Law Of The People's Republic Of China On Chinese-foreign Equity Joint Ventures
Law Of The People's Republic Of China On Chinese-foreign Equity Joint Ventures [Translated]
The Decision of the National People's Congress concerning revising for the Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Venture adopted by the Fourth Session of the Ninth National People's Congress on March 15, 2001 are hereby promulgated and shall come into force as of the day of promulgation.
President of the People's Republic of China, Jiang Zemin
March 15, 2001
Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese-foreign Equity Joint Ventures
(Adopted at the Second Session of the Fifth National People's Congress on July 1, 1979 and promulgated by Order No.7 of the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on July 8, 1979; amended according to the Decision on Amending the Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures made at the Third Session of the Seventh National People's Congress on April 4, 1990, and amended for the second time according to the Decision on Amendment to the Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures adopted at the Fourth Session of the Ninth National People's Congress on March 15, 2001)
Article 1. The People's Republic of China, in order to expand international economic cooperation and technological exchange, permits foreign companies, enterprises and other economic organizations or individuals (hereinafter referred to as the "foreign party") to jointly establish and operate equity joint ventures within the territory of the People's Republic of China with Chinese companies, enterprises or other economic organizations (hereinafter referred to as the "Chinese party") based on the principle of equality and mutual benefit, and upon the approval of the Chinese Government.
Article 2. The Chinese Government shall protect in accordance with the law the investments of the foreign party, the profits due to it and its other lawful rights and interests in an equity joint venture under the agreement, contract and articles of association approved by the Chinese Government.
All the activities of an equity joint venture shall comply with the provisions of the laws and regulations of the People's Republic of China.
The state will not nationalize or expropriate equity joint ventures; under special circumstances, based on the requirements of social and public interests, equity joint ventures may be expropriated in accordance with legal procedures, and corresponding compensation shall be provided.
Article 3. The agreement, contract and articles of association of an equity joint venture signed by the parties to the venture shall be submitted to the state department in charge of foreign economic relations and trade (hereinafter referred to as "the examination and approval authority") for examination and approval. The examination and approval authority shall decide within three months to approve or disapprove. After an equity joint venture has been approved, it shall register with the state department in
charge of administration of industry and commerce, obtain its business licence, and commence business operations.
Article 4. The form of an equity joint venture shall be a limited liability company.
The proportion of the foreign party's contribution to the registered capital of an equity joint venture shall in general not be less than 25 percent.
The parties to the venture shall share profits and bear risks and losses in proportion to their respective contributions to the registered capital.
The transfer of a party's contribution to the registered capital must be agreed upon by each party to the venture.
Article 5. The parties to an equity joint venture may make their investments in cash, in kind, in industrial property rights, etc.
The technology and equipment contributed by a foreign party as its investment must be advanced technology and equipment which is truly suited to the needs of China. In case of losses caused by deception through the intentional provision of outdated technology and equipment, compensation shall be paid for such losses.
The investment of a Chinese party may include providing the right to use a site during the term of operation of the equity joint venture. If the right to use a site is not a part of the investment by a Chinese party, the venture shall pay the Chinese Government a fee for its use.
The various investments mentioned above shall be specified in the contract and articles of association of the equity joint venture, and the value of each contribution (except for the site) shall be appraised and determined through discussions between the parties to the venture.
Article 6. An equity joint venture shall establish a board of directors with a size and composition stipulated in the contract and the articles of association after consultation between the parties to the venture; and each party to the venture shall appoint and replace its own director(s). The chairman and the
vice-chairman of the board shall be determined through consultation between the parties to the venture or elected by the board. Where a director appointed by the Chinese party or the foreign party serves as chairman, a director appointed by the other party shall serve as vice-chairman. The board of directors shall decide important issues concerning the equity joint venture based on the principle of equality and mutual benefit.
The function and powers of the board of directors shall be to discuss and decide, pursuant to the provisions of the articles of association of the equity joint venture, all important issues concerning the venture, namely: the development plan of the enterprise, production and business programs, the budget, distribution of profits, plans concerning labor and wages, the termination of business, and the appointment or hiring of the general manager, the deputy general manager(s), the chief engineer, the
chief accountant and the auditor, as well as their functions and powers and their remuneration, etc.
