论中西饮食文化之差异 英语4000字

编号（No.）SFLC2013 200905210230

宁夏师范学院外国语学院

学士学位论文

An Analysis of Different Food Cultures

between China and Western Countries

作者姓名曹俊峰

论文方向英美文化

指导教师马生仓

答辩时间2013年5月25日

Abstract Food is the basic need for human survival and development, but also is one of the basic forms of social life. Different countries have different food cultures. This thesis analyzes the differences in food culture between China and western countries from several different aspects, including food perceptions, tastes and nutritions, food targets, tablewares, and manners as well as pursuit. Certainly, these differences are obvious. As long as people have a good understanding about food culture, they will be polite in communications between Chinese and westerners.

Key Words food culture；differences；communications；China；western countries

CONTENTS

I.Introduction (1)

II.Literature Review (1)

III. Differences in Food Cultures between China and Western Countries (2)

3.1 Food Perceptions, Tastes and Nutritions (2)

3.2 Different Food Targets (4)

3.3The Styles of Having Dinner and Using Tablewares (5)

3.4 Differences in Pursuit (8)

IV.Conclusion (9)

Bibliography (10)

Acknowledgments (11)

I. Introduction

Food is the basic need for human survival and development; also it is one of the basic forms of social life. In different historical backgrounds, however, there are different food perceptions, different food needs and the way of using food. In the 21st century, cross-cultural communication has been integrated into all aspects of life. Chinese and western cultures had been the two major types of world cultures. And the food culture is very important both in Chinese and western cultures.

Chinese food culture has a long history. It has experienced several years of historical development and become an important component of China’s traditional culture. In the long process of development, Chinese people gradually form their own unique food culture. Meanwhile, Chinese food becomes a bright pearl of food and cultural treasures in the world. On the contrary, western food culture keeps always a kind of rational perception. Western people pay more attention to lightly flavored and dietary equilibrium. People no longer excessively pursue taste because they choose food’s nutrition. People try to research the difference of the nutrition.

This thesis focuses on the different food cultures in China and western countries. Knowing about the differences between Chinese and western food cultures and their development, foreign language learners can not only increase the understanding of languages and cultures, but also enhance the efficiency of cross-cultural communication. At the same time, the contact between different countries becomes much tighter through the incorporation of a global economy.

II. Literature Review

Many scholars are interested in different food cultures between China and western countries. In Yin Li and Han Xiaoling’s book, writers mainly describe the relationship of idioms and folklore (Yin Li, Han Xiaoling. 2007:39).And the writers also tell about food culture. Their opinion is that food manner is not just to satisfy people’s physical needs, what is more, food is a social behavior, and it has rich cultural connotations. Different regions, countries and peoples gradually form a distinctive food culture, because it is affected by natural environment, product, geography, climate, economy, politics, religion, philosophy, history and so on. Food custom is a visualized reflection of food culture. Food custom belongs to the scope of a big culture. It is also an independent branch of folklore.

In Jiang Yan’s thesis, she refers to the differences of Chinese and western food cultures (Jiang Yan, 2007:50). First,people can accept actively western food culture by analyzing the differences of Chinese and western food cultures. At the same time, people should notice western etiquette through cross-cultural communication so that they can grasp the nation’s cultural characteristics on the basis of seeking common ground while accepting the existing differences. Second, this way can also train people’s adaptability. Finally, people can avoid effectively the misunderstandings which are caused by the differences of cultures, too.

Through analyzing those papers, the author proposes reasonable suggestion about food culture. Moreover, these papers explain the significance of learning the differences between Chinese and western food cultures. In addition, these papers only state that it is important to learn food culture for people, but authors don’t mention that people should respect food culture of every country. In other words, people shouldn’t discriminate every country’s food culture. Besides, people should notice how to choose nourished food.

III.Differences in Food Cultures between China and Western Countries Receiving the influence of respective cultural tradition, the Chinese and western food cultures have different characteristics. The differences in perceptions, tastes and nutrition; food targets; the styles of having dinner and tablewares; and interest have reflected the different food cultures in the different state characteristic; such characteristic has enriched the research value of food culture. Studying these cultural differences, we can find out a joint enhancing the communication between China and the west through a comprehensive study of the subject. It may be a great help to the communication of the Chinese and western cultures.

