Ultraviolet divergences of flavor changing amplitudes in the littlest Higgs model with T-pa

Flavor Of Life-宇多田光日语歌词假名上标罗马音

宇多田光-生命的滋味 「ありがとう」と 君きみに言いわれると なんだか切せつない 「さようなら」の 后あとの溶とけぬ魔ま法ほう 淡あわくほろ苦にがいい the flavor of life the flavor of life 友達ともだちでも恋人こいびとでも ない中間ちゅうかん地点ちてんで あと一歩いっぽが踏み出せふみだせないせいで じれったいのはなんでbaby 「ありがとう」と 君きみにいわれると なんだか切せつない 「さようなら」の 後あとの溶けぬとけぬ魔法まほう 淡あわくほろ苦にがい the flavor of life the flavor of life 甘あまいだけの 誘さそい文句もんく 味あじっけ無いないトークとーく そんなものには興味きょうみは そそられない 重おもい通とおりにいかない時ときだって 人生じんせい捨すててたもんじゃないって 「どうしたの 」と 急きゅうに聞きかれるとううん何なん でもない

さようならの 後あとにけ消きえる笑顔えがお 私わたしらしくないない 信しんじたいと願ねがえば願ねがうほど なんだか切せつない 「愛あいしてるよ」 よりも「大だい好すき」のほうが 君きみ らしいんじゃない the flavor of life 忘わすれかけていた人の重おもいを 突然とつぜん思おもい出だす頃ころ 降ふり積つもる雪ゆきの白はくさを思うと 素直すなおに喜よろこびたいよ ダイヤモンド よりもやわらかくて あたたかな未来みらい 手てにしたいよ 限きりある時間じかんを 君きみと過すごしたい 「ありがとう」と 君きみに言いわれると なんだか切せつない 「さようなら」の 後あとの溶とけぬ魔法まほう淡あわくほろ苦にがい

紫外老化试验箱中英文产品介绍Ultraviolet aging test chamber

紫外老化试验箱中英文产品介绍Ultraviolet aging test chamber 试验目的: 紫外老化试验箱用于非金属材料的耐阳光测试和老化测试人造光的来源的紫外线耐老化测试室可以提供可靠的测试数据进行准确预测产品的耐风化性(耐久性),这有利于筛选和优化公式。它是用在许多行业,如:油漆、油墨、树脂、塑料、印刷、包装、粘合剂、汽车和摩托车行业、化妆品、金属、电子集成电路、电镀、医药等。 Purpose: This series is applicable for the sunlight resistant test of nonmetallic materials and aging test of artificial light sources.The uv weather resistance test chamber can provide reliable aging test dat a to make the exact prediction of products'weathering fastness(ageing resistance).,which is conducive to sift and optimize the formula.It is used in many industries,such as:paint,inks,resin,pla stics,printing and packaging,adhesives,auto and motorcycle industry,cosmetics,metal,electronic,el ectroplating,medicine,etc. 制造厂商：东莞市环仪仪器科技有限公司 Structure: 1,The inner bladder of the chamber is made of imported high-class stainless steel plate while the ou ter bladder is made of A3steel plate sprayed with plastic. 2,The heating mode adopts inner bladder trough type heating with its rapid temperature rise and eve n temperature distribution. 结构: 1、腔体内胆采用进口高档不锈钢板，外胆采用喷塑A3钢板。 2、加热方式采用内膀胱槽式加热，温升快，温度分布均匀。