The positions of general manager and deputy general manager(s) (or the factory manager and deputy factory manager(s)) shall be assumed by nominees of the respective parties to the venture.
The employment￡?dismissal, remuneration, welfare, labor protection and insurance of the employees of an equity joint venture shall be stipulated according to laws in the agreement or contract between employees and the venture.
Article 7. Employees of an equity joint venture, in accordance with laws to set up labor union to protect employees' lawful rights by conducting union's activities.
An equity joint venture shall provide the labor union with necessary conditions.
Article 8.From the gross profit earned by an equity joint venture, after payment of the venture's income tax in accordance with the provisions of the tax laws of the People's Republic of China, deductions shall be made for the reserve fund, the bonus and welfare fund for staff and workers, and the enterprise development fund as stipulated in the articles of association of the venture and the net profit shall be distributed to the parties to the venture in proportion to their respective contributions to the registered capital.
An equity joint venture may enjoy preferential treatment in the form of tax reductions and exemptions in accordance with provisions of state laws and administrative regulations relating to taxation.
When a foreign party uses its share of the net profit as reinvestment within the territory of China, it may apply for a refund of part of the income tax already paid.
Article 9. An equity joint venture shall, on the basis of its business license, open a foreign exchange account with a bank or another financial institution which is permitted by the state foreign exchange control authority to engage in foreign exchange business.
Matters concerning the foreign exchange of an equity joint venture shall be handled in conformity with the foreign exchange control regulations of the People's Republic of China.
An equity joint venture may, in the course of its business activities, raise funds directly from foreign banks.
The various items of insurance of an equity joint venture shall be obtained from insurance companies in the territories of China.
Article 10.For the raw and processed materials, fuel, auxiliary equipment, etc. needed by an equity joint venture in the approved business scope thereof, shall be purchased in China or on the international market pursuant to the principle of fairness.
An equity joint venture shall be encouraged to sell its products outside the territory of China. Export products may be sold on foreign markets by an equity joint venture directly or by entrusted institutions related to it, and they may also be sold through China's foreign trade institutions. The products of an equity joint venture may also be sold on the Chinese market.
When necessary, an equity joint venture may set up branch institutions outside China.
Article 11.The net profit received by a foreign party after fulfilment of its obligations at law and under the provisions of agreements and contracts, the funds received by it upon the expiration or termination of an equity joint venture as well as other funds may be remitted abroad in accordance with foreign exchange control regulations in the currency stipulated in the joint venture contract.
The foreign party shall be encouraged to deposit in the Bank of China the foreign exchange which may be remitted abroad.
Article 12.The wage income and other legitimate income of foreign staff and workers of an equity joint venture may be remitted abroad in accordance with foreign exchange control regulations after payment of individual income tax under the tax laws of the People's Republic of China.
Article 13.The term of operation of equity joint ventures may be agreed upon differently according to different lines of business and different circumstances. The term of operation of equity joint ventures engaged in some lines of business shall be fixed while the term of operation of equity joint ventures engaged in other lines of business may or may not be fixed. Where the parties to an equity joint venture with a fixed term of operation agree to extend the term of operation, they shall submit an application to the examination and approval authority not later than six months prior to the expiration of the operation term. The examination and approval authority shall decide, within one month of receipt of the application, to approve or disapprove.
Article 14.If serious losses are incurred by an equity joint venture, or one party fails to fulfil its obligations under the contract and the articles of association, or an event of force majeure occurs, etc., the contract may be terminated after consultation and agreement between the parties to the venture, subject to approval by the examination and approval authority and to registration with the state department in charge of administration of industry and commerce. In case of losses caused by breach of contract, economic responsibility shall be borne by the breaching party.
