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(1) take the testsolution, add a small amount of acetic acid, adding ferrous sulfate solution, which was dark brown.

NO2CH3COOH, CH3COOHNO2

3HNO2, H2OHNO32NO FeSO4NO, [Fe (ON)]SO4 (dark brown)

(2) from the sample solution, adding dilute sulfuric acid, potassium iodide solution and starch indicating liquid mixture of several drops, namely blue.

2NHO2+H2SO4, 2HNO2+SO4- 2HNO22KIH2SO4, I2K2SO42NOH2O

(3) from the sample solution, adding dilute sulfuric acid to acid, add a few drops of Potassium Permanganate solution, color fading.

3NO2+KMnO42H+, Mn (NO3) 2KNO3H2O

Borate

(1) donor sample solution, hydrochloric acid is added to the acid, the curcuma paper into a brown red, place it on a dry, color is darker, wetted with ammonia solution is green black. B4O72-+2HCI+5H2O > 4H3BO3+2CI-

Curcumin

(2) to take the test sample, add sulfuric acid, mix, add methanol, ignition and combustion, that is, the occurrence of a green flame.

B4O72-+H2SO4+5H2O, 4H3BO3+SO42 H3BO33CH3OH, B (OCH3) 33H2O

Carbonate

(1) the donor sample solution, adding dilute acid, bubbling and produce carbon dioxide gas, this gas pass into the test solution of calcium hydroxide, which occurred in the white precipitate. CO32+2H - H2CO3 - H2OCO2 hav'e

HCO32+H - H2CO3 - H2OCO2 hav'e CO2Ca (OH) 2, CaCO3 (white): H2O

(2) donor sample solution, magnesium sulfate solution, such as carbonate solution. In the event of a white precipitate, such as bicarbonate solution, be boiled, originating a white precipitate.

(3) for sample solution, and phenolphthalein indicator solution, such as carbonate solution, which are significant deep red, such as bicarbonate solution, do not change color or only micro red.

Citrate

(1) the donor sample solution, adding dilute sulfuric acid 1 drop, heated to boiling, add a few drops of potassium permanganate solution, shaking, purple is lost, plus 1 drop of mercury sulfate test solution, a white precipitate.

(2) from neutral aqueous solution for the test materials, and an excess of calcium chloride solution, cold no change, boiling, which produce white particles sedimentation, in acetic acid or hydrochloric acid dissolution, but in NaOH insoluble.

(3) for testing the neutral solution, with an excess of silver nitrate solution, producing a white precipitate; dissolved in nitric acid or ammonia solution, take oxygen solution in a test tube, heating, the pipe wall is not significant silver mirror

Arsenite

(1) from neutral solution samples, with silver nitrate solution, the yellow precipitate, in chloride solution or dissolved in dilute nitric acid.

AsO333AgNO3 down to Ag3AsO3 (yellow) 3NO3

Ag3AgO3+6NH4ON > 3Ag (NH3) 2OH (dissolution) Ag3AgO3+3HO3 3AgNO3+H3AsO3 > +3H3AsO3+3H2O

The precipitation in ammonia solution or dissolved in dilute nitric acid, and the silver bromide, silver iodide yellow precipitation difference.

(2) the neutral solution sample, adding copper sulfate solution. The green precipitate, adding sodium hydroxide solution, boiling, settling into the red. 2AsO33-+3CuSO4, Cu3 (AsO3) (2): +3SO42-

2+6NaOH (AsO3) Cu3, 3Cu (OH) 2+2Na3AsO3

Arsenate

(1) take the sample with 1 drops, 1 drops of silver nitrate solution, should occur red brown precipitate, soluble in ammonia solution.

AsO33-+3AgNO3 Ag3AsO4: +3NO3- Ag3AsO4+6NH4OH, 3Ag, 2OH+H3AsO4+3H2O (NH3)

(2) take the sample 1 drops, 1 drops of hydrochloric acid, and potassium iodide solution, 1 drops, should be free from iodine.

AsO33-+2HCI+2KI > AsO32++H2O I2+2KCI+

Sulfur

(1) the donor sample solution, hydrochloric acid is added, which produce a white precipitate, quickly once turned yellow and the issue of sulfur dioxide special irritant odor.

(2) from the sample solution, and the ferric chloride solution, namely a violet colour, after shaking is fading.

SO2232-FCI, [Fe (S2O3) 2]- (+3CI-) [Fe (S2O3) 2]-+CI-+FeCI3, SO2262-+2FeCI2

(3) for sample solution, and lead acetate solution, is producing a white precipitate, and excess of lead acetate solution, dissolving, such as boiling, precipitation become black.