3.1 Food Perceptions, Tastes and Nutritions

Christianity has deep influence on Western food perception. Christianity stresses that human beings must absolutely obey the order of the God; they must respect soul; they propose people’s reason; they control people’s desire; they ignore people’s value of life and significance; they pay more attention to the happiness of heaven. Christianity thinks that the ancestor of the human being was expelled from the Garden of Eden by God because they ate forbidden fruit. So people have original sin. In their life, they gain

purification and pleasure of soul with believing in God and taking part in religious ceremony. So human being controls food. The Bible says that man does not live on bread alone, but on every word that comes from the mouth of God.

Perter Bromhead said that western countries have a rational food perception and they pay more attention to scientific food perception (Perter, Bromhead,1978:3). Western countries stress natural value of food. They attach importance to protein, fat, quantity of heat and vitamins in food.However, they are particular about whether nutrient ingredient in food is reasonable collocation；whether the supply of calories is just right;whether these nutrition constituents are fully absorbed by people. In addition, they try to keep normal juice and natural nutrition of food, rather than pursue food’s color, scent, design, as well as its variety. Even if the taste is same or insipid, people will eat it. Because western people pay more attention to food’s nutrition constituent. They don’t connect food with spiritual enjoyment. Even food will reflect a strong practical and utilitarian purpose. Western people think that food is just existent means, but it uses a more scientific, normative and reasonable manner (Keith,Sinclair,1980). For example, school leaders will arrange a nutritionist for students in middle school in order to ensure teenagers to have enough and balanced nutrition. But western food also has big shortcomings. For example, they don’t eat animal’s viscera. In other words, they don’t pay more attention to food without nutritional value. Meanwhile, the cooking skill of western people often reflects mechanical and rigid. All kinds of vegetables will never mix together and taint by other odor. And they can’t change another pattern.

Chinese people pay more attention to eating. In China, there is a proverb that bread is the staff of life. The proverb explains that people regards food as heaven. For thousands of years, the nation was in a low productivity level, people didn’t have enough food to eat. Chinese people think that eating is the most important thing over others. If a kind of culture treats eating as the first thing, then there will be two phenomena: On one hand, people will make eating’s function to acme. Its function can maintain existence and health. On the other hand, too much attention to eating will make people respect the pursuit of delicious food. In Chinese cooking technique, Chinese people pursue delicious food to acme, and they make a living by developing restaurant industry in overseas.

Chinese food stresses artistry and sensibility, and pursues feeling of taste on food. Chinese people like appraising the pros and cons of food from color, scent, design, as well as its variety and so on (Li Mingying,1997). They pursue a kind of mood without expressing in language. Simply speaking, Chinese

people pay more attention to taste. Certainly, taste is the charm of Chinese food. Taste not only satisfies people to be eager for delicious food, but also brings physical and mental pleasure. Chinese food excessively stresses taste and mental enjoyment. Chinese food also has its disadvantages, it ignores nutrient ingredient in food. Chinese people regard delicious food as the first request. However, it is a pity when people regard delicious food as the first request. A large of traditional food need go through a long period of frying and strewing, so the nutrient ingredient in food is destroyed. Chinese people often ignore the nutrition’s analysis and reasonable nutrition’s collocation.

In a word, western food pays more attention to food’s nutrition from scientifically analyzing, while Chinese food stresses artistry and sensibility, and pursues feeling of taste on food. Both sides should learn from each other and make food more perfect.

3.2 Different Food Targets

Food target roots in the differences of ethnic cultural background. Western people eat more meat. They pay more attention to animal’s protein and fat in their food (Leslie,White,1949:06). Meat plays an important role in the food structure and mainly includes beef, chicken, pork, lamb, and fish. The cultural background connects with western nomads and maritime national culture. People regard sailing, fishing, hunting and nomadic as their own main activities. Planting is a complement to the activity. So animals are the main source of their food. In modern times, the proportion of planting industry is on the increase. But the proportion of meat is still higher than Chinese food. Although the proportion of meat is smaller than vegetables,people have another food—tofu which can make up nutrition for human being. Tofu is a traditional food. Its history dates back to the western Han Dynasty. Not only is the taste of tofu very delicious, but also it has much the nutrient ingredient in food. It is good for people’s health. People often say that the green vegetables and tofu can protect the human being. Tofu can be made different dishes and snacks. At times, it can be made delicious food with little tofu. People regard tofu as main ingredient and second ingredient. The life conditions of Chinese people are affected by the agricultural civilization. Staple food is wheat and beans. Certainly, vegetables dominate Chinese food. People often call vegetarians dishes （Paul,Anthony,1975:68）. Chinese people usually add to meat dishes in festival. This kind of food custom has deeply influenced on Buddhism. Buddhists believe that animals are “creature”, and “creature” can’t be killed. Even people can’t eat them.

