Design Verification
Design verification is an essential step in the development of any product. Also referred to as qualification testing, design verification ensures that the product as designed is the same as the product as intended. Unfortunately, many design projects do not complete thorough design qualification resulting in products that do not meet customer expectations and require costly design modifications.
Project activities in which design verification is useful:
*Concept through to Detailed Design
*Specification Development
*Detailed Design through to Pre-Production
*Production
Other tools that are useful in conjunction with design verification:
*Configuration Management
*Engineering Records
*Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
*Requirements Management
Introduction
Many customers hold the testing of products in the same regard as the actual design. In fact, many development projects specify design verification testing as a major contract requirement and customers will assign their own people to witness testing and ensure that it is completed to satisfaction. Although potentially costly, the expense of not testing can be far greater therefore projects that do not specifically require testing are wise to include testing as part of the development program.
Testing may occur at many points during the design process, from concept development to post-production. This tool will focus mainly on prototype testing however many of the guidelines that are provided can be applied to all testing.
?Development tests conducted with materials, models or sub-assemblies are useful for determining the feasibility of design ideas and gaining insights
that further direct the design. The results of these tests cannot be
considered verification tests however their use can be crucial.
?Prototype testing verifies that the product complies with product design specification requirements and occurs with items that closely resemble the
final product. These tests generally stress the product up to and beyond
specified use conditions and may be destructive. Testing may occur at ? T. Brusse-Gendre 2002 1 V1.1
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many levels. Generally, the more complex the product, the more levels of testing. For a complex system, tests might be conducted at the unit level, subsystem level, and then finally at the system level. Testing with prototypes allows the correction of deficiencies and subsequent re-testing before large commitments are made to inventory and production readiness. ? Proof testing is another type of design verification testing that employs prototypes. Rather than testing to specification, proof tests are designed to test the product to failure. For example, if a table is designed to support a certain amount of weight, prototype testing will be used to ensure that the table will support the specified weight plus a pre-determined safety factor. Proof testing would continue loading the table until failure is reached - likely beyond the specified limits. These tests are often used to identify where eventual failures might occur. This information is often useful for identifying potential warranty issues and costs.
? Acceptance testing is a form of non -destructive testing that occurs with production units. Depending on the criticality of failures, testing costs and the number of units produced, tests may be conducted on initial production units and/or random or specified samples (e.g., every 10th unit), or on every single unit produced.
Application of Design Verification Testing
Verification Methods
There are a number of methods that can be used in verification testing. Some are relatively inexpensive and quick, such as inspection, while others can be costly and quite involved, such as functional testing. A description of the most common verification methods follow:
? Demonstration . Demonstrations can be conducted in actual or simulated environments. For example, if a specification for a product requires that it be operable with one hand, likely the simplest method for verifying this requirement is to have someone actually operate the product with one hand. As record of the test, it may be acceptable to simply have the test witnessed or alternatively, recorded on video. The cost will vary according to the complexity of the demonstration, however most are relatively inexpensive.
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? Inspection . Inspection is usually used to verify requirements related to physical characteristics. For example, if a specification requires that the product be a certain colour, a certain height, or labelled in a specific manner, inspection would be used to confirm that the se requirements have been met. Inspection is typically one of the less expensive verification methods.
? Analysis . Analysis is typically used in the design of a product. It can also be used to verify the design and is often the preferred method if testing is not feasible or cost prohibitive, and risk is minimal. For example, analysis may be used to support the argument that a product will have a lifecycle of 25 years.
? Similarity . If a design includes features or materials that are similar to those of another product that has met or exceeded current specifications, an analysis to illustrate this similarity may be used to verify a requirement. For example, if a specification requires that a product be water resistant and materials that have been proven to be water resistant in other applications have been chosen, an analysis of similarity could be used.
? Testing . Testing can be one of the most expensive verification methods, depending on complexity as well as equipment and facility requirements. However, sometimes it is the only acceptable means for verifying aspects of a design. For example, a product may be required to survive transportation over various terrain (e.g., dirt roads). The most common method for validating this requirement is transportation testing where the product is placed in a test bed that moves up and down, and vibrates to simulate worst-case transportation. Although this testing requires relatively expensive and specialized equipment, it allows the testers to observe the test and is more economical that using a truck to validate by demonstration.