关于时间管理的英语作文 manage time

How to manage time Time treats everyone fairly that we all have 24 hours per day. Some of us are capable to make good use of time while some find it hard to do so. Knowing how to manage them is essential in our life. Take myself as an example. When I was still a senior high student, I was fully occupied with my studies. Therefore, I hardly had spare time to have fun or develop my hobbies. But things were changed after I entered university. I got more free time than ever before. But ironically, I found it difficult to adjust this kind of brand-new school life and there was no such thing called time management on my mind. It was not until the second year that I realized I had wasted my whole year doing nothing. I could have taken up a Spanish course. I could have read ten books about the stories of successful people. I could have applied for a part-time job to earn some working experiences. B ut I didn’t spend my time on any of them. I felt guilty whenever I looked back to the moments that I just sat around doing nothing. It’s said that better late than never. At least I had the consciousness that I should stop wasting my time. Making up my mind is the first step for me to learn to manage my time. Next, I wrote a timetable, setting some targets that I had to finish each day. For instance, on Monday, I must read two pieces of news and review all the lessons that I have learnt on that day. By the way, the daily plan that I made was flexible. If there’s something unexpected that I had to finish first, I would reduce the time for resting or delay my target to the next day. Also, I would try to achieve those targets ahead of time that I planed so that I could reserve some more time to relax or do something out of my plan. At the beginning, it’s kind of difficult to s tick to the plan. But as time went by, having a plan for time in advance became a part of my life. At the same time, I gradually became a well-organized person. Now I’ve grasped the time management skill and I’m able to use my time efficiently.

英语演讲稿：未来的工作

英语演讲稿：未来的工作 这篇《英语演讲稿范文：未来的工作》，是特地，希望对大家有所帮助！ 热门演讲推荐：竞聘演讲稿 | 国旗下演讲稿 | 英语演讲稿 | 师德师风演讲稿 | 年会主持词 | 领导致辞 everybody good afternoon:. first of all thank the teacher gave me a story in my own future ideal job. everyone has a dream job. my dream is to bee a boss, own a pany. in order to achieve my dreams, i need to find a good job, to accumulate some experience and wealth, it is the necessary things of course, in the school good achievement and rich knowledge is also very important. good achievement and rich experience can let me work to make the right choice, have more opportunities and achievements. at the same time, munication is very important, because it determines whether my pany has a good future development. so i need to exercise their municative ability. i need to use all of the free time to learn

中华香烟鉴别真假大全

中华”卷烟在条盒正面右侧透明纸上有防伪标志，为“厂徽图案＋前2位牌号拼音＋10位数字”。小盒的防伪标志在正面靠底部，为“前2位牌号拼音＋10位数字”；采用喷墨隐形防伪技术，在紫外光下呈银白色；条盒、小盒上防伪标志中的末位数字应与小（硬）盒底部钢印末位字码，或软盒铝箔纸上钢印末位字码相对应，末2位数值超过10时，对应底部钢印为英文a、b、c等。防伪标志出现“zhk（d）＋数字……”的样式，一般为出口烟。 整条的中华在正面，也就是天安门那边，右边吸烟有害健康几个字的右上角可以看到两行暗码，通过反光可以看到，第二行的最后三位就代表几字头，如229就代表2字头，329就是329，两行暗码是竖着的，记住了，同时，小包的也是在天安门下面有一排暗码，也可以通过反光看出来，同样也是最后三位，具体你可以看看参考，带图片的！没事多看看就明白了！不管几字头，抽起来都一样，都是传说而已！ 中华香烟鉴别真假2010-8-4 一、条包装: （1）真中华香烟条包装透明纸由于摩擦系数低,手感光滑,光泽好,而假烟摩擦系数大,滞手,光泽差。假烟条盒与条盒透明纸之间间隔大，尤其在条盒的两端差异明显。 （2）真中华香烟条装为无字母金拉线，拉线头为半圆型，顺时针拉开，而假中华烟头型无规则。 （3）真中华香烟透明纸粘封在有条码侧与边缘平行，呈一条直线状，宽度均匀一致，而假烟不平行、不直、不均匀。 （4）真中华香烟条盒采取欧式上开盖，条盒透明纸右上角透明纸内侧采用自动喷墨隐型防伪技术。防伪 标志在紫外灯下呈紫蓝色。防伪标志采用集团图案两个字母，十位数字（分两行）Z H为中华二字汉语拼音字头，后十位分别代表生产日期、班别、车号。 卷烟条包 一、透明纸 1、质地：一般采用聚丙烯薄膜BOPP，主要是用来延缓烟支受潮及其水分和有机加香剂的散失。 真品烟：透明纸透明度高，表面光泽好，手感光滑，声音清脆； 假冒烟：一般透明纸质地差，透明度与光滑度不够，用手推比较滞手。 2、封口： 真品烟：采用电烙铁热封，不用胶水，封口要求与条盒边缘平行，封口要成一条直线，宽度均匀一致。封口位置及宽度决定于所用的包装设备。 假冒烟：一般用手工电烫，其封口可能出现分成几段、宽度不一致等情况。 3、两端封口：