However, with the development of living standards and the popularity of nutritional perception, Chinese people are increasing the proportion of meat and dairy products on the table. Similarly, western people also add vegetables to their food. Chinese and western foods have been gradually moving towards integration(Lin Lirui,2009:11). Western people like eating cold dishes in salad or cold drink. But Chinese people prefer to hot dishes. Most of the main dishes are hot.

Western people believe that dishes are a longing. So they only eat a large piece of meat and the whole chickens and even “hard food”. They want to pay more attention to taste from dishes. So the cooking techniques for Chinese cooking also show great randomness. Many western people think that something is garbage, but Chinese people believe that these are excellent raw materials. Foreign chefs don’t know how to handle these things, but in a Chinese chef hand, they can transform bad into good. It goes to prove that Chinese food is the wide randomness of materials.

According to the survey of western plant scholars, Chinese people eat six hundred kinds of vegetables. It is six times more than in the west. In fact, vegetarian dishes are common food in the Chinese dishes. Chinese people can eat meat in holidays or at the higher living standards. Since ancient times, people have been saying of “vegetarian dishes”. Vegetarian dishes are the dominant statement in people’s usual food. Chinese people make plant as the main dishes, and kinds of dishes have a lot of connect with the advocacy of Buddhism. They regard animals as “people”.On the contrary, plants don’t work in the laws of nature. Therefore, Chinese people advocate the vegetarianism.

When western people introduce food characteristic of their own country, they pay more attention to reasonable collocation of nutrition than in China. Even they have more developed food industry, Such as, canned food and fast food. Although the taste is same, saving time and nutrition is good. So western people are stronger than Chinese people: tall, long legs, broad shoulders, muscular development; but Chinese people are small and thin; their shoulders are narrow; their complexion are yellow. And consequently, Chinese people are known as plant character, western people are known as animal character(Wang Renxiang, Xiao Xiao 2007).

To sum up, western people pay more attention to meat on food targets, they can absorb more fat and protein, so they are stronger than Chinese people. However Chinese people pay more attention to vegetables. They are more healthy than westerners.

3.3 The Style of Having Dinner and Using Tablewares

The different food culture is also reflected in having dinner and using tablewares in China and western countries.

3.3.1 Having Dinner

Whether it is family meals or formal feasts in China, Chinese people will sit around and share enjoyment each other (Lv Wenwen). They also toast each other or persuade others to eat delicious food. The scene has created harmonious and happy atmosphere. Especially in all kinds of festivals, Chinese people gain enjoyment from having dinner together. The style of having dinner is the most important tradition of Chinese food culture. The style is on the basis of patriarchal clan system’s perception. Having dinner together is popular with family or clan at first. Then it extends to outside the family. Chinese people usually educate and express all kinds of proprieties by having dinner together. So these reflect the relationship of the old and the young, the noble and the humble, the intimate and the aloof. Because having dinner together pander to traditional family perception and objectively play an important part in maintaining family’s stability and promoting family members’ unity and harmony. Therefore, having dinner together has been handed down generation after generation. All family members gather together by sitting around and sharing one seat. This will be a family happiness.

But having dinner together also has disadvantages that people don’t pay more attention to food’s health and scientific using. Wasting food becomes more and more serious. Nowadays, people gradually realize this disadvantage and start to change. In entertainment of having dinner together, eating food is not the most important problem, but a face-saving is very important. The standard of price, the grade of dishes and rich dishes are often regarded as the master’s feeling carrier. When the host entertains guests, the host will prepare for a wonderful meal. This shows the host’s enthusiasm, because the standard of entertainment is a symbol of warm hospitality. Therefore, the hosts are afraid to end up with “penny pinching”, so they always prepare much more than the actual consumption.As people say, Chinese people get in touch with each other in order to make others owe debt of gratitude.