Selection of Method(s)
Often, a number of verification methods may be equally appropriate to verify a requirement. If this is the case, the cost and the time that is required to complete the verification should be considered. For example, to verify that a product satisfies a requirement to fit through a standard 30” by 7’ doorway, inspection (measure the height and width of the product) or demonstration (move the product through the doorway) can be used.
Sometimes it is necessary or useful to utilize two or more methods of verification. For example, if a specification requires that a product be usable by persons from the 1st to the 99th percentile, a demonstration may be conducted with representatives from each extreme and an analysis completed to prove accessibility to all other sized persons within the specified range.
Identification of Verification Activities
Initial identification of verification activities should be done concurrently with specification development. For each specification developed, a method for verifying the specification should be determined. Usually, at this stage, a decision is made on the method(s) to be employed and a general idea on how the test will be conducted. This forces the designer to make sure that the specification is objective and verifiable, and also allows the test engineers to get a head start on putting together a detailed test plan and procedures. The one caution is that this parallel development puts respons ibility on the designer to make sure that test engineering is promptly informed of any changes to specifications which normally is of minimal concern in integrated team environments.
If verification activities are not identified during the preparation of the specification, the design engineer needs to ensure enough notice is given to test engineering to allow timely planning and preparation. The communication and identification of required testing between design and test can occur through various modes and will generally depend on the overall approach to the design project (e.g., integrated team versus department based) and established company procedures. With an integrated team approach, the test engineer may take the product specification and work jointly with designers and other members of the team to identify and plan tests. If the design approach is department or functionally based, the design engineers may be required to complete and forward test requests to the test engineering department as the tests engineers are not intimately involved in the development of the design.
Preparation of Verification Activities
The preparation of verification activities involves:
?Determining the best approach to conducting the verifications
?Defining measurement methods
?Identifying opportunities to combine verification activities (i.e., a single demonstration or test might be used to verify a number of requirements)
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? Identifying necessary tools (e.g., equipment, software) and facilities (e.g., acoustical rooms, environmental chambers)
? Identifying a high-level verification schedule
Once the above items have been addressed, the overall verification plan should be reviewed with the design team to address any issues before detailed planning occurs. Issues that may arise are insufficient in-house equipment, facilities or expertise, and problems with schedule.
Many tests often require specialized equipment and facilities that are not available in-house (e.g., environmental chambers) therefore out-of-house facilities that can conduct these tests must be identified. At this time, estimates for out-of-house testing are usually obtained. These help to determine which test facility to use or, if costs exceed budget constraints, whether to redefine the verification requirements such that verification can be conducted in-house. If tests are to be subcontracted, they will generally be managed by test engineering.
Problems with the verification schedule may be due to a number of reasons. The time to complete the verificati on may be insufficient. In this case, some trade-offs may be necessary. Time may need to be increased, or the number or duration of tests decreased. Sometimes a brainstorming session with the development team may lead to creative solutions. Another problem with schedules may be the fact that certain verification activities need to take place during certain weather conditions (e.g., snow) however the period for verification will occur during summer months. It is usually undesirable to delay a project in the expectation of weather conditions therefore alternative means must be considered.
Detailed Verification Planning and Procedures
Once all of the issues surrounding initial preparation have been resolved, verification procedures can be developed. Written procedures should be developed for even the simplest of verification activities. This increases the quality and accuracy of results, and also ensures that repeated tests are conducted in an identical manner. The size of these procedures will depend on the complexity of the activities to be performed and therefore can be as short as a few lines or as large as a substantial document. Attachment A contains an outline for verification procedures. The format for procedures should be tailored as appropriate and only those items in the outline relevant to an individual verification activity should be included.
An important consideration to make when developing detailed verification plans and procedures is the order in which activities are conducted. Verification time can be substantially reduced if all tests requiring a similar set-up are conducted sequentially.
Also, shorter activities can be scheduled to occur while longer activities that do not require consistent monitoring are in progress. Two final considerations are related to the order in which activities are conducted. If testing is destructive, it should be conducted in order from least to most destructive to limit the number of test units required. Additionally, it is sometimes beneficial to order verification activities such that the outputs of one test can be used as inputs to subsequent tests. For example, if a vessel has the requirements fit within a specified envelope of space and to hold a specified volume, the dimensions determined to verify the space requirement could subsequently be used in calculations to verify the volume requirement.