SO2232- (CH3COO) 2Pb, PbS2O3 (violet) 2CH3OO: PbS2O3+H2O, PsS0 (white):

Or bisulfite

(1) the donor sample solution, hydrochloric acid is added, namely, sulfur dioxide gas, stimulation of special smell, and can enable wetting mercurous nitrate test strip into the black. Hg2 (NO3), 2Hg 2SO22H2O: +2HNO3+H4SO4

(2) from the test solution, and i ts, iodine color fade.

SO32-+I2+H2O > HSO3-+I2+2H2O 2H2SO4+2HI > SO42-+2HI

Sodium salt

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The pressures on friendship today are broad. They arise from the demands of work, say, or a general busyness that means we have less quality time for others. How many individuals would say that friendship is the most important thing in their lives, only to move thousands of miles across the continent to take up a better-paid job?当然，这并不是某个人的错。如今，交友压力来自方方面面。比如来自工作压力，或是整天瞎忙，无法和他人享有高质量的沟通时间。有人嘴上说友谊是生命中最重要的东西，却为了一份收入颇丰的工作远赴千里之外。这样的人还少吗？ 9、Of course, we learn how to make friends —or not —in our most formative years, as children. Recent studies on childhood, and how the contemporary life of the child affects friendships, are illuminating. 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It is in those moments that children and adults alike can get to know others for who they are in themselves. ―计划内时间‖源自每一天的时间安排方式，何时上学，何时完成家庭作业，何时进行音乐训练，甚至何时玩耍，一股脑儿的塞给孩子。然而，再寻常不过的是，没有任何一个时段是没有安排的。毕竟，现在谁还会让自己的孩子在街上闲逛呢？但是，恰恰就是这种―无所事事‖的时间对于深厚的交情至关重要。在这个时间段，我们只是闲逛，没有任务，没有最后期限，没有任何压力。就在这些时候，孩子也罢，成人也罢，才能真正了解同行之人。 12、Aristotle had an attractive expression to capture the thought: close friends, he observed, "share salt together." It's not just that they sit together, passing the salt across the meal table. It's that they sit with one another across the course of their lives, sharing its savor — its moments, bitter and sweet. "The desire for friendship comes quickly; friendship does not," Aristotle also remarked. It's a key insight for an age of instant social connectivity, though one in which we paradoxically have an apparently growing need to be more deeply connected.亚 里士多德曾经这样表达此意，妙不可言。他 说，亲密的朋友，是―一起吃盐的朋友‖。他 并不是说朋友们坐在一起，在饭桌上把盐传 来传去。他的意思是朋友们共享人生经历， 分享各种滋味，苦的，甜的。亚里士多德还 说过―交友的想法常常匆匆而至，但是真正的 友情往往姗姗来迟。‖这对于当今这个时代来 说是一种重要的真知灼见。因为，在这个时 代里，虽然人们能迅速建立关系，不过我们 反倒越发觉得需要更深一步结识他人。 UNIT 26、With persistence and practice, such a process can lead to lasting results. I know one Wall Street executive who sought to improve his empathy –specifically his ability to read people’s reactions and their perspectives. Before beginning his quest, the executive’s subordinates were terrified of working with him. People even went so far as to hide bad news from him. Naturally, he was shocked when finally confronted with these facts. He went home and told his family – but they only confirmed what he had heard at work. When their opinions on any given subject did not mesh with his, they, too, were frightened of him.只要坚持并不断实践，这样的过程能够 带来持久的结果。我认识一位华尔街的主管， 他想方设法提高自己的同理心。具体一点就 是读懂对方的反应，了解对方的看法。在开 始努力寻求改变之前，这位主管的下属惧怕 与其一起工作。人们甚至对他隐瞒坏消息。 最终面对这些情况时，他自己自然大吃一惊。 回家后，他告诉家人——但家人更肯定了他 在单位听到的一切。无论什么话题，如果家 人的观点未能与之吻合，他们也会害怕他。 7、Enlisting the help of a coach, the executive went to work to heighten his empathy through practice and feedback. His first step was to take a vacation to a foreign country where he did not speak the language. While there, he monitored his reactions to the unfamiliar and his openness to people who were different from him. When he returned home, humbled by his week abroad, the executive asked his coach to shadow him for parts of the day, Several times a week, in order to critique how he treated people with new or different perspectives. At the same time, he consciously used on-the-job interactions as opportunities to practice ―hearing‖ ideas that differed from his. Finally, the executive had himself videotaped in meetings and asked those who worked for and with him to critique his ability to acknowledge and understand the feelings of others. It took several months, but the executive’s emotional intelligence did ultimately rise, and the improvement was reflected in his overall performance on the job.