People often pay more attention to face-feeling in culture of having dinner. In general, the entertainment of having dinner together adopt pattern of consumption of“Person who entertains guests should check out”. Chinese people often follow the principle of reciprocity. This kind of debt of gratitude is not equal and optional communication, but it is the human sentiment’s exchange of owing and repaying.

People firstly emphasize interpersonal harmony in having dinner together, and then they pay more attention to food. Therefore, in the process of having dinner together people often pay more attention to the coordination and distribution or interpersonal relationship, social roles and the debt of gratitude.

Western people are accustomed to individual serving when they are eating. Although western people eat food by sitting around in western banquet, everyone eats the dishes and food in their plates（Ji Qing,2008:42）. Western individual serving is a typical form and that is buffet. Diners take a set of tableware, and then get delicious food from plate. Certainly western people don’t have fixed seat, and they can freely pace back and forth. The style of having dinner not only can fully satisfy individual to be fond of food, but also can communicate each other and exchange individual feelings or information. So food is only a kind of means and foil in western feast rather than the whole purpose. The core of feast is friendship. The style of having dinner adequately embodies western people to respect individuality and self, and also stresses individual independence. It is different from cultural patterns of the whole unification of China. Especially since Renaissance movement, western society has energetically advocated equality, freedom, human rights and liberation spirit. The Renaissance movement immensely publicizes the human personality and the sense of freedom, and also creates a cultural environment which stresses individual’s free development.

So, the difference of Chinese and western food culture comes from emotional and rational. But the difference becomes fuzzy with the development of science. More and more people no longer pay more attention to food hygiene and nutrition.

3.3.2 Tablewares

Generally speaking, Chinese people don’t use much tablewares when they have meals. Mainly they have bowls, dishes, chopsticks and spoons, and they don’t use very often. Chinese cooking is particular about tableware’s shape and size as well as food’s coordination. Even they stress “beautiful utensil”. Chinese people treat food as art activity. Not only can people surely feast guests’ mouths, but also get a kind of art enjoyment from Chinese food.

Western people use metal knives and forks which mainly contained stainless steel, fine silver and silvering and so on. Besides, as people know the emergence of a knife and fork is much later than chopsticks. It originated in lifestyle of the ancient nomadic of the European. They made a living by knives,

and often cooked the meat, then cut off to eat. After people took up residence, the knives and forks appeared in the kitchen. All kinds of cup, plate or dish have its own function. This tableware can’t be mixed to use. For example, there are different kinds of names for glasses in English, such as wine glass, cherry glass, brandy glass, beer glass, snifter glass, champion flute and high bowl. In serving English meals, people use so much tableware with different kinds and sizes.

In a word, western people emphasize the function of tablewares, while Chinese people stress the shape of dish and individual’s feeling.

3.4 Differences in Pursuit

In China, cooking is a kind of art, And it is similar to other arts. Chinese people stress that if you want to cook, you must like cooking. Chinese cooking has been regarded as great fun by people. A woman writer once said that she was fed with doing housework. But she was interested in cooking dishes. A slice of onion and a bit of meat can cook a delicious dainty. She appreciated this kind of art. The instant-boiled mutton and Sichuan hotpot become more and more popular so that many people are fond of them. On one hand, the dishes are fresh and tender. People can freely eat them. On the other hand, Chinese people can enjoy the interesting cooking on the process of having dinner. The work can enrich people’s life because they have great fun for cooking. China has a large number of cooking skill: heat, stir-fry, and quick-fry, braise, steam, crisp, scrabble, blast, and wire drawing and so on. And Chinese cooking take cutting technique and heating control in baking seriously. Chinese cooking is similar to the music, the dance, the poetry and the drawing. Both of them can improve realm of life.

Western cooking is easier than Chinese cooking. They only pursue the nutrition of food. It leads people to ignore enjoyment of food. Thus, western cooking is particular about scientific and standard perception. The fired chicken of KFC need to put up ingredients on the basis of food’s illustration, and the temperature of oil or time of the fired chicken should follow the standard in the menu. So the job of chef becomes very boring and mechanical. In the process of cooking, western people usually represent more mechanical in designing dishes. Even they are absolutely in accordance with the recipes. Every now and then they use scale measuring pot and scale pan in order to achieve accuracy. It leads western cooking to be short of new idea at times. Their dishes are mainly frying, stir-frying and braising instead of food’s shape and color. Western people think that playing while working is dereliction, and working in playing is a

losing deal. However, Chinese people believe the transformation of working and playing.