Conducting Verification Activities
Execution of Verification Activities
It is important that the test procedures be followed to the letter when conducting verification activities. A failure to do so may invalidate results and may have dire consequences if the customer believes that the deviation from procedure was done intentionally to increase the probability of passing verification, or if future product failures lead to legal action. If for some reason it is discovered that procedures require modification, these changes should be documented and the necessary approvals obtained before continuing with the affected verification activity. If a verification activity is continued after a modification rather than started over, it should be noted in the record of results.
Recording of Results
Careful collection and recording of data are extremely important. The customer may contractually require these records, and they may be a prerequisite for obtaining certifications (e.g., Canadian Standards Association). Attachment B provides a sample outline for recording results of verification activities.
Depending on the requirements of the development project, the verification records may be sufficient to report the results. In other cases, a formal test report may be necessary. Attachment C provides an outline for a formal test report.
All test records and reports should be reviewed and approved as defined by company procedures. If formal procedures are not in place, the test engineering lead, the project manager, a customer representative or some other authority as agreed upon can review these items.
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Highlighting Non-Conformance
If a non-conformance (e.g., anomaly or failure) is discovered through verification activities, it is important to first attempt to verify that the non-conformance is with the product and not due to test equipment or other extenuating factors. If the non-conformance is product related, then details should be fed back to the designers as quickly as possible rather than waiting for the completion of a test record or report. In highly integrated teams, the optimum method for feedback may be to have the designer witness the non-conformance first-hand. In any case, a non-conformance report should be generated. It is important that the test engineer maintain these reports to ensure that all non-conformances are adequately addressed.
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References
Burgess, John A., Design Assurance for Engineers and Managers, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1984, pp. 150-165.
MIL-STD-1540D (1999), Product Verification Requirements for Launch, Upper Stage and Space Vehicles, U.S. Department of Defense, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
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9 V1.1 Attachment A
Verification Procedure Outline 1
Procedure
Number: Any numbering scheme can be used but it is useful to correlate the number with the applicable specification number. It may be useful to add a prefix to
designate the type of activity (e.g., T1.2.3 for a test, D1.2.2 for a demonstration).
If a verification activity is designed to address multiple specifications, the procedure should be written once and the other procedure sheets should simply include a procedure number and a reference to the written procedure. If multiple verification activities are used to validate a single requirement, consider using the same procedure number for each plus a unique suffix (e.g., T1.2.3a, T1.2.3b).
Method: Analysis, similarity, demonstration, test and/or inspection. Applicable
Requirements:
An identification of the requirements to be verified or the inclusion of the actual written requirement. If multiple requirements are to be addressed with the verification activity, all should be included with the main test procedure. Purpose/Scope:
What is to be done and why? Items Under Test: A definition of the items to be tested, including as applicable, part and/or
model numbers, material type, size, shape, etc., as well as the number of units to be tested.
Precautions: An identification of hazards, safety considerations, or special factors (e.g., level of cleanliness required).
Special Conditions/ Limitations For example, special requirements for the verification activity such as video recordings of a specific portion of the activity or the required presence of certain witnesses during the activity.
Equipment/ Facilities:
Equipment or facilities required including any requirements for calibration of equipment.
1 Adapted from p.158 of Design Assurance for Engineers and Managers by Burgess.
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Data Recording:
Requirements relating to the recording of test data (e.g., specific formats, frequency of readings). Acceptance
Criteria:
Pass/fail criteria including required accuracy of results. Procedures: Detailed script outlining how the verification activity is to be performed (e.g.,
application of loads, environmental conditions, sequence, data collection at specific steps) This section should be written such that any tester can easily and accurately follow the procedure.
Troubleshooting: Identify the actions to be taken if an inadvertent event occurs (e.g., premature failure).
Post-Test Activities:
Any activities that must be conducted once verification activities are completed (e.g., disposal requirements, teardown of test equipment).
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11 V1.1 Attachment B
Verification Results Outline 2
Procedure
Number:
See Attachment A for description. Method:
Analysis, similarity, demonstration, test and/or inspection. Applicable
Requirements:
An identification of the requirements to be verified or the inclusion of the actual written requirement. If multiple requirements are to be addressed with the verification activity, all should be included with the main test procedure. Items Under Test:
See Attachment A for description. Date:
The date(s) and time of day during which the verification activity was conducted. Testers:
Names of persons conducting the verification activity. Witnesses:
Names of any witnesses to the verification activity. If a witness only observes a portion of the test, that portion should be identified. Equipment/
Facilities:
Equipment or facilities used including the manufacturer’s name as well as model and serial numbers as applicable. If equipment requires calibration, indicate the date on which the latest calibration was completed. Results: Include all data collection as indicated in the test procedures. Attach copies
of any auto-generated test data. Clearly identify pass or failure with respect to acceptance criteria.