Article 15.When a dispute arises between the parties to a venture and the board of directors is unable to resolve it through consultation, the dispute shall be settled through conciliation or arbitration conducted by an arbitral institution of China, or through arbitration by another arbitral institution agreed upon by the parties to the venture.
The partied to an joint venture may submit the disputes to the People's court, if the parties neither stipulated any arbitrations clause in the joint venture contract nor reach such written arbitration clause after the occurrence of disputes.
Article 16.This law shall come into force on the date of its promulgation.
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曹操《短歌行》其二翻译及赏析
曹操《短歌行》其二翻译及赏析 引导语：曹操(155—220)，字孟德，小名阿瞒，《短歌行 二首》 是曹操以乐府古题创作的两首诗， 第一首诗表达了作者求贤若渴的心 态，第二首诗主要是曹操向内外臣僚及天下表明心迹。 短歌行 其二 曹操 周西伯昌，怀此圣德。 三分天下，而有其二。 修奉贡献，臣节不隆。 崇侯谗之，是以拘系。 后见赦原，赐之斧钺，得使征伐。 为仲尼所称，达及德行， 犹奉事殷，论叙其美。 齐桓之功，为霸之首。 九合诸侯，一匡天下。 一匡天下，不以兵车。 正而不谲，其德传称。 孔子所叹，并称夷吾，民受其恩。 赐与庙胙，命无下拜。 小白不敢尔，天威在颜咫尺。 晋文亦霸，躬奉天王。 受赐圭瓒，钜鬯彤弓， 卢弓矢千，虎贲三百人。 威服诸侯，师之所尊。 八方闻之，名亚齐桓。 翻译 姬昌受封为西伯，具有神智和美德。殷朝土地为三份，他有其中两分。 整治贡品来进奉，不失臣子的职责。只因为崇侯进谗言，而受冤拘禁。 后因为送礼而赦免， 受赐斧钺征伐的权利。 他被孔丘称赞， 品德高尚地位显。 始终臣服殷朝帝王，美名后世流传遍。齐桓公拥周建立功业，存亡继绝为霸 首。
聚合诸侯捍卫中原，匡正天下功业千秋。号令诸侯以匡周室，主要靠的不是 武力。 行为磊落不欺诈，美德流传于身后。孔子赞美齐桓公，也称赞管仲。 百姓深受恩惠，天子赐肉与桓公，命其无拜来接受。桓公称小白不敢，天子 威严就在咫尺前。 晋文公继承来称霸，亲身尊奉周天王。周天子赏赐丰厚，仪式隆重。 接受玉器和美酒，弓矢武士三百名。晋文公声望镇诸侯，从其风者受尊重。 威名八方全传遍，名声仅次于齐桓公。佯称周王巡狩，招其天子到河阳，因 此大众议论纷纷。 赏析 《短歌行》 (“周西伯昌”)主要是曹操向内外臣僚及天下表明心 迹，当他翦灭群凶之际，功高震主之时，正所谓“君子终日乾乾，夕惕若 厉”者，但东吴孙权却瞅准时机竟上表大说天命而称臣，意在促曹操代汉 而使其失去“挟天子以令诸侯”之号召， 故曹操机敏地认识到“ 是儿欲据吾著炉上郁!”故曹操运筹谋略而赋此《短歌行 ·周西伯 昌》。 西伯姬昌在纣朝三分天下有其二的大好形势下， 犹能奉事殷纣， 故孔子盛称 “周之德， 其可谓至德也已矣。 ”但纣王亲信崇侯虎仍不免在纣王前 还要谗毁文王，并拘系于羑里。曹操举此史实，意在表明自己正在克心效法先圣 西伯姬昌，并肯定他的所作所为，谨慎惕惧，向来无愧于献帝之所赏。 并大谈西伯姬昌、齐桓公、晋文公皆曾受命“专使征伐”。而当 今天下时势与当年的西伯、齐桓、晋文之际颇相类似，天子如命他“专使 征伐”以讨不臣，乃英明之举。但他亦效西伯之德，重齐桓之功，戒晋文 之诈。然故作谦恭之辞耳，又谁知岂无更讨封赏之意乎 ?不然建安十八年(公元 213 年)五月献帝下诏曰《册魏公九锡文》，其文曰“朕闻先王并建明德， 胙之以土，分之以民，崇其宠章，备其礼物，所以藩卫王室、左右厥世也。其在 周成，管、蔡不静，惩难念功，乃使邵康公赐齐太公履，东至于海，西至于河， 南至于穆陵，北至于无棣，五侯九伯，实得征之。 世祚太师，以表东海。爰及襄王，亦有楚人不供王职，又命晋文登为侯伯， 锡以二辂、虎贲、斧钺、禾巨 鬯、弓矢，大启南阳，世作盟主。故周室之不坏， 系二国是赖。”又“今以冀州之河东、河内、魏郡、赵国、中山、常 山，巨鹿、安平、甘陵、平原凡十郡，封君为魏公。锡君玄土，苴以白茅，爰契 尔龟。”又“加君九锡，其敬听朕命。” 观汉献帝下诏《册魏公九锡文》全篇，尽叙其功，以为其功高于伊、周，而 其奖却低于齐、晋，故赐爵赐土，又加九锡，奖励空前。但曹操被奖愈高，心内 愈忧。故曹操在曾早在五十六岁写的《让县自明本志令》中谓“或者人见 孤强盛， 又性不信天命之事， 恐私心相评， 言有不逊之志， 妄相忖度， 每用耿耿。
英国概况复习考试知识点