flavor of life 歌词

「a ri ga to u」to ki mi ni i wa re ru to na n da ga se tsu nai 「sa you na ra」no a to mo to ke nu ma hou a wa ku ho ro ni gai The Flavor of Life the Flavor of Life To mo da chi de mo ko i bi to de mo na i chu ka n ji ten de Syu ka ku oh i wo yu me mi te ru a o i FU RU-TSU A to i po ga fu mi da se nai se i de Ji re ta i no wa na n de 「a ri ga to u」to ki mi ni i wa re ru to na n da ga se tsu nai 「sa you na ra」no a to no to ke nu ma hou a wa ku ho ro ni gai The Flavor of Life the Flavor of Life A ma i da ke no SA so i mo n ku a ji ke no na i do ku So n Na mo no ni wa kyou mi wa so ra re nai O mo i to ri i ka nai to ki da tte Ji n sei su te ta mo n jya na i tte 「dou shi ta no ?」to kyu u ni ki ka re ru to 「u u nNa n de mo nai」Sa you na ra no a to ni ki e ru e a ga o wa ta shi ra shi ku n ai Shi n ji ta i to ne ga e ba ne ga u ho do na n da ka se tsu nai

Ultraviolet-visible Spectrophotometry

紫外－可见分光光度法 分子吸收光谱分子价电子在电子能级间的跃迁 基本原理和概念 一.电子跃迁类型 价电子绕分子或原子运动的几率分布称为轨道。处于不同轨道的电子具有不同的能量。 当分子吸收一定的辐射能后，成键电子和非键电子可被激发跃迁至反键轨道 1.σ→σ＊跃迁 1) 所需能量最大，σ电子只有吸收远紫外光的能量才能发生跃迁。 2) 饱和烷烃的分子吸收光谱出现在远紫外区( 吸收波长λ< 200 nm) 3) 作为溶剂使用 2.n→σ＊跃迁 1) 所需能量较大吸收波长为200 nm左右，位于远紫外区，近紫外区仍不易观察到。 2) 含-OH、-NH3、-X和-S等基团的化合物均呈现n→σ* 跃迁。 3. π→π＊跃迁 1) 所需能量较小，吸收波长大多处于近紫外区，摩尔吸光系数εmax一般在104 L·mol-1·cm-1以上，属于强吸收。 2)不饱和烃、共轭烯烃和芳香烃类均可发生该类跃迁 4.n→π＊跃迁 1) 吸收峰位于200nm左右。 2) 摩尔吸光系数εmax一般为10～100 L·mol-1 ·cm-1，吸收谱带强度较弱。 3) 含有杂原子的不饱和基团，如C=O、C=S、-N=N-等发生n →π＊跃迁 5.电荷迁移跃迁 6.配位场跃迁吸收强度较小，多用于配位化合物的研究。 @小结 1、饱合键电子跃迁类型为σ→σ*，n →σ* 跃迁，跃迁所需能量大，吸收峰一般出现在真空紫外区（10 - 200 nm）。 仅含有此键的化合物可作测定的溶剂。 2、不饱合键(UV分析常用) 电子跃迁类型为n→π*，π→π* 跃迁，吸收峰一般大于200nm。 紫外-可见吸收光谱的常用概念: 1.生色团：含有不饱合键的基团 2.助色团：含有非键电子的杂原子饱和基团——本身不产生吸收-OH、-OR、-NH2、-NR2、-SH、-SR、-Cl、-Br 3.吸收谱带λmax和吸收强度的变化： 1) 红移：吸收峰→长波共轭作用，加入助色团，溶剂极性↑(π→π*) 2) 蓝移：吸收峰→短波取代基（-CH3、-CH2CH3），溶剂极性↑(n →π*) 4.吸收光谱中，摩尔吸光系数> 104的吸收峰称为强带，摩尔吸光系数< 102的 吸收峰称为弱带。 三、吸收带及其与分子结构的关系 1、R带 1) 由n →π*跃迁引起； 2) 含杂原子的不饱和基团，C=O、-NO、-NO2、N=N等的特征吸收； 3) 波长较长，弱吸收； 4) 溶剂极性增加，发生蓝移，附近有强吸收峰时，发生红移，有时被掩盖。 2、K带 1) 由共轭双键的π→π*跃迁引起， 2) 强吸收