Comments: Description of test conditions, unusual circumstances, etc.
Recommendations: If the verification record will also serve as the verification report, any conclusions and recommendations should be presented.
Signatures:
Signature(s) of the tester(s).
2 Adapted from p.158 of Design Assurance for Engineers and Managers by Burgess.
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Verification Report Outline 3
Title Page: Title page may contain the procedure number, the name of the
procedure and the item under test. The date and revision number, if applicable can be included.
Approvals: Usually includes the name and signature of the person who has prepared the report as well as any others whose approval is required.
Table of Contents:
Index of Tables & Figures:
Summary: Summary should include an identification of applicable requirements, an indication of what the verification activity was to achieve, description of test conditions, and a summary of conclusions.
Introduction A brief introduction to the test report.
Description of Test: The description might include:
? Items under test ? Facilities and equipment
? Description of verification methods
? Instrumentation and measurements
? Results
? Analysis and discussion of results
? Conclusions and recommendations
Appendices: Calculations, data sheets, verification procedures, etc.
References:
3 Adapted from p.158 of Design Assurance for Engineers and Managers by Burgess.
字体创意在平面设计中的应用
字体创意在平面设计中的应用 字体创意在平面设计中的应用 字体设计作为视觉传达重要的表现手段之一，既是商业文化的信息载体，也是时代精神的体现者。在平面设计加速发展的当今，要求我们要了解字体的意义和结构，再加上自己的创新意识，把富有创意的字体运用到整个设计中。 一、字体创意性设计在平面中的重要性 人类迈入文明进程最重要的一个标志，是文字的出现。21世纪虽是信息化时代，文字依然以它独特的魅力表现出强烈的视觉感染力。从平面设计来讲，文字是人类社会有史以来最伟大最成功的设计，因为文字是最为简单的设计元素，却又是运用了最为丰富的设计手段。我们应该看到文字的魅力，这些设计品内涵丰富，结构完美，用途广泛，影响深远。在平面设计加速发展的当今，我们把字体直接放到设计的作品里显然是行不通的，这样只会使我们的作品显得腐朽而庸俗。但是当我们充分的了解了字体的意义和构成后，再加上自己的想法进行创新后，把富有创意的字体运用到平面设计中却未尝不可。 