I. Important facts to know about the UK. 1. Britain does not share land border with any other countries except the Republic of Ireland(爱尔兰). 2. The climate of Britain is a mild and temperate one. 3. The most important river in the United Kingdom is the Thames River. The largest /longest is the Severn River. 4. The famous Speaker’s Corner is an area inside Hyde Park, London, where speakers address the public, especially on Sundays. 5. The Houses Parliament are in the City of Westminster. 6. The Westminster Abbey is the place where almost all English kings and queens have been crowned. 7. The Whitehall is where many British government offices are located. 8. Buckingham Palace is the London residence for the King or Queen. 9. No.10 Downing Street in London is the official residence of British Prime Minister. 10. London, the capital of the United Kingdom, is situated on the Thames River near its mouth. 11. The West End of London is resided by richer people than the East End. 12. The British Museum is the oldest and largest of all the museums and galleries in the UK. 13. Wembley Stadium is the site of the FA Cup Final, while Wimbledon is the site of the international Lawn Tennis championship. 14. The “tube” in London is the oldest and longest underground railway in the world. 15. The British state is made up of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. 16. London Tower, first built as a fortress for the royal family, was later used as a prison for the King’s or Queen’s political enemies. 17. Big Ben is a famous clock in London. 18. There is no longer serious “smog” in London nowadays. 19. The UK is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. 20. In Britain only less than 2% of the population are farmers but they manage about 70% of the land area. 21. It was the Anglo-Saxons who brought the English language into England. 22. The immigrants coming to Britain are mainly from the West Indies, India and Pakistan. 23. The “upper class”, living off the ownership of land or capital are fairly constant at around 2%. 24. A skilled worker, however much he /she earns, is one of the working /lower class. 25. People who do unskilled office-work are also likely to be described as lower (middle) class. 26. John Bull is the nickname of Britain. 27. The UK has experienced relative economic decline since World War II. 28. Margret Thatcher is the first and only female Prime Minister in British history. 29. The average household size in the UK is becoming smaller and smaller. 30. The Teddy Boys was the first cult that emerged in the UK in the 1950s among the working class youth. 31. The Hippies were from the middle class families in late 1960s. 32. Punks appeared in the 1970s. 33. The rave culture was popular among the middle and working class in the 1990s. 34. The youngest age that a person can get married in Britain is 16. 35. At the age of 18, people can get legally married without parental consent in the UK.