IV. Conclusion

We can easily find that the differences between Chinese and western food cultures are very obvious from this thesis. They have different food perceptions, tastes, nutrition, food targets and interests; they also have differences in the style of having dinner and using tableware. Both of them have their own special advantages. With the economic globalization and information exchange speeding up, along with the strengthening of communication between China and the west, Chinese and western food cultures continuously mix together and mutually complement (Zou Wenguang,1998). The exchange of food culture is in people’s daily life.

Chinese people can learn from the perception that western people stresses food’s nutrition. And Chinese people should make Chinese food more outstanding. At present, Chinese people make more efforts to draw all the perfect achievements in the world. Chinese people should make use of a chance to absorb splendid cultures from other countries according to China’s reform and opening up policy which creates the conditions on international relations and cultural exchanges.

It is essential for English learners to study food culture which is the important part between Chinese and Western cultures.In the process of learning English, learners should pay attention to the difference of culture between Chinese and western, know more about countries regarded English as native speaking language, so as to cultivate good thinking model. Learning food culture is benefit for learners to promote the ability of cross-culture communication and stimulate the interest of learning English. As we all know, language is the supporter of culture, so learning language is not a process of learning vocabulary and grammar. We should emphasize the cross-culture communication so as to achieve the real purpose of learning English. As long as people have a good understanding about food culture, they will be polite between Chinese and western exchanges.

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Acknowledgments

My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to professor Ma Shengcang, my teacher for his constant encouragement and guidance. He has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without his consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form.

Second, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all the teachers, who lead me into the world of English. They instructed and helped me a lot in the past four years.

Last, my thanks would go to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out any problems during the difficult course of thesis.

中西方饮食文化差异比较

中西方饮食文化差异比较 古人云：民以食为天。在人类社会的发展中，各国的饮食也逐渐形成了自己独特的文化。不同的地区有着不同的饮食习惯，不同的饮食习惯造就了不同的饮食文化。 （一）中国的饮食文化 中国有着五千多年的历史，形成了灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化。中国人注重“天人合一”。中国饮食以食表意，以物传情。中国的饮食文化令人拍案叫绝，赏心悦目。 中国的传统饮食有四大特点： 1.重食：古人就有“民以食为天”之说。见面常问“吃了没有”，可见饮食文化的地位。朋友离合，送往迎来，人们都习惯在饭桌上表达惜别和欢迎的心情。感情上的风波，人们也往往借酒菜平息。这是饮食活动对社会心理的调节功能。 2.重养：以“五谷”养“六脏”，饮食中重视人体养生保健。中国的饮食注意各种食物的搭配，以相生相克、相辅相成等阴阳调和之理性认识指导烹饪。 3.重味：中国的饮食最注重食物的味，讲究“色、香、味、型”。孙中山先生讲“辩味不精，则烹调之述不妙”，将审美视作烹调的第一要义。 4.重理：对于饮食活动中的情感文化，有个引导和提升品位的问题。中国的饮食提倡健康优美、奋发向上的文化情调，追求一种高尚的情操。 （二）西方国家的饮食文化

西式餐饮的主要特点是：一是生,如牛排带血丝；二是冷,如凡是饮料都加冰块；三是甜，无甜不餐，无餐不甜。此外西式餐饮不讲究精细，追求快捷方便，也不奢华，比较大众化。 此外西餐还有以下显著特点： 1.重视各类营养成分的搭配组合，根据人体对各种营养（糖类、脂肪、蛋白质、维生素）和热量的需求来安排菜或加工烹调。 2.选料精细，用料广泛。西餐烹饪在选料时十分精细、考究，而且选料十分广泛。如美国菜常用水果制作菜肴或饭点，咸里带甜；意大利菜则会将各类面食制作成菜肴：各种面片、面条、面花都能制成美味的席上佳肴。 3.讲究调味，调味品种多。西餐烹调的调味品大多不同于中餐，如酸奶油、桂叶、柠檬等都是常用的调味品。 4.注重色泽。在色泽的搭配上则讲究对比、明快，因而色泽鲜艳，能刺激食欲。 5.工艺严谨，烹调方法多样。西餐十分注重工艺流程，讲究科学化、程序化，工序严谨。西餐的烹调方法很多，常用的有煎、烩、烤、焖、焗、炸、熏、铁扒等十几种，其中铁扒、烤、焗最具特色。 6.器皿讲究。烹调的炊具与餐具均有不同于中餐的特点。特别是餐具，除瓷制品外，水晶、玻璃及各类金属制餐具占很大比重。 二、中西方饮食方式的差异 （一）就坐形式的差异中西方的饮食方式有很大不同，这种差异对民族性格也有影响。