二、字体创意在平面中的具体应用 （一）字体创意在招贴设计中的体现 1.字体在招贴广告中的运用 招贴广告与其他的广告媒体一样，在现代经济生活中对加速商品的流通，引导消费观念，活跃市场经济以及文化交流起着积极的作用。招贴广告的基本构成要素是图形、色彩和字体。其中字体又分为标题、正文和广告语。这些都是常见的招贴广告中字体出现的形式。但是字体也常常以图形的形式出现在招贴广告的主体中。设计师通过对字体的分解与重组，或以书体形式，或以满版局部形式，总之可以创造出许多丰富多彩的形式手段。 2.设计师对字体创意性设计的运用 招贴设计史上，以字体创意作为主体内容的优秀广告不胜枚举。包豪斯的莫霍利纳吉曾对自己的设计方法作了这样的概括：“字体设计的材料，其形态大小色彩和编排具有一中强烈的视觉表现力。这些视觉要素的组合可以给要传递的信息内容一个视觉上的实在这意味着通过设计印刷，信息的内容可以通过画面来表达……”。荷兰的设计师桑德伯格也曾将字体即当具体的视觉形式又当文字意义来探索。他把字体看作点、线、面、方向等构成要素。他的设计思想对以后的招贴设计产生了深远的影响。 （二）字体创意在包装中的体现 包装是伴随商品流通出现的产物，作为现代商品不可缺少的构成部分。随着人类社会的发展不断赋予包装新的内涵和使命，现在包装的内涵不仅仅代表了一个承载商品的容器，更代表的是一种引导消费的手段，一种生活方式，一种文化价值的.取向。现代生活节奏的加快，改变了商品的市场营销策略，如除何提高消费者对商品的购买欲，强化商品的品牌意识，已成为现代商品包装与设计的重要课题。除图形、色彩、编排等要素外，包装上的字体设计是传递商品信息、提高企业品牌形象的主要内容。现代购物方式要求商品包装上的文字既是商品说明，又是商品的广告。 （三）字体创意在书籍设计中的体现 书籍装帧是设计是平面设计领域的一部分，在我们日常生活中，好的书籍装帧设计不仅为我们带来了文化知识和信息，同时也创造了一种美的氛围。文字和图片的有效构成是装帧设计的基本手段，其中对文字的处理是一项重要的工作。在书籍装帧中文字既是内容又是形式，它可根据文本内容设计出具有鲜明视觉个性形象的文字，也就是在这里提到的字体创意；也可将文字进行各种恰当的版式编排。有创意性的字体在书籍中往往是用作当书名，当标题。书名是书的灵魂，也是消费者接触到得第一个信息。所以一本书是否具有吸引力，书名很重要，书名的字体设计亦是重要。
字体设计的七种常见类型
1）字体的形象化设计 ●根据字或词的含义添加具体形象。这种形象化的设计手法增加了直观性、趣味性，给人印象深刻。它包括笔画形象化、整体形象化、添加形象和标记形象。 ●形象设计是中国汉字最主要的特征。人类早期的图画文字就是形象化文字。运用这种手法将字图结合，形象地表达字意，有着很好的视觉效果。 ●形象化设计要注意具体形象在文字中的位置及图形与文字之间的关系。以不影响文字的完整性、可识性为前提，起到加强字体表现力的作用。形象的应用要避免生搬硬套，或简单图解化造成的字体格调平庸。（2）字体的意象化设计 ●意象化设计又可称为寓意变化的字体设计。它以强调典型特征或提示的方法对文字加以艺术处理，给人以想像，回味无穷。意象化设计一般不以具体形象穿插配合，而是以文字笔画横、竖、点、撇、捺、挑、钩等偏旁与结构做巧妙变化。这需要对文字设计有独特的理解与创意，于平淡之中见神奇，使内容与形式达到和谐统一。 （3） 字体的装饰化设计 字体的装饰化设计是通过修饰和增加附加纹样，对汉字的本体或背景进行装饰的一种表现方法。它用装饰手法来美化文字，加强文字的内涵，更好地突出主题，使字体效果变得绚丽多彩而富有情趣。字体装饰性设计表现手法很多，有连接、折带、重叠、断笔、扭曲、空心、内线等。（4） 字体的立体设计 ●在平面的字体上, 应用绘画透视的原理来表现文字的立体效果。一般可分平行透视、成角透视、本体透视等。这些手法有很强的表现力，但在绘制上比较复杂。 （5）字体的投影设计 ●利用光线照射在物体上产生阴影的原理，使文字受光线照射产生光影，或把平面字形通过透明物体的遮盖而形成别具一格的艺术效果。可以用光线的方向及投影的角度来设计，能产生多种形式的投影美术字。包括阴影、倒影等形式。 （6）电脑创意字体 ●随着计算机科学的迅速普及，电脑字体也被大量应用到平面设计之中，它既减少了设计制作的时间，又使设计者的创意得到了海阔天空的自由发挥。 ●电脑软件的字库中有几百种字体可供选择应用，如：圆头体、水柱体、综艺体、琥珀体等，将它们直接应用到设计作品中会显得没有个性。需要在电脑中进一步根据不同需要，加工出各种不同的特殊效果，
