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从历届美国总统就职演说辞中探讨排比在演说词中的使用

从历届美国总统就职演说辞中探讨排比在演说词中的使用
从历届美国总统就职演说辞中探讨排比在演说词中的使用

摘要:就职演说作为一种特殊的演讲形势,很好的诠释了演说词的深远意义和广泛影响力。本文以美国历届总统就职演说辞为研究对象,对排比的大量使用进行分析,旨在揭示排比修辞法在演讲文体中的巨大作用。排比的使用能给演讲者带来恢弘的气势,使演说的逻辑更加清晰,同时也增强了演说者的感召力,增强了读者和听众对演说词的深刻理解。

关键词:就职演说词;演讲;排比

公众演讲作为一种极为特殊的问题,既不同于日常谈话,也不同于小说、戏剧、诗歌等文学体裁。由于其都是在非常正式的场合,由特定的演讲者直接面向广大听众进行的旨在激起群众的热情,获得听众的支持和认可的一种社会活动,因此使其兼备口语和书面语俩种文体的语言特点同时,有着显著地差异。它扬口语浅显易懂之长,弃口语松散杂乱之短;既保留了书面语庄重文雅之风,又不失口语生动感人之韵,使人听来感到铿锵悦耳,感情充沛,极富感染力和号召力。

美国总统的就职演说是一种在特定场合下的演说。现场听众可达百万之众,并且向国内外进行现场直播。美国民众及世界各国总是对新总统有着无限期待,总统治国理想,对国家所面临的困难和挑战的分析,施政纲领的宣布以及如何实现民众的希望都通过这一就职演讲传达出来。据各大媒体的调查表明,大多数美国民众对美国新当选的总统奥巴马于2009年1月20日做出的就职演说感到满意和非常满意。由此可见,一次演讲所承担的使命以及其所能达到的效果非同凡响。本文以美国历届总统就职演说辞为语料,以排比修辞法的使用为基点进行简要的分析,揭示排比在演讲词中的巨大作用以及其所带来的恢弘气势、清晰地说理与强大的感召力,以增强读者对排比法的深刻理解。

排比(parallelism)是一种修辞手法,它是利用三个或三个以上意义相关或相近,结构相同或相似和语气相同的词组(主谓/动宾)或句子并排,达到一种加强语势的效果。Parallelism:Similarity of construction of adjacent word groups equivalent,complementary,or antithetic in sense esp.for rhetorical effect or rhythm;reiteration in similar phrases (Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of The English Language Unabridged1986).这种结构的大量运用,使得演讲在句法结构上更加工整,在语篇上更具气势,在感情上更具有感染力。在诸多的美国总统中,每一位总统的就职演说词,都依据各自不同的政治目的,而或多或少的使用到了排比的修辞方法,以下则是笔者从美国历任总统的演说中例选出的经典排比句式。

例1.托马斯.杰斐逊在建国之初,国家建设时期的就职演讲中,排比句的使用感召了国民对进国家建设的热衷,鼓舞了民众士气。

Let us,then,fellow-citizens,unite with one heart and one mind.Let us restore to social intercourse that harmony and affection without which liberty and even life itself are but dreary things.And let us reflect that,having banished from our land that religious intolerance under which mankind so long bled and suffered,we have yet gained little if we countenance a political intolerance as despotic,as wicked,and capable of as bitter and bloody persecutions……Let us,then,with courage and confidence pursue our own Federal and Republican principles, our attachment to union and representative government.

公民们,让我们同心同德地团结起来。让我们在社会交往中和睦如初、恢复友爱,如果没有这些,自由,甚至生活本身都会索然寡味,让我们再想一想,我们已经将长期以来造成人类流血、受苦的宗教信仰上的不宽容现象逐出国上,如果我们鼓励某种政治上的不宽容,其专演、邪恶和可能造成的残酷、血腥迫害均与此相仿,那么我们必将无所收获。……因此,让我们以勇气和信心,迫求我们自己的联邦与共和原则,拥戴联邦与代议制政府。

四个Let us…平行排列,从团结到和睦如初,到想一想,最后到以勇气和欣欣追求共和原则,把团结置于首位,加强了感情联络,产生了强烈的感召力。

例2.在维护祖国统一的美国内战时期,林肯于1861年三月四日就职演说中通过排比的句式使用表现其坚定的反对国家分裂、维护国家统一的立场和信念,给我们留下了极其深刻的影响。

It was formed,in fact,by the Articles of Association in 1774.It was matured and continued by the Declaration of Independence in1776.It was further matured,and the faith of all the then thirteen States……

在三个平行结构的被动句式排比中,强调了联邦条款之于美国联邦的重要性,突出了国家宪法高于一切,人民的利益是以宪法为保障,一切组织和团体行为都要以宪法为依据,因而突出团结高于一切。

例3.在经济大危机施虐全球的30年代,富兰克林·罗斯福于新政改革时期所做的就职演说中,排比的使用加强了人们复苏经济的信心;他在就职演说中大量的使用排比以呼吁美国人摆脱恐惧心理,迅速行动起来应付危机。

The task can be helped by definite efforts to raise…It can be helped by preventing realistically the…It can be helped by

从历届美国总统就职演说辞中探讨

排比在演说词中的使用

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insistence that the Federal,State,and local governments…It

can be helped by the unifying of relief activities which today are often scattered,uneconomical,and unequal.It can be helped by national planning for and supervision of all forms of transportation…There are many ways in which it can be helped,but it can never be helped merely by talking about it.