中西方饮食文化差异论文

课程论文 英美文化课程论文 系别：教育二系 专业年级：初教六班 姓名：李倩 学号：13310604 指导教师：李智强 职称：讲师 2015年6月13日

目录 中文摘要...........................................................................英文摘要...........................................................................前言 (1) 1中西方饮食文化差异………………………………………………1~5 1.1中美饮食文化的历史差异 (1) 1.2中西方饮食观念的差异 (3) 1.3中西方中美饮食文化食材差异 (5) 1.4中西方饮食文化的用餐方式及餐具差异 (5) 2中西方饮食文化的相互影响及思考 (5) 参考文献： (7)

[摘要]：本篇论文探讨了中西方饮食文化的差异，饮食文化在世界文化中起着非常重要的作用。中西方文化的差异带来了中西饮食文化的差异，不同的国家有自己不同的饮食文化特点。在不同的文化背景下，无论是在观念、对象、方式、餐具、还是礼仪等各方面，这些不同都是显而易见的。但是，随着国际的交流与融合，中西饮食文化业将会在交流中共同发展，这对全世界范围内的文化交流将起到促进作用。 [关键词]: 跨文化交际; 饮食文化; 文化差异 前言 随着人们经济水平的不断提高,人们对饮食质量的要求也越来越高，而随着中国与世界接轨，麦当劳,肯德基等快餐及西餐越来越多的渗透到了中国的餐饮文化中。而中国的饮食也在西方许多国家享有盛誉。现今，中国人走向世界各地并带去我们的饮食文化,而外国人也逐渐走进中国传播他们的饮食文化,因此便出现了多种不同饮食文化并存的局面。餐饮产品由于地域特征、气候环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响，会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异，餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异，而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”，西方人注重“以人为本”。 1.1中美饮食文化的历史差异 中西文化历来是世界文化的两大派系，而饮食在两个文化中都占有非常重要的地位。我们将会通过大量调查得来的数据及细致的研究为您分析中西方饮食文化的异同,优劣，希望对您今后的饮食结构的改善有所帮助。 历史上，中国是世界上最古老的国家之一，有五千年的悠久而厚重的历史。千百年来形成了博大精深的文化.随着时间的流逝以及辽阔国土的地域差异，四大菜系逐渐形成，四大菜系自成体系,各有特点,但共同点是用料复杂考究，制作方法复杂。口味多种多样。 西方以欧美为代表,其文化同样源远流长.到中世纪，欧洲文化已十分完善,

中西饮食文化的差异(学士论文)

The Differences Between Chinese and Western Food Dietetic Culture 中西饮食文化的差异 College of Minsheng Henan University May 2011

Acknowledgement There are a lot of people who help me to contribute to the completion of this thesis. Firstly, my deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Zhu Taiyin , my teacher for his constant encouragement and guidance. He has led me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without his consistent ad illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form. Secondly, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all the teachers, who lead me into the world of English. They instructed and helped me a lot in the past four years. Last, owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.