【PS字体】字体创意设计方法谈
【PS字体】字体创意设计方法谈 从古至今，文字在我们的生活中是必不可少的事物，我们不能想象没有文字的世界将会是怎样。在平面设计中，设计师在文字上所花的心思和功夫最多，因为文字能直观地表达设计师所的意念。在文字上的创造设计，直接反映出平面作品的主题。如设计一幅戴尔笔记本电脑的广告海报，假设海报上没有出现“戴尔”两个文字，即使放上所有戴尔笔记本电脑的图片都不能让人们得知这些电脑是什么品牌。只要写上“戴尔笔记本电脑”几个文字，即使没有产品图片，大家也能知道这张海报的主题。从这个实例中，可以看出文字在平面设计中的重要性。一、字体创意的来源无论汉字，还是拉丁字，任何字体的形成、变化都体现于基本笔形和字形结构，基本笔形和字形结构是字体构成的本质性因素。一种字体构成风格的形成，完全取决于字体基本笔形规范化的字体笔调，正因为以字体笔调构成字体基本笔形的风格定性，才从字体的一笔笔、一画画中渗透出可见的形象性风格。另外，任何一种字体在笔形组合上都向规范化的结构关系展现出字体风格特性，字体中的一笔笔、一个个偏旁部首的组合定势，都以结构上的个性表现出字体的形象性风格。由此我们可以清楚地看出，基本笔形和字形结构不仅是决定字体构成的本质性因素，它更是字体创意的根本源
点。任何字体的创意从这两个根本源点上进行开发，均能从字体的本质性构架上创造出新的形象性字体。从上述的理论中，我们可以分析出，字体创意所要注意的两个重要因素：基本笔形和结构。（一）基本笔形基本笔形是文字笔画形象构成的规范性元素，它是文字符号的“体”的基本定势性决定因素，一种字体中以什么基本笔形组建文字，都由基本笔形的风格定势决定形成某种字体。所以说，所谓字体中的“体”，实质上就是基本笔形所规定“定势”的构成。汉字中的点、横、坚、撇、捺、竖弯勾等基本笔形是任何文字组构的基本元素。拉丁字等文字都具有类似的基本笔形规范而构成字体。因此在字体设计中，字体创意的本质性对象反映为基本笔形的创造。基本笔形中起收笔的变化，横坚画的比例，点、顿角、勾的形象定势，点、撇、捺的运笔规范等，都可以不同的形象观和意识观去变化去表现。图１在字体创意中，基本笔形是字体创意的灵魂所在，好的字体创意的出现或形成，首先是字体基本笔形的出现或形成。因此，字体创意的源点史体现出对基本笔形的变化、变换的探讨。对基本笔形的创造性的探讨，是要从字形组织的基本元素上寻找新的相关性形象。字体基本笔形的开发虽然是一种比较抽象的创造活动，但这种抽象还要来源于现实社会中种种特性的关联，从现实中关联产生的抽象形象，才能在返回现实的过程中获得实质性的效果。（二）
字体创意设计
面设计中，设计师在文字上所花的心思和功夫最多，因为文字能直观地表达设计师所的意念。在文字上的创造设计，直接反映出平面作品的主题。 如设计一幅戴尔笔记本电脑的广告海报，假设海报上没有出现“戴尔”两个文字，即使放上所有戴尔笔记本电脑的图片都不能让人们得知这些电脑是什么品牌。只要写上“戴尔笔记本电脑”几个文字，即使没有产品图片，大家也能知道这张海报的主题。从这个实例中，可以看出文字在平面设计中的重要性。 一、字体创意的来源 无论汉字，还是拉丁字，任何字体的形成、变化都体现于基本笔形和字形结构，基本笔形和字形结构是字体构成的本质性因素。一种字体构成风格的形成，完全取决于字体基本笔形规范化的字体笔调，正因为以字体笔调构成字体基本笔形的风格定性，才从字体的一笔笔、一画画中渗透出可见的形象性风格。 另外，任何一种字体在笔形组合上都向规范化的结构关系展现出字体风格特性，字体中的一笔笔、一个个偏旁部首的组合定势，都以结构上的个性表现出字体的形象性风格。由此我们可以清楚地看出，基本笔形和字形结构不仅是决定字体构成的本质性因素，它更是字体创意的根本源点。任何字体的创意从这两个根本源点上进行开发，均能从字体的本质性构架上创造出新的形象性字体。 从上述的理论中，我们可以分析出，字体创意所要注意的两个重要因素：基本笔形和结构。 （一）基本笔形 基本笔形是文字笔画形象构成的规范性元素，它是文字符号的“体”的基本定势性决定因素，一种字体中以什么基本笔形组建文字，都由基本笔形的风格定势决定形成某种字体。所以说，所谓字体中的“体”，实质上就是基本笔形所规定“定势”的构成。汉字中的点、横、坚、撇、捺、竖弯勾等基本笔形是任何文字组构的基本元素。