明确地为提高农产品价值并以此购买城市产品所做的努力,会有助于任务的完成。避免许多小家庭业、农场业被取消赎取抵押品的权利的悲剧也有助于任务的完成。联邦、州、各地政府立即行动回应要求降价的呼声,有助于任务的完成。将现在常常是分散不经济、不平等的救济活动统一起来有助于任务的完成。对所有公共交通运输,通讯及其他涉及公众生活的设施作全国性的计划及监督有助于任务的完成。许多事情都有助于任务完成,但这些决不包括空谈。我们必须行动,立即行动。

例4.哈里-杜鲁门总统的就职演讲中,排比的使用堪称一绝,

We are aided by all who wish to live…

We are aided by all who want relief…

We are aided by all who desire…

We are aided by all who long for…

We are aided by all who desire…

整齐的排比句式堪与重复修辞法媲美。形式上的整齐也给演说的逻辑上带来层层递进的效果,使演说达到高潮。连续的“我们”的使用酷似汉语的反复排比,使五个不同内容都围绕着我们这个中心铺陈延展,排中有比,比照而排。杜鲁门轻松地用人们挂在嘴边却显然赢得了听众的认同。

例5.在历届44任总统中,肯尼迪的演讲使用比例至高,被誉为是最具煽动性的演讲,而其中排比功不可没,也被称为是最具煽动性的排比句。其演说共计1360字,但排比句式就用了20余次,堪称史上排比之最。

…my fellow Americans:ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for your country.

My fellow citizens of the world:ask not what America will do for you,but what together we can do for the freedom of man.肯尼迪的演讲中,大篇幅的排比,经典的排比使用层出不穷,在这里我们仅引用其最为经典的排比兼反复的典型例句,足以将我们要阐明的道理,排比能使演讲者阐述的道理更为透彻、精深。他全方位的表达了各党派和谐的重要性,同时呼吁各党为民族的团结和世界的和谐贡献一份力量。

例6.尼克松总统就职演讲中的I have come to know the leaders of the world——

I know that peace does not come through wishing——

—I also know the people of the world.——

—I know these have no ideology,no race.I know America.I know the heart of America is good。

连续6个I know将演讲推向高潮,通过排比的恰当使用,演讲者也有条不紊,使整个过程至此娓娓动听,既渲染了几分,又创造了意境。在结构上环环相扣,而在语音上又整齐灵活,气势畅达。

例7.小布什总统连任就职演讲中排比的运用贯穿全文,从开篇颂扬宪法到畅想自由的美国,排比称为布什总统感召美国人民的强大武器,全篇以诗歌一样的节奏纵贯演讲,给人以一气呵成尚意犹未尽之感。如:

It is the honorable achievement of our fathers.Now it is the urgent requirement of our nation’s security,and the calling of our time.So it is the policy of the United States to seek and support the growth of democratic movements and institutions in every nation and culture.它是我们先辈们的光荣成就。而今天,它则称为国家安全的当务之急,成了我们的时代重任。

小布什总统连用三个it is…并列,充分赞扬了先辈的巨大成就,隐含了自己宽广的胸怀,知名了此事民族迫切的安全需要与时代的召唤,提出了寻求帮助的策略。逻辑严密,顺理成章。有如:

We do not accept the existence of permanent tyranny because we do not accept the possibility of permanent slavery.我们不能容忍永久的暴政,因为我们不能容忍永久的奴役。主、从句在结构上的对等,在听众心里将憎恨保证、憎恨奴役的概念打下更深的烙印。除此之外,演讲者把自己置身于听众之中,融入集体,与其感同深受,求的认同以达到共鸣。一个演讲者能将自身融入到听众当中,不分你我,这就达到了演讲者的初衷,认同;这本身就是修辞的本质和标志。拉近了听话者与说话者之间的距离,并形成了亲密联系。

例8.新当选美国总统的奥巴马总统在演说中,同样不乏排比修辞法的使用。如:

For us,they packed up their few worldly possessions and travelled across oceans in search of anew life.For us,they toiled in sweatshops and settled the west;endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth.For us,they fought and died,in places like Concord and Gettysburg,Normandy and KheSanh.

为了我们,先辈们带着微薄的家当,横渡大洋,寻找新生活;为了我们,先辈们在血汗工厂劳作,忍受皮鞭的抽打;为了我们,先辈们定居西部,在荒芜的土地辛勤耕作;为了我们,先辈们奔赴像康科德城和葛底斯堡,诺曼底和克山这样的地方去征战并且牺牲。

这段排比句的安排和使用,使结构平衡,音韵和谐,语义紧凑,高潮迭起,极富感召力与共动性。排比在此的使用既能突出演讲主题,又能流畅句子,读起来朗朗上口,富有音乐版的节奏和感染力。

纵贯美历任总统演说词中排比的使用情况发现,排比修辞法的应用次数最多,这充分说明了美国总统深谙排比修辞格的高效能。排比不但能打动听众,感染人民,同时达到了宣传施政纲领,宣传主张的作用。因此我们说,排比对演讲文体的编撰是不可或缺的。正如我们所总结的1)运用排比可以把要抒发的情感表达得更强烈、更真挚。2)运用排比可以把要阐述的道理阐述得更为透彻、精深。3)运用排比句可以全方位地表达各种情感,喜悦、痛苦、亲切、庄重都可以产生在其中。4)运用排比可以把要叙述的事情描绘得更具体、更生动。

(作者单位:北华大学)

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