2008年浙师大《外国文学名著鉴赏》期末考试答案
（一）文学常识 一、古希腊罗马 1．（1）宙斯(罗马神话称为朱庇特)，希腊神话中最高的天神，掌管雷电云雨，是人和神的主宰。 （2）阿波罗，希腊神话中宙斯的儿子，主管光明、青春、音乐、诗歌等，常以手持弓箭的少年形象出现。 （3）雅典那，希腊神话中的智慧女神，雅典城邦的保护神。 （4）潘多拉，希腊神话中的第一个女人，貌美性诈。私自打开了宙斯送她的一只盒子，里面装的疾病、疯狂、罪恶、嫉妒等祸患，一齐飞出，只有希望留在盒底，人间因此充满灾难。“潘多拉的盒子”成为“祸灾的来源”的同义语。 （5）普罗米修斯，希腊神话中造福人间的神。盗取天火带到人间，并传授给人类多种手艺，触怒宙斯，被锁在高加索山崖，受神鹰啄食，是一个反抗强暴、不惜为人类牺牲一切的英雄。 （6）斯芬克司，希腊神话中的狮身女怪。常叫过路行人猜谜，猜不出即将行人杀害；后因谜底被俄底浦斯道破，即自杀。后常喻“谜”一样的人物。与埃及狮身人面像同名。 2．荷马，古希腊盲诗人。主要作品有《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》，被称为荷马史诗。《伊利亚特》叙述十年特洛伊战争。《奥德赛》写特洛伊战争结束后，希腊英雄奥德赛历险回乡的故事。马克思称赞它“显示出永久的魅力”。 3．埃斯库罗斯，古希腊悲剧之父，代表作《被缚的普罗米修斯》。6．阿里斯托芬，古希腊“喜剧之父”代表作《阿卡奈人》。 4．索福克勒斯，古希腊重要悲剧作家，代表作《俄狄浦斯王》。5．欧里庇得斯，古希腊重要悲剧作家，代表作《美狄亚》。 二、中世纪文学 但丁，意大利人，伟大诗人，文艺复兴的先驱。恩格斯称他是“中世纪的最后一位诗人，同时又是新时代的最初一位诗人”。主要作品有叙事长诗《神曲》，由地狱、炼狱、天堂三部分组成。《神曲》以幻想形式，写但丁迷路，被人导引神游三界。在地狱中见到贪官污吏等受着惩罚，在净界中见到贪色贪财等较轻罪人，在天堂里见到殉道者等高贵的灵魂。 三、文艺复兴时期 1．薄迦丘意大利人短篇小说家，著有《十日谈》拉伯雷，法国人，著《巨人传》塞万提斯，西班牙人,著《堂?吉诃德》。 2．莎士比亚，16-17世纪文艺复兴时期英国伟大的剧作家和诗人，主要作品有四大悲剧——《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》《麦克白》、《李尔王》，另有悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等，喜剧有《威尼斯商人》《第十二夜》《皆大欢喜》等，历史剧有《理查二世》、《亨利四世》等。马克思称之为“人类最伟大的戏剧天才”。 四、17世纪古典主义 9．笛福，17-18世纪英国著名小说家，被誉为“英国和欧洲小说之父”，主要作品《鲁滨逊漂流记》，是英国第一部现实主义长篇小说。10．弥尔顿，17世纪英国诗人，代表作：长诗《失乐园》，《失乐园》，表现了资产阶级清教徒的革命理想和英雄气概。 25．拉伯雷，16世纪法国作家，代表作：长篇小说《巨人传》。 26．莫里哀，法国17世纪古典主义文学最重要的作家，法国古典主义喜剧的创建者，主要作品为《伪君子》《悭吝人》（主人公叫阿巴公）等喜剧。 五、18世纪启蒙运动 1）歌德，德国文学最高成就的代表者。主要作品有书信体小说《少年维特之烦恼》，诗剧《浮士德》。 