英语论文中西方饮食文化差异

2012届本科毕业论文 中西方饮食文化差异 姓名： 系别： 专业： 学号： 指导教师： 2012年5月

The Differences of Dietary Cultures Between China and the West Shangqiu Normal University May 2012

摘要 饮食是人们生存的根本，中西方都不例外。饮食文化是民族文化的重要组成部分。随着21世纪全球化进程，跨文化交际日益频繁，其中饮食文化成了东西方文化交流的最基本内容。但是由于长期以来形成的生活环境、风俗习惯、价值观念的不同，中西方形成了各自不同的饮食文化。由于饮食文化的不同，中西方人在交流的过程中有时会产生一些误解。本文主要从中西方饮食观念、烹饪取材、饮食结构、烹饪方式以及上菜顺序等方面来论述中西方饮食文化差异，以促进中西方文化交际的顺利进行。 关键词：饮食；饮食文化；差异

Abstract Diet is the base of living, with no exception in China or the West. Dietary culture is an important part of the national culture. With the entrance of the 21st century, cross-cultural communication has become more and more frequent, among which dietary culture has been the most basic content. However, because of the differences in living environments, customs and value concepts China and the West have formed their own different dietary cultures. As a result, there appears some misunderstandings sometimes between Chinese and the Westerners in their communication. This paper will analyze the differences of dietary cultures between China and the West from dietary concepts, raw materials, dietary structures, cooking patterns and the order of serving dishes so as to facilitate the efficient communication between Chinese and Westerners. Key words: diet；dietary culture; difference

中西饮食文化差异对餐饮管理的影响

中西饮食文化差异对餐饮管理的影响 北方民族大学管理学院 2012级旅游管理2班 岳龙 20121386

【摘要】在世界全球化的今天，国家和民族间的交流亦越发频繁。而“吃”作为一种可以拉近彼此距离的交流手段，理应加以重视。“吃的文化”即饮食文化，也是文化交流中不也或缺的重要部分。本文将就中西饮食文化从饮食观念、宴会礼仪及饮食内容三大方面加以比较，展示中西餐饮文化差异，以便更加顺利的进行中西间的跨文化交际。 【关键词】中西方饮食文化差异餐饮管理 不同的民族及国家有着不同的饮食文化，而饮食文化又是文化系统的一个重要组成部分。了解不同民族及国家饮食文化间的差异有利于促进他们间的文化交流，利于跨文化的交际。而中国和英美等西方国家的饮食文化，在对于饮食的观念，宴会礼仪及饮食内容方面都存在着很大的差异。比较和了解这些差异，将会为中西方将来的跨文化交际提供依据。 1饮食观念上的差异 1.1“泛食主义”对“食用主义” 在中国，“吃”不仅仅是“吃”，它被赋予了丰富的意义。古语有云“民以食为天”，可见饮食一事在国人心中的重要地位。而“民以食为天”的这种思想，也被很多学者称为“泛食主义”。饮食，在国人心中不止是一种对“胃”与“味”的满足，它亦溶于人们的生活之中，与精神世界挂钩。例如，以前人们一见面的寒暄语就是“吃了吗？”，可见古来人们都把“吃”或为“吃而准备当作很重要

