新托福阅读考试9月12日考题回顾

新托福阅读考试9月12日考题回顾

新托福阅读考题回顾

考试日期2010.09.12

Passage 1

Title:

Functionalism

大致内容文章首先谈生物中机能的概念。然后说与生物学的功能概念相同，社会领域引入了functionalism。然后说了两个学者对机能主义（functionalism）的理解。一个认为机能主义是针对个人的，个人在得到了最基本的需求之后就会有进一步要求。而另一个人为机能主义是针对社会的，并结合道德可以减少一些冲突。

植物和动物的某个特殊机能可以通过分离它来验证，因为它们有明确的界限boundary所以可以被move out，就能检验被移除的部分是否有作用了，而文章所提到的社会学方面的机能是无法分离的，所以不能确定某个机能的具体功效（有题，为什么不能确定机能的具体作用）。最后说两个理论都是有缺陷的，也许我们应该不仅仅局限于这两个理论。

Passage 2

Title:

埃及人驯化牲口

大致内容开始时埃及人是先狩猎和采集并举(这两种行为其实都是破坏环境的)，由于人少，气候又湿润，所以人的破坏行为并没有使环境濒危。然后他们发现了动物tracing 和drink water 有习惯路线，就提高了狩猎成功率（有题，问首先发现什么。动物路线和集结地固定），逮得多了就进而为驯化牲口提供了基础。于是古埃及人就把这些动物很容易的捕获并且圈养起来，从而引发了食物以及畜牧的革命。

文中也提到被圈养的动物具有高产等特点。然后埃及人开

始驯化动物，但选择驯化什么动物很头疼（有题）。但是

畜牧的发展是漫长而充满失误的，然后举了个例子说明。

曾经想驯化红狼，但失败了。后来埃及人驯化牲口成功，

驯化的大部分是非洲本土牲口，sheep和goat例外，这两

种是south Asia驯化了才引进的。中间还提到，想确定某

种动物被驯化的具体时间很难，因为只能依靠出土文物和

考古证据，但是这些证据可以证明事实的存在，却证明不

了过程的长短。从古迹的被掩埋的骨头来看，埃及人曾经

狩猎和驯化动物并举经过了很长的时间。一些不成功的驯

化进行了很长时间，比如羚羊是到很晚才最终放弃驯化它

们的，而且还有间断的不成功的尝试。其他的不成功的动

物有的放弃的要早一些。所以我们从考古证据上来看，可

以知道人们试图驯化什么，但是很难知道具体的驯化好的

时间。一个细节，因为羚羊对于宗教仪式是必须的，幸好

宗教仪式对于羚羊的需求量不大，所以虽然驯化不成，可

以通过猎杀和暂时的圈养来解决需求。

Passage 3

Title:

Fishing

大致内容讲美国因为某法案的通过，政府发布禁止原油泄漏污染，所以钻油等破坏自然的活动受到管制，但是管制中都规定捕鱼是合法的，所以助长了过渡捕捞现象。（有题，问提到禁止原油泄漏污染的目的）。因为猎补，海洋鱼类的重群和数量都发生了很大的变化。大鱼没了或者变少了，只剩下体形小、繁殖快的鱼，经济价值小的鱼。在人类的过渡捕捞下，具有繁殖快特征的鱼存活有利（有题，什么鱼survive有利）。所以undesirable animal的数量相对就多了。~有人提出一种方法来解决这情况，就是把大的predator移除掉，但是这种办法长期来看对于海洋生物整体是有危害的，而且这方法只对高纬度的地区有用。因为鱼的行为会受到很多因素的影响，例如，季节、洋流和海面温度等等（有EXCEPT题）。作者说很多人利用养殖的方式来供应人类的消费需求。25％的水产养殖都在中国。最后作者举日本为例说明有几种方法避免过度渔捞。一是日本人养殖seaweed, which contains plenty of vitamin，而且价格好（有题，和农业比的优势），日本人都大量消费海洋养殖的植物，所以就在这方面领先世界了，而且日本人还能把海里的vegetable作出肉的味道，一样可以解决人的食物的问题。同时人类在陆上的种植植物和养殖需

要的时间长，海上植物养殖很短的时间，只要几个礼拜，

自然成长可能需要几个月(有题，人工养殖的好处。比较快)。

点评：

本次新托福考题完全重复09.01.10新托福考题。

本次考试的加试题目是：

电报

鸟的鸣叫

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