这位主管向私人教师 寻求帮助，他回到工作岗位，通过实践和别 人的反馈来提高自己的同理心。首先，他到 一个语言不通的国家去度假。在异国他乡， 他审视自己面对不熟悉事物的反应以及对异 族人群的开放性。返回家乡时，一周的国外 生活已使他丢掉了所有的高傲，这位主管让 私人教师一周跟踪自己几天，每天跟踪自己 几个时段，以此评价自己对持新观点或不同 观点人的态度。同时，他还有意识地利用工 作现场与人交往的机会来实践―倾听‖异己观 点。最后，主管还让人拍摄他开会时的表现， 让下属以及合作伙伴评价自己承认并理解他 人感情的能力。这个过程持续数月，但最终， 主管的情商确实提高了，并在他的整体工作 表现上体现了出来。 8 It’s important to emphasize that building one’s emotional intelligence cannot – will not – happen without sincere desire and concerted effort. A brief seminar won’t help; nor can one buy a how-to manual. It is much harder to learn to empathize –to internalize empathy as a natural response to people –than it is to become adept at regression analysis. But it can be done. ―Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm,‖ wrote Ralph Waldo Emerson. If your goal is to become a real leader, these words can serve as a guidepost in your efforts to develop high emotional intelligence.需要强调的是，没有真诚的愿望 和竭尽全力的付出，培养情商是不可能的， 也不会有结果。一场简短的研讨会起不了作 用，实用操作手册也无法买到。要使同理心 内化为对别人的一种自然反应，才算是获得 了同理心，这比擅于回归分析要难得多。但 获得同理心也是能做到的。拉尔夫·沃尔 多·爱默生写道：―没有热情，就不可能取得 任何伟大的业绩。‖如果你的目标是成为一位 真正的领袖，这句话可以激励你不断努力， 提高情商。 UNIT 32、First, science is practiced by special people with a specific view of the world. Scientists try to be objective, unsentimental and unemotional. They do not let their feelings get in the way of their observations of real things, facts, as they call them. They often work in laboratories or in other areas where they can carefully control what they are working on. They do not just wander out onto the dock at sunset and look at the world with wonder, as a poet might. Ideally, they are also both honest and check them out and then utilize them in their findings so others can check them out and then utilize them in their own work. They do not claim more than they can prove, and often even less. But they are very proud of their calling and prefer to talk to other scientists rather than anybody else, especially poets, who tend to make them feel uncomfortable, to put them down.(Of course poets also feel scientists return the favor.)首 先，从事科学工作的是特殊的一类人，他们 具有特定的世界观。科学家努力保持客观、 理性，不感情用事，不会让感情妨碍他们观 察他们所说的实物和事实。科学家常常在实 验室或者他们能够严格控制研究对象的场所 工作。他们不会像诗人那样，在日落时去码 头闲逛，惊奇地观赏这个世界。典型的科学 家既朴实，又谦恭。他们总是尽量客观地汇 报他们的科学发现，以便别人能够证实并在 工作中加以运用。他们不会对自己不能证明 的事物妄加断言，甚至常常连自己能够证明 的也不去多说。然而，他们对―科学家‖这一 称谓引以为傲，更喜欢彼此相互交流，而不 太愿意和其他人交流，尤其是和诗人，因为 诗人总让他们感觉不自在，且常贬低他们。 （当然了，科学家在诗人眼里也不过如此。） 3、Second, science deals almost exclusively with things, not ideas or feelings, and with the external world and its workings, not inner states and their workings, despite the effort of some psychologists to be or seem scientific. The human body is considered to be or seem scientific. The human body is considered to be a part of the external world; the soul is not. Therefore, scientists work to understand the body but not the soul. Most scientists doubt the soul exists. The solar system and the universe are also part of the external world, although we have little enough direct evidence of their mode of existence. Scientists tend to assume the basic conditions of nature on Earth are the same everywhere in the cosmos.其次，科学的 研究对象基本上仅限于事物，而非思想或者 情感，仅限于外部世界及其运作，而非内在 状态及其运作，尽管一些心理学家也试图让 自己的工作具备或者显得有科学性。人体被 认为是外部世界的一部分，而人的灵魂则不 然。因此，科学家探索的是人的肌体，而不 是灵魂。大部分科学家怀疑灵魂的存在。太 阳系和宇宙也是外部世界的一部分，虽然我 们没有充足的直接证据来证明它们的存在模 式。科学家往往认为，地球上自然界的基本 状况无论在宇宙的何处都是一样的。 4、Mankind is only questionably part of the external world in this sense. Scientists are generally reluctant to deal with the behavior of large groups of men and women. Thus economists, for example, struggle to be considered scientists, but usually in vain. The external world of scientists contains some things, like quanta, quarks and quasars, that are