关于坚持的英语演讲稿

关于坚持的英语演讲稿 Results are not important, but they can persist for many years as a commemoration of. Many years ago, as a result of habits and overeating formed one of obesity, as well as indicators of overall physical disorders, so that affects my work and life. In friends to encourage and supervise, the participated in the team Now considered to have been more than three years, neither the fine rain, regardless of winter heat, a day out with 5:00 time. The beginning, have been discouraged, suffering, and disappointment, but in the end of the urging of friends, to re-get up, stand on the playground. 成绩并不重要，但可以作为坚持多年晨跑的一个纪念。多年前，由于庸懒习惯和暴饮暴食，形成了一身的肥胖，以及体检指标的全盘失常，以致于影响到了我的工作和生活。在好友的鼓励和督促下，参加了晨跑队伍。现在算来，已经三年多了，无论天晴下雨，不管寒冬酷暑，每天五点准时起来出门晨跑。开始时，也曾气馁过、痛苦过、失望过，但最后都在好友们的催促下，重新爬起来，站到了操场上。 In fact, I did not build big, nor strong muscles, not a sport-born people. Over the past few years to adhere to it, because I have a team behind, the strength of a strongteam here, very grateful to our team, for a long time, we encourage each other, and with sweat, enjoying common health happy. For example, Friends of the several run in order to maintain order and unable to attend the 10，000 meters race, and they are always concerned about the brothers and promptly inform the place and time, gives us confidence and courage. At the same time, also came on their own inner desire and pursuit for a good health, who wrote many of their own log in order to refuel for their own, and inspiring. 其实我没有高大身材，也没健壮肌肉，天生不属于运动型的人。几年来能够坚持下来，因为我的背后有一个团队，有着强大团队的力量，在这里，非常感谢我们的晨跑队，长期以来，我们相互鼓励着，一起流汗，共同享受着健康带来的快

关于管理的英语演讲

1.How to build a business that lasts100years 0:11Imagine that you are a product designer.And you've designed a product,a new type of product,called the human immune system.You're pitching this product to a skeptical,strictly no-nonsense manager.Let's call him Bob.I think we all know at least one Bob,right?How would that go? 0:34Bob,I've got this incredible idea for a completely new type of personal health product.It's called the human immune system.I can see from your face that you're having some problems with this.Don't worry.I know it's very complicated.I don't want to take you through the gory details,I just want to tell you about some of the amazing features of this product.First of all,it cleverly uses redundancy by having millions of copies of each component--leukocytes,white blood cells--before they're actually needed,to create a massive buffer against the unexpected.And it cleverly leverages diversity by having not just leukocytes but B cells,T cells,natural killer cells,antibodies.The components don't really matter.The point is that together,this diversity of different approaches can cope with more or less anything that evolution has been able to throw up.And the design is completely modular.You have the surface barrier of the human skin,you have the very rapidly reacting innate immune system and then you have the highly targeted adaptive immune system.The point is,that if one system fails,another can take over,creating a virtually foolproof system. 1:54I can see I'm losing you,Bob,but stay with me,because here is the really killer feature.The product is completely adaptive.It's able to actually develop targeted antibodies to threats that it's never even met before.It actually also does this with incredible prudence,detecting and reacting to every tiny threat,and furthermore, remembering every previous threat,in case they are ever encountered again.What I'm pitching you today is actually not a stand-alone product.The product is embedded in the larger system of the human body,and it works in complete harmony with that system,to create this unprecedented level of biological protection.So Bob,just tell me honestly,what do you think of my product? 2:47And Bob may say something like,I sincerely appreciate the effort and passion that have gone into your presentation,blah blah blah-- 2:56(Laughter) 2:58But honestly,it's total nonsense.You seem to be saying that the key selling points of your product are that it is inefficient and complex.Didn't they teach you 80-20?And furthermore,you're saying that this product is siloed.It overreacts, makes things up as it goes along and is actually designed for somebody else's benefit. I'm sorry to break it to you,but I don't think this one is a winner.

