINCIPLE A ND M ATERIAL O F T HE S OLAR C ELL

A.The Principle of The Solar Cell

The principle of Solar cell is based on the semiconductor photovoltaic volt effect. Solar radiation is direct converted to electrical energy. When p-type silicon and n-type silicon connect, the interface will be formed between p-type and n-type the silicon in the crystal, that is, a pn junction. The basic structure is a large-area plane pn junction. As a result of electron and hole diffusion near the junction area, form the built-in electric field pointing form n to p area in the junction area. If the light on the solar cell is absorbed in the interface, the photon with enough energy can inspire electron from the covalent bond in the p-type silicon and n-type silicon and then produce electronic - hole pair.The more electron in the interface,the greater electric current. Light energy absorbed by the interfacial layer is stronger and interface layer that is, the greater the battery area, and the current formed in the solar cell

is also greater.Fig.2 shows schematic diagram of crystalline silicon solar cell

Figure2. Schematic diagram of crystalline silicon solar cell

B.Analysls of Material

In principle, all semiconductor materials have photovoltaic effect, which can be used for solar cells. So in theory, all of the semiconductor materials should be solar photovoltaic materials, photoelectric material has all physical appearance of semiconductor materials. There are three reasons. Firstly, limit

of physical appearance of semiconductor materials makes theoretical conversion efficiency of solar cells produced by some materials low, which don’t have development and application value. Secondly, the purification and the preparation of materials are difficult, all semiconductor materials don’t satisfy the high purity which should be needed by produced solar cells in the present technical conditions. Thirdly, the cost of materials and producing solar cells limits development, if the cost is very high, it is of no concern to devlop and apply. Though there are many kinds of semiconductor materials, real practical application in solar cell industry of semiconductor materials must be rare.

As materials of solar panels, there are a lot of soalr cells produced by silicon so far. Silicon is a semiconductor material. Controllable doping of boron or phosphorus is to change the conductivity of pure silicon. The outer shell of phosphorus has 5 electrons, combination with silicon crystal bonding only need 4 electrons. The fifth electron is close to freedom, which can transfer and form current in the crystal. The number of impurity in the crystal essentially determines the number of current carriers and electroconductibility of doped silicon by changing doping content for purpose. Doping phosphorus or other 5 valence atom called n-type silicon.

Silicon can be doped by boron, the outer shell of which has 3 electrons. The boron atom is short of a electron and combines with the adjacent electron of silicon in the silicon crystal lattice. The vacancy location is called “ hole ”. The doped silicon by similar boron is called p-type silicon. PN junction exists joint between n-type silicon and p-type silicon, which is core of semiconductor and solar cell. According to solar spectrum filling the demand of photoelectric conversion, by theoretical analysis, the band gaps of semiconductor materials which are made solar cells are 1-2eV, and when the band gap is about 1.4eV, the transformation efficiency is highest. The semiconductor materials are divided into direct bandgap and indirect bandgap. The photoabsorption coefficient of semiconductor material of direct bandgap is high, and the photoabsorption coefficient of semiconductor material of indirect bandgap is low. Gallium arsenideof micron thickness of direct bandgap absorbs all soalr light, but above 100-m silicon may comapare with.

From 2003, there are two provision sources of international solar cell materials, such as semiconductor industries and specilized production.

The solar cell materials of semiconductor industris are 50t/a. The semiconductor industry in China from grade material about 50t/a. Because of China semiconductor industry electronic level (EG) polysilicon production ability, ability of small ChanChang 100t/a, total 200t/a, insufficient reach high cost, scale, EG polycrystalline silicons are mostly imports, therefore, is not directly to provide DengWaiPin PV industry or scraps of polysilicon. China special grade silicon solar photovoltaic material research and production is almost blank

IV.I NFLUENCE F ACTORS O F S OLAR B ATTERY C ONVERSION

E FFICIENCY A ND I MPROVING M EASURES

A.Influence Factors of Solar Battery Conversion Efficiency

In recent years,there are many problems in the application of solar energy technologies, especially the conversion efficiency of the battery technology has encountered many obstacles: the shading effects of grating on the surface of solar cell; the loss of surface reflection; the loss of optical transmission;the loss of internal composite; the loss of surface

composite. To solve these problems, the following new

technologies are developed: PTP/OTP antireflection coating;laser carving groove buried grating technology; rongmian technology; back contact electrode which is to overcome the problem of surface grating shading;efficient back reflect technology; light absorption technology. With the application of these new technologies, issusing a series of studies which is focus on solar cell materials, conversion efficiency and stability ,inventing many new types of cell, which is greatly enhancing the conversion efficiency of solar cells.