拉丁字等文字都具有类似的基本笔形规范而构成字体。因此在字体设计中，字体创意的本质性对象反映为基本笔形的创造。基本笔形中起收笔的变化，横坚画的比例，点、顿角、勾的形象定势，点、撇、捺的运笔规范等，都可以不同的形象观和意识观去变化去表现。 在字体创意中，基本笔形是字体创意的灵魂所在，好的字体创意的出现或形成，首先是字体基本笔形的出现或形成。因此，字体创意的源点史体现出对基本笔形的变化、变换的探讨。对基本笔形的创造性的探讨，是要从字形组织的基本元素上寻找新的相关性形象。字体基本笔形的开发虽然是一种比较抽象的创造活动，但这种抽象还要来源于现实社会中种种特性的关联，从现实中关联产生的抽象形象，才能在返回现实的过程中获得实质性的效果。
创意字体设计教案
创意字体设计教案 篇一:有创意的字教案 有创意的字 设计思路: 本节课旨在培养学生了解变体美术字、体验变体美术字的创意能力。融知识性、实用性、趣味性于一体，通过欣赏与分析，设计与制作，合作与交流等课堂教学活动，提高学生对变体美术字的认识和创意的能力。 教学目的: 1、学习变体美术字的基本知识 2、掌握变体美术字的几种变化方法 3、启发和培养学生的想象力、创造力 教学重点: 1、了解掌握变体美术字的变化方法及变化范围 2、试着自己书写变体美术字 教学难点: 对学生分析能力、应变能力和形象思维能力的培养，使他们能根据字体进行灵活合理的变体。 教学过程: 一、视频导入 播放《喜羊羊与灰太狼》动画片开头 生:喜羊羊与灰太狼。
师:动画片好看，它的名字设计的也很有特点。请看展示片头这与我们以前认识到得宋体、黑体美术字有什么区别,展示宋体、黑体字的喜羊羊与灰太狼与之对比 生:动画片片头设计显得更加生动有趣板书生动有趣 师:这种字体是在宋体、黑体美术字的基础上变化而来一种字体，我们叫它变体美术字。这种变化就是变体字的创意设计。今天我们就共同来学习变体美术字的创意设计。板书课题 二、新授过程 (一)变体美术字的应用 1、了解变体美术字在生活中的运用 像这种变体美术字在生活中随处可见，你都在什么地方见过呢, 学生回答老师的问题:衣服商标、商品标志、宣传标语、、、、、师:同学们在实际生活中见到过这样的变体美术字吗,展示生活中的变体美术字 (二) 变体美术字的基本变化规律 1、了解规律 师:老师这儿还有几个变体美术字，大家观察这些字的哪些部位发生了变化, 出示图片 学生说出相应的变化规律就可以了。 教师归纳变化规律 2、争当小设计家 请同学们选择下面的其中一、两个字根据字形、笔画、结构进行变化练习。设计完成以后说一说你的设计思路, 胖、高、电、花、裂、 (三)变体美术字的常见变化方法 1、象形变化
17种设计字体地创意方法
推荐：17种设计字体的创意方法 推荐: 2013/07/23 in 在我们做海报、广告设计中，我们该怎样创造出有魔力的字体紧紧抓住读者的心呢？这篇文章提供的17种创意的字体设计方法也许可以提供给你不一样的灵感与技巧，希望你能在其中找到自己喜欢的:） 复古、时尚、创意字体下载及欣赏→ 1、替换法 替换法是在统一形态的文字元素加入另类不同的图形元素或文字元素。其本质是根据文字的内容意思，用某一形象替代字体的某个部分或某一笔画，这些形象或写实或夸张。将文字的局部替换，是文字的内涵外露，在形象和感官上都增加了一定的艺术感染力。 2、共用法 “笔画公用”是文字图形化创意设计中广泛运用的形式。文字是一种视觉图形，它的线条有着强烈的构成性，可以从单纯的构成角度来看到笔画之间的异同，寻找笔画之间的内在联系，找到他们可以共同利用的条件，把它提取出来合并为一。
3、叠加法 叠加法是将文字的笔画互相重叠或将字与字、字与图形相互重叠的表现手法。叠加能使图形产生三度空间感，通过叠加处理的实行和虚形，增加了设计的内涵和意念，以图形的巧妙组合与表现，使单调的形象丰富起来。
4、分解重构法 分解重构发是将熟悉的文字或图形打散后，通过不同的角度审视并重新组合处理，主要目的是破坏其基本规律并寻求新的设计生命。 总之，平面图形设计的目的是人与人的交流，作为设计者，学习运用符号学工具，会使设计更加有效。在平面设计如此繁杂的今天，把文字图形化运用到设计中，才能使作品具有强烈的视觉冲击力,更便于公众对设计者的作品主题的认识、理解与记忆。 5、俏皮设计法 把横中间拉成圆弧,角也用圆处理,这个方法还有重要一点就是色彩,字体处理上加上色彩的搭配才能作出好的俏皮可爱字体。