关于工作的优秀英语演讲稿

关于工作的优秀英语演讲稿 Different people have various ambitions. Some want to be engineers or doctors in the future. Some want to be scientists or businessmen. Still some wish to be teachers or lawers when they grow up in the days to come. Unlike other people, I prefer to be a farmer. However, it is not easy to be a farmer for Iwill be looked upon by others. Anyway,what I am trying to do is to make great contributions to agriculture. It is well known that farming is the basic of the country. Above all, farming is not only a challenge but also a good opportunity for the young. We can also make a big profit by growing vegetables and food in a scientific way. Besides we can apply what we have learned in school to farming. Thus our countryside will become more and more properous. I believe that any man with knowledge can do whatever they can so long as this job can meet his or her interest. All the working position can provide him with a good chance to become a talent. 1 ————来源网络整理，仅供供参考

中华烟真假辨别

“中华”卷烟一直是造假分子的“最爱”，2009年1月1日起，“中华”使用了新版包装。制假分子的动作也很快，市场上陆续发现“新版假中华”，有的稍加注意就能辨别真伪，有的仿真程度却极高。我根据发现的几款假“中华”，从条装角度，用图片告诉大家如何防范新版假“中华”。 条盒正面“中华”两字及天安门商标纸印刷是辨别真假的重点，真烟与假烟有明显的区别。

根据条盒正面商标纸天安门图案辨别。真烟印刷细致，整体图案如同相片一样，表面平整、印刷细腻；假烟商标纸印刷的图案呈现出凹凸不平现象，套色不够均匀，印刷工艺水平比较粗糙。 通过新版“中华”商标纸印刷工艺来辨别。真烟烫金准确，金镶白“中华”字样套色清晰准确，层次分明；假烟印刷比较粗糙，金色边缘多处出现缺色少漆现象，没有层次感，主次色调也不突出。

条盒正面“中华”的“华”字头放大观察，真烟与假烟有明显区别。真烟“华”字套色准确，金边干净；假烟脱漆掉色比较明显，字体边缘有明显毛边现象。 通过条盒两端透明纸密封度辨别真假。真烟透明纸密封度比较清晰透明；而假烟透明纸密封度多数较差，有雾气状。 通过商标纸侧边字母印刷工艺辨别真假。真烟字体边沿比较干净，与红色部分切换比较清晰；假烟字母印刷比较粗糙，字母边沿多处脱漆，印刷字母比较粗大。

真烟背面华表底座有防伪印刷，有清晰可见的“★”及“YC”黄色字母；假烟这个微缩防伪看不到完整无缺的图案。 根据条盒侧边“原产地标志”判断真假。真烟能看到完整无缺的八颗“★”及“中华”；假烟只能在一定角度看到靠近边沿的四颗“★”，其他的都比较模糊，看不清。