B.The Two Big Bottlenecks of Soalr Energy Application

The core of solar energy appliction is generating electricity, generating electricity system is like a mini power station, which absorbs solar light, and directly changes solar into electrical energy. Not only satisfying their own electricity demand, excess electricity can also be incorporated into the power grid. The key bottleneck of limited solar energy application is technical environment and policy environment. Interconnection model with solar power equipment based on urban and rural power grid, far higher power grid companies may not buying grid type household solar power equipment redundant power. Even if the government subsidies, still quite difficult. To solve the key technical problems, is to reduce the cost of electricity can, in the true sense of the large-scale promotion.

C.Solutions of Improving The Photovoltaic Efficiency of

Solar Cell and Measures

To improve solar cell conversion efficiency, reduce costs are the key to the development of photovoltaic technology.

1?Solutions of improving the photovoltaic efficiency of solar cell

At present the impact of major obstacle to large-scale application of photovoltaic cells is its high manufacturing costs. In many power generation technologies, solar photovoltaic is still one of the highest cost, therefore, the main objective to the development of solar power generation technology is to design new battery structure by improving the existing manufacturing processes, to develop new battery materials,so the manufacturing cost is lower and improve the efficiency of photoelectric conversion., there are two main factors to improve the efficiency of photovoltaic solar cells: First is how to make electron donor and receptor molecules in the mixture in the separate state; the second is how to expand the contact area between the two. In order to meet these two conditions, After studying the simulated new materials of molecular structure of the biofilm, hydrophobic side-chain and hydrophilic side-chain can be added,then to combine the two types of material to study the arrangement of the molecular structure, in order to form a liquid crystal state layered structure to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency.

2?Measures of improving the photovoltaic efficiency of solar cell

Firstly, according to the practical situation, policies and regulations which encourage use of renewable energy sources should be made.

Secondly, encouraging industrial development, active exploring the market. In order to cause the solar energy to become one of following energy in the mid-21st century, must expand the investment, through the industrial production technology attack, the digestion absorption and so on, causes the light to bend down the manufacture industry technically to surpass the international standard, through the drive policy, encourages the Major industry to participate in the solar energy recovering technology positively the industry activity. Through encourages the policy to promote to expend, the development remote border district light bends down the market.

Thirdly,China should be combined with "in western development strategy. Solar energy should be as a key construction project.The government should make implementing measures and programs of all use of solar energy

in the western regions. Solar energy should be as the region's subsequent alternative sources.

Forthly, Increasing introjection of basic research, such as new thin film solar cells, solar energy based materials, selective absorption films of solar spectral and other spectral reflection, the functional membrane, which greatly reduce the cost of using solar energy.

V.S OLAR ENERGY T ECHNOLOGY A ND P ROSPECT

With the energy shortage growing and environmental pressures increasing, the depletion of oil is almost like a curse bringing disturbance to mankind. States have begun to develop renewable energy, in which development and utilization of solar energy has become the most hot "new favorite" of renewable energy. Development of solar energy has been the the general trend, and it is not far from solar energy era. The average annual growth rate of World PV modules was about 15% in the past 15 years. In the late 90s, the development is more rapid, and the average annual growth rate was more than 30% in the recent 3 years. The PV module production reached 200MW in 1999.In the industry, states has been to reduce cost by expanding the size ,improving the degree of automation, advancing the technical level, and opening up the market, and tremendous progress has been made. Efficiency of the Commercialization cell is from 10% ~13% to 13% ~ 15%, and the production scale develop from 1 ~ 5 MW/a to 5 ~ 25 MW/a and is expanding to 50MW even 100MW. PV component production cost down to below three dollars/W. India has the leading position in developing countries. There are currently more than 50 companies are involved in manufacturing about PV technology, including 6 solar cell manufacturing plants and 12 factories of components production, with 11MW annual production of components and about 40MW cumulative installed capacity. Promote the use

of solar energy is of benefit to the people. Promotion and use

of solar energy products in the the whole society, can directly reduce energy consumption, save money, reduce pollution and beautify their homes. Each unit, business, family and individual is the beneficiary of great significance.

A.Applications in Space

The first application field of photovoltaic technology is in space as a human satellite power, and later prevalence to the ground application.Solar cell can work in a wide range of sun intensity and temperature for a long period of time, with high reliability, high efficiency, long life and good anti-radiation properties, etc. making it obtain a wide range of application as a ideal space power. So far the vast majority of all types of aircraft launched into outer space by humanity are using solar cells as power supply.