11．斯威夫特，18世纪英国作家，代表作：《格列佛游记》，以荒诞的情节讽刺了英国现实。 12．亨利·菲尔丁，18世纪英国作家，代表作：《汤姆·琼斯》。 六、19世纪浪漫主义 （1拜伦， 19世纪初期英国伟大的浪漫主义诗人，代表作为诗体小说《唐璜》通过青年贵族唐璜的种种经历，抨击欧洲反动的封建势力。《恰尔德。哈洛尔游记》 （2雨果，伟大作家，欧洲19世纪浪漫主义文学最卓越的代表。主要作品有长篇小说《巴黎圣母院》、《悲惨世界》、《笑面人》、《九三年》等。《悲惨世界》写的是失业短工冉阿让因偷吃一片面包被抓进监狱，后改名换姓，当上企业主和市长，但终不能摆脱迫害的故事。《巴黎圣母院》 弃儿伽西莫多，在一个偶然的场合被副主教克洛德.孚罗洛收养为义子，长大后有让他当上了巴黎圣母院的敲钟人。他虽然十分丑陋而且有多种残疾，心灵却异常高尚纯洁。 长年流浪街头的波希米亚姑娘拉.爱斯梅拉达，能歌善舞，天真貌美而心地淳厚。青年贫诗人尔比埃尔.甘果瓦偶然同她相遇，并在一个更偶然的场合成了她名义上的丈夫。很有名望的副教主本来一向专心于"圣职"，忽然有一天欣赏到波希米亚姑娘的歌舞，忧千方百计要把她据为己有，对她进行了种种威胁甚至陷害，同时还为此不惜玩弄卑鄙手段，去欺骗利用他的义子伽西莫多和学生甘果瓦。眼看无论如何也实现不了占有爱斯梅拉达的罪恶企图，最后竟亲手把那可爱的少女送上了绞刑架。 另一方面，伽西莫多私下也爱慕着波希米亚姑娘。她遭到陷害，被伽西莫多巧计救出，在圣母院一间密室里避难，敲钟人用十分纯朴和真诚的感情去安慰她，保护她。当她再次处于危急中时，敲钟人为了援助她，表现出非凡的英勇和机智。而当他无意中发现自己的"义父"和"恩人"远望着高挂在绞刑架上的波希米亚姑娘而发出恶魔般的狞笑时，伽西莫多立即对那个伪善者下了最后的判决，亲手把克洛德.孚罗洛从高耸入云的钟塔上推下，使他摔的粉身碎骨。 （3司汤达，批判现实主义作家。代表作《红与黑》，写的是不满封建制度的平民青年于连，千方百计向上爬，最终被送上断头台的故事。“红”是将军服色，指“入军界”的道路；“黑”是主教服色，指当神父、主教的道路。 14．雪莱，19世纪积极浪漫主义诗人，欧洲文学史上最早歌颂空想社会主义的诗人之一，主要作品为诗剧《解放了的普罗米修斯》，抒情诗《西风颂》等。 15．托马斯·哈代，19世纪英国作家，代表作：长篇小说《德伯家的苔丝》。 16．萨克雷，19世纪英国作家，代表作：《名利场》 17．盖斯凯尔夫人，19世纪英国作家，代表作：《玛丽·巴顿》。 18．夏洛蒂?勃朗特，19世纪英国女作家，代表作：长篇小说《简?爱》19艾米丽?勃朗特，19世纪英国女作家，夏洛蒂?勃朗特之妹，代表作：长篇小说《呼啸山庄》。 20．狄更斯，19世纪英国批判现实主义文学的重要代表，主要作品为长篇小说《大卫?科波菲尔》、《艰难时世》《双城记》《雾都孤儿》。21．柯南道尔，19世纪英国著名侦探小说家，代表作品侦探小说集《福尔摩斯探案》是世界上最著名的侦探小说。 七、19世纪现实主义 1、巴尔扎克，19世纪上半叶法国和欧洲批判现实主义文学的杰出代表。主要作品有《人间喜剧》，包括《高老头》、《欧也妮·葛朗台》、《贝姨》、《邦斯舅舅》等。《人间喜剧》是世界文学中规模最宏伟的创作之一，也是人类思维劳动最辉煌的成果之一。马克思称其“提供了一部法国社会特别是巴黎上流社会的卓越的现实主义历史”。