背面封口主要判断是机器封边还是电棒加热封边，真烟封边后产生的气泡均匀，假烟比较没规则，多出现大小不等片状气泡。 根据条盒拉带头形状及切口是否平整来辨别真假。真烟的条盒拉带形状相对固定，切口平整无毛茬；假烟拉带头形状不规则，切口毛茬较多。 1．从整条的外包装上看，烟草部门在封膜上打的一长串编号字体呈喷雾状，大小不一，每条的号码均不同，假冒产品号码常常是印上去的，字体一般难以呈喷雾状，而且有时会出现号码相同的情况； 2、对条包装的辨别：拿一条中华香烟，用手捏住外层塑料膜，往后用力，一般该香烟如果割包的，塑 料膜会破。真的就不会破。“割包”就是指将香烟割开后，将真的取掉，将假的替换进去。 3.条包装透明纸由于摩擦系数低,手感光滑,光泽好,而假烟摩擦系数大,滞手,光泽差。假烟条盒与条盒透 明纸之间间隔大，尤其在条盒的两端差异明显。 4.条装为无字母金拉线，拉线头为半圆型，顺时针拉开，而假烟头型无规则。 5.透明纸粘封在有条码侧与边缘平行，呈一条直线状，宽度均匀一致，而假烟不平行、不直、不均匀。 6.条盒采取欧式上开盖，条盒透明纸右上角透明纸内侧采用自动喷墨隐型防伪技术。防伪标志在紫外 灯下呈紫蓝色。防伪标志采用集团图案两个字母，十位数字（分两行）ZH为中华二字汉语拼音字头，后十位分别代表生产日期、班别、车号。 7.对回收使用的旧条盒，鉴定的注意边角处往往有磨损和玷污痕迹；往往有两次粘封或拆后封痕迹。 8、条包装透明纸摩擦系数低，手感光滑，光泽好。假烟包装透明纸摩擦系数大，滞手，光泽差。假 烟条盒与条盒透明纸之间间隔大，尤其在条盒两端差异明显。条装为无字母金拉线，拉线头为半圆形，顺时针拉开，而假烟拉线头头形无规则。透明纸粘封在有条码一侧，与边缘平行，呈一条直线状，宽度均匀一致，而假烟不平，不直，不均匀。 9、条盒采用欧式上开盖。条盒透明纸右上角内侧采用自动喷墨隐形防伪技术。防伪标志为紫光灯下呈 紫蓝色，防伪标志采用集团图案，两个字母Z H为中华二字汉语拼音字头，十位数字(分上四下六两

自我管理演讲稿英语翻译

尊敬的领导，老师，亲爱的同学们， 大家好！我是5班的梁浩东。今天早上我坐车来学校的路上，我仔细观察了路上形形色色的人，有开着小车衣着精致的叔叔阿姨，有市场带着倦容的卖各种早点的阿姨，还有偶尔穿梭于人群中衣衫褴褛的乞丐。于是我问自己，十几年后我会成为怎样的自己，想成为社会成功人士还是碌碌无为的人呢，答案肯定是前者。那么十几年后我怎样才能如愿以偿呢，成为一个受人尊重，有价值的人呢？正如我今天演讲的题目是：自主管理。 大家都知道爱玩是我们孩子的天性，学习也是我们的责任和义务。要怎样处理好这些矛盾，提高自主管理呢？ 首先，我们要有小主人翁思想，自己做自己的主人，要认识到我们学习，生活这一切都是我们自己走自己的人生路，并不是为了报答父母，更不是为了敷衍老师。 我认为自主管理又可以理解为自我管理，在学习和生活中无处不在，比如通过老师，小组长来管理约束行为和同学们对自身行为的管理都属于自我管理。比如我们到一个旅游景点，看到一块大石头，有的同学特别兴奋，会想在上面刻上：某某某到此一游话。这时你就需要自我管理，你需要提醒自己，这样做会破坏景点，而且是一种素质低下的表现。你设想一下，如果别人家小孩去你家墙上乱涂乱画，你是何种感受。同样我们把自主管理放到学习上，在我们想偷懒，想逃避，想放弃的时候，我们可以通过自主管理来避免这些，通过他人或者自己的力量来完成。例如我会制定作息时间计划表，里面包括学习，运动，玩耍等内容的完成时间。那些学校学习尖子，他们学习好是智商高于我们吗，其实不然，在我所了解的哪些优秀的学霸传授经验里，就提到要能够自我管理，规范好学习时间的分分秒秒，只有辛勤的付出，才能取得优异成绩。 在现实生活中，无数成功人士告诉我们自主管理的重要性。十几年后我想成为一位优秀的，为国家多做贡献的人。亲爱的同学们，你们们？让我们从现在开始重视和执行自主管理，十几年后成为那个你想成为的人。 谢谢大家！