B.Solar Light

The solar light is a solar-powered light, which is composed of solar components, batteries, charge-discharge controller, lighting circuits and poles, etc. Light, electricity, machinery, control technologies etc.that the light is gather in integral whole, and often integrate with the surrounding scenic environment. As long as sunny is enough it can install in situ, the light is a green environmentally friendly product and free from the effects of power lines,without ditching and embedding, non- consumption of conventional energy,and attracted a wide spread attention and application

C.Solar Car

With the arrival of the 21st century, the automotive industry advanced countries are researching and developing in energy saving and environment-friendly electric car. Solar-powered electric car developed rapidly in some developed countries as a result of advances in technology, especially the improvement of the cell and control technology. The primary users of solar-powered electric car are urban and rural middle-income residents, individual traders, and the tourism sector.

D. The Application of PV in The Communications and The Highway

The most familiar application of Solar photovoltaic power system is communications in the industrial field. Solar power used in unmanned microwave relay station, cable maintenance station, electricity / radio / communications / paging power systems, rural telephone carrier photovoltaic systems, small communication equipment, and soldier GPS-powered, etc.

Because of their unique characteristics of the highway, it is one of the solar photovoltaics place. Power supply system of highway plays a crucial role in the safety of the highway. In the urban areas of less electricity, if you use mains as power supply, the cost of pull-based power grid is very expensive. If using solar energy photovoltaic power generation on the highway to supply power to necessary electrical facilities, it is energy saving, environmental protection and economic security. Its applications is in the following areas: First, the service area on the highway which is away from the city power can build photovoltaic power station or photovoltaic-diesel hybrid systems,to supply area lighting, catering and other power needs to the service; The second is the emergency telephone system. the highway pass through many remote areas, in order to deal with emergency incidents, an emergency call must be provided as a means of https://www.sodocs.net/doc/288214609.html,ing the solar-powered long-distance transmission distribution equipment is not necessary, there is no transmission loss, safe and reliable when operate.

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Shanghai: Shanghai jiaotong university press,2003

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硅光电池特性测试实验报告

硅光电池特性测试实验报告 系别：电子信息工程系 班级：光电08305班 组长：祝李 组员：贺义贵、何江武、占志武 实验时间：2010年4月2日 指导老师：王凌波 2010.4.6

目录 一、实验目的 二、实验内容 三、实验仪器 四、实验原理 五、注意事项 六、实验步骤 七、实验数据及分析 八、总结

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太阳能电池计算 HEN system office room 【HEN16H-HENS2AHENS8Q8-HENH1688】

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有关太阳能电池板的数据计算(1)

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Research on New Technologies of Photoelectric Conversion Efficiency in Solar Cell Tianze LI, Chuan JIANG, Cuixia SHENG School of Electric and Electronic Engineering Shandong University of Technology Zibo 255049 ,China e-mail: ltzwang@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/288214609.html, Hengwei LU,Luan HOU, Xia ZHANG School of Electric and Electronic Engineering Shandong University of Technology Zibo 255049 ,China e-mail: henrylu007@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/288214609.html, Abstract—The characteristics of the solar energy and three conversion mode of solar energy including photovoltaic conversion, solar thermal conversion, and photochemical conversion are represented in this paper. On this basis,the materials used in solar cell, as well as the working principle of solar cells, the factors of low convert efficiency of solar cells and the two major bottlenecks encountered in the solar application are analyzed.The idea that spontaneous arrangement of compound organic molecules is achieved by changing the molecular arrangement structure of the organic thin-film solar is put forward. The new structure of liquid crystal layer come into being accordingly so that the electron donor and the receptor molecules of the mixture are separated, and the contacting area between them is enlarged. So the efficiency solar photovoltaic is improved. The research and development of this new technology can solve the technical problem of the low conversion efficiency of solar cell, and open up an effective way to improve the conversion efficiency of solar cells. At last,the prospect of solar photovoltaic technology, solar energy exploit technology and the development of industry is offered in the article. Keywords- photoelectric conversion efficiency; electron donor and recipient; photovoltaic generate power technology I.I NTRODUCTION Energy is the material basis of human society survival and development. In the past 200 years?the energy system based on coal, oil, natural gas and other fossil fuel has greatly promoted the development of human society. However, material life and spiritual life is increasing, the awareness of serious consequences brought from the large-scale use of fossil fuels is increasing at the same time: depletion of resources, deteriorating environment, in addition to all of the above, it induce political and economic disputes of a number of nations and regions, and even conflict and war. After in-depth reflection of the development process of the past, human advance seriously the future path of sustainable development. Today in the 21st century, there is no a problem as important as a sustainable energy supply, especially for the benefit of solar energy development and has been highly concerned by all mankind. Around the world are faced with limited fossil fuel resources and higher environmental challenges, it is particularly important to adhere to energy conservation, improve energy efficiency, optimize energy structure, rely on scientific and technological progress, development and utilization of new and renewable sources.After analyzing two bottleneck problems which affect the conversion efficiency of the solar cell, we put forward a new structure of molecular arrangement of the solar cell to improve the conversion efficiency of the solar cell. II.T HE F EATURES O F S OLAR A ND T HREE C ONVERSION M ODES A.The Features of Solar Solar resources are solar radiation energy on the entire surface of the earth. Solar energy has four features. Firstly, solar energy is sufficient. The gross of solar radiation energy on the surface of the earth is about 6h1017kWh every year. It can be used several billions of years, which is reproducible and cleanest. It isn’t monopolized by any groups or coutries. Secondly, the energy density of solar energy is low. People want to obtain higher energy density by condensers. Thirdly, because of climatic change, the solar energy is mutative. For example, cloudy day and rainy day, the solar energy is weak. People should consider energy storage or use auxiliary devices which provide conventional energy to use solar energy in a row. Forthly, because of the earth rotation, the earth revolution and the angle between the axis of rotation and the orbital plane, days and sensons must change on the earth, solar energy must change too. Fifthly, use of solar energy can make energy level appropriate allocation, so heat energy is made used of. When the sun light shines on the earth, part of the light is reflected or scattered, some light is absorbed, only about 70% of the light which are direct light and scattered light passes through the atmosphere to reach the surface of the earth. Part of the light on the surface of the earth is absorbed by the objects surface, another part is reflected into the atmosphere. Fig.1 shows the schematic diagram of the sun incident on the ground. Figure1. Schematic diagram of the sun incident on the ground 978-1-4244-7739-5/10/$26.00 ?2010 IEEE