关于工作的英语演讲稿

关于工作的英语演讲稿 【篇一：关于工作的英语演讲稿】 关于工作的英语演讲稿 different people have various ambitions. some want to be engineers or doctors in the future. some want to be scientists or businessmen. still some wish to be teachers or lawers when they grow up in the days to come. unlike other people, i prefer to be a farmer. however, it is not easy to be a farmer for iwill be looked upon by others. anyway,what i am trying to do is to make great contributions to agriculture. it is well known that farming is the basic of the country. above all, farming is not only a challenge but also a good opportunity for the young. we can also make a big profit by growing vegetables and food in a scientific way. besides we can apply what we have learned in school to farming. thus our countryside will become more and more properous. i believe that any man with knowledge can do whatever they can so long as this job can meet his or her interest. all the working position can provide him with a good chance to become a talent. 【篇二：关于责任感的英语演讲稿】 im grateful that ive been given this opportunity to stand here as a spokesman. facing all of you on the stage, i have the exciting feeling of participating in this speech competition. the topic today is what we cannot afford to lose. if you ask me this question, i must tell you that i think the answer is a word---- responsibility. in my elementary years, there was a little girl in the class who worked very hard, however she could never do satisfactorily in her lessons. the teacher asked me to help her, and it was obvious that she expected a lot from me. but as a young boy, i was so restless and thoughtless, i always tried to get more time to play and enjoy myself. so she was always slighted over by me. one day before the final exam, she came up to me and said, could you please explain this to me? i can not understand it. i

雅思OG test 2 passage 1

READING READING PASSAGE 1 ( 35 points) You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. The Flavor of Pleasure When it comes to celebrating the flavor of food, our mouth gets all the credit. But in truth, it is the nose that knows. No matter how much we talk about tasting our favorite flavors, relishing them really depends on a combined input from our senses that we experience through mouth, tongue and nose. The taste, texture, and feel of food are what we tend to focus on, but most important are the slight puffs of air as we chew our food - what scientists call ‘retronasal smell’. Certainly our mouths and tongues have taste buds, which are receptors for the five basic flavors: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami, or what is more commonly referred to as savory. But our tongues are inaccurate instruments as far as flavor is concerned. They evolved to recognize only a few basic tastes in order to quickly identify toxins, which in nature are often quite bitter or acidly sour. All the complexity, nuance, and pleasure of flavor come from the sense of smell operating in the back of the nose. It is there that a kind of alchemy occurs when we breathe up and out the passing whiffs of our chewed food. Unlike a hound’s skull with its extra long nose, which evolved specifically to detect external smells, our noses have evolved to detect internal scents. Primates specialise in savoring the many millions of flavor combinations that they can create for their mouths. Taste without retronasal smell is not much help in recognizing flavor. Smell has been the most poorly understood of our senses, and only recently has neuroscience, led by Yale University’s Gordon Shepherd, begun to shed light on its workings. Shepherd has come up with the term ‘neurogastronomy’ to link the disciplines of food science, neurology, psychology, and anthropology with the savory elements of eating, one of the most enjoyed of human experiences. In many ways, he is discovering that smell is rather like face recognition. The visual system detects patterns of light and dark and, building on experience, the brain creates a spatial map. It uses this to interpret the interrelationship of the patterns and draw conclusions that allow us to identify people and places. In the same way, we use patterns and ratios to detect both new and familiar flavors. As we eat, specialized receptors in the back of the nose detect the air molecules in our meals. From signals sent by the receptors, the brain understands smells as complex spatial patterns. Using these, as well as input from the other senses, it constructs the idea of specific flavors.