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太阳能电池板日发电量简易计算方法

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太阳能电池计算(苍松参考)

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太阳能电池特性研究_实验报告参考

E I I 圏&全暗吋太阳能电池在外加偏压吋的伏安特性测量电路之二 四、实验步骤 1 ?在没有光源(全黑)的条件下，测量太阳能电池施加正向偏压时的I ~ U特性，用实验测得的正向偏压时I ~ U关

系数据，画出I ~ U曲线并求得常数1和I。的值。 2?在不加偏压时，用白色光源照射，测量太阳能电池一些特性。注意此时光源到太阳能电池距离保持为20cm。 (1 )画出测量实验线路图。 (2)测量太阳能电池在不同负载电阻下，|对U变化关系，画出I ~ U曲线图。 (3)用外推法求短路电流| sc和开路电压U oc。 (4)求太阳能电池的最大输出功率及最大输出功率时负载电阻。 (5)计算填充因子［FF =P m/(l sc ?U°c)］。 五、实验数据和数据处理 1.在没有光源(全黑)的条件下，测量太阳能电池施加正向偏压时的I ~ U特性。 表1 图-(b)全暗情况下太阳能电池外加偏压时的伏安特性半对数曲线 二V ,丨0二mA，相关系数0.9996，电流与电压的指数关系得到验证。

2 ?在不加偏压时，用白色光源照射，测量太阳能电池一些特性。

图9恒定光强无偏压时太阳能电池输出功率与负载电阻关系曲线 太阳能电池的最大输出功率 P m 二 ，最大输出功率时负载电阻 R L 二 1. 2 I (inA) 3在恒定光照下太阳能电池不加偏压时的伏安特性曲线

填充因子[FF 二P m/(l sc ?U°c)]= = 。 六.实验结果 - V ' , I o = mA, 短路电流l sc= ,开路电压U OC=。 填充因子[FF =P m/(l sc ?U°c)]= 七.分析讨论(实验结果的误差来源和减小误差的方法、实验现象的分析、问题的讨论等) 八.思考题

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竭诚为您提供优质文档/双击可除太阳能电池特性的测量实验报告 篇一：太阳能电池特性测量实验 本科学生实验报告 学号姓名 学院物电学院专业、班级12级光电子班 实验课程名称太阳能电池特性测量实验教师及职称 开课学期学期填报时间日 云南师范大学教务处编印 一、实验设计方案 篇二：实验报告--太阳能电池伏安特性的测量 实验报告 姓名：张伟楠班级：F0703028学号：5070309108实验成绩：同组姓名：张家鹏实验日期：08.03.17指导教师：批阅日期： 太阳能电池伏安特性的测量 【实验目的】 1.了解太阳能电池的工作原理及其应用 2.测量太阳能

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