的事。”小孩出生的时候要办满月酒，成人结婚时要办婚宴，高寿安康时要办寿宴，长辞人世时要办丧礼，诸如此类，中国人的一生都与饮食紧密关。“吃”可以被看做一种传递心理沟通交流和表达礼节的方式。“泛食主义”在汉语i也有充分的体现。易中天先生曾在《闲话中国人》中写道：“如前述把人称为‘口’，吧职业称为‘饭碗’等。又比如思索叫做‘拒绝’，体验叫‘品味’，嫉妒叫‘吃醋’，幸福叫‘陶醉’，司空见惯叫‘家常便饭’，轻而易举叫‘小菜一碟’……” 1 可见“民以食为天”的中国人心中及生活中，饮食的重要性。 而在西方人眼中，“吃”仅仅是一种生存手段和交际方式。他们更多看中的食物可以提供的营养及那能量。从亚伯拉罕马斯洛的需求定律和《美国礼仪事典》都可以看出。需求定律中，认定需求被分为五个层次，其中饮食属于最低的一层。而《美国礼仪事典》曾将各类宴会的目的总结为以下几点：向提供服务者表示感谢；对刚刚达成的一笔交易表示庆祝；为了赢得客户的信任；请人帮忙……”2可见比起中国的“吃”，西方的吃只是停留在生存交际方面，没有赋予更多样而深远的含义。 1.2“集体主义”对“个人主义” 中国人受儒道两教长期的影响，追求“仁”“爱”，想要创造的是个和谐的社会。这样的社会群体的主导价值观，必须是“集体主义”。从“一人得道，鸡犬升天”到“亲谊、乡谊、世谊、年谊”之交等，无不打上中国群体文化的烙印。3而在宴饮同时，中国人也喜欢围坐在一个大圆桌旁，觥筹交错，把酒言欢，敬酒聊天，欢声不绝于耳，而且共同享受桌上的菜肴。一片其乐融融之景象。 而西方人更注重的是个性的发展，他们强调individualism。他们的主导价值观，相对中国的而言，是“个体主义”。他们吃饭的时候，多数是每人各有一小份食物，不是像中国人一样从桌上的大盘里夹菜喝汤，而且一般是和坐在隔壁的人说话，声音较小，不似中国式的满桌交谈。结伴出去吃饭是也是AA制。 1.3“讲排场”对”随意简单” “持家要俭，待客要丰”是中国的传统观念，加之中国人好面子，就会觉得请客关乎面子问题，讲究排场是必要的。一般正式的宴请时要上七八道大菜，不包括之前的零嘴及收尾时的甜点汤饮在内。菜色越多，品质越好，就越是显示出主人的好客及身份。当然这种情况下，很多食物是吃不完的。其中比较极而有名的例子就是集合满族和汉族饮食特色的巨型筵席—满汉全席。原为康熙皇帝大寿所举办的筵席包括咸甜苦辣各色菜式，各类山珍海味共一百零八道，可谓加入珍馐，极为奢华，尽显皇家气派。 而西方人没有这样的面子观念。他们盛大的西餐宴席通常不过是六道菜，而且其中只有两道菜算上是菜，其余不过是陪衬。平时宴请，饭菜更为简单。在美国，有时候朋友聚餐会采取大家作贡献的手法，称之为“Potluck”，即每人都带一样菜，让大家共享。4 即使是在举行party时，也只是提供一些简单的食物，不提供主食。可见西方人注重的不是食物的丰盛，他们是要借助party或宴请来调节气氛，让客人享受更美好的时候，利于之后的交流。 2宴会礼仪上的差异 由于历史文化不同，中西方的宴会礼仪也存在着很多差异。以下将主要就餐

英语论文中西方饮食文化差异

创作编号： GB8878185555334563BT9125XW 创作者：凤呜大王* 2012届本科毕业论文 中西方饮食文化差异 姓名： 系别： 专业： 学号： 指导教师：

2012年5月 The Differences of Dietary Cultures Between China and the West Shangqiu Normal University May 2012 摘要 饮食是人们生存的根本，中西方都不例外。饮食文化是民族文化的重

要组成部分。随着21世纪全球化进程，跨文化交际日益频繁，其中饮食文化成了东西方文化交流的最基本内容。但是由于长期以来形成的生活环境、风俗习惯、价值观念的不同，中西方形成了各自不同的饮食文化。由于饮食文化的不同，中西方人在交流的过程中有时会产生一些误解。本文主要从中西方饮食观念、烹饪取材、饮食结构、烹饪方式以及上菜顺序等方面来论述中西方饮食文化差异，以促进中西方文化交际的顺利进行。 关键词：饮食；饮食文化；差异

Abstract Diet is the base of living, with no exception in China or the West. Dietary culture is an important part of the national culture. With the entrance of the 21st century, cross-cultural communication has become more and more frequent, among which dietary culture has been the most basic content. However, because of the differences in living environments, customs and value concepts China and the West have formed their own different dietary cultures. As a result, there appears some misunderstandings sometimes between Chinese and the Westerners in their communication. This paper will analyze the differences of dietary cultures between China and the West from dietary concepts, raw materials, dietary structures, cooking patterns and the order of serving dishes so as to facilitate the efficient communication between Chinese and Westerners. Key words: diet；dietary culture; difference

中西饮食文化差异对比(小结)

中西饮食文化差异对比 文化是人们长期生活中凝聚起来的生活方式的总称。饮食与文化密切相关，不同的民族因其生活地域、气候环境和风俗习惯而缔造出各种不同的饮食文化。传统的西方文化是畜牧文化和海洋文化，而中国是农耕文化和陆地文化，两种不同的文化反映出人们生活方式的不同，中国与西方国家对于饮食的观念和态度、饮食的内容及特点等方面都存在着显著的差异。 中西饮食观念存在差异，中国的饮食观念是五味调和，是一种感性的饮食观念，而西方的是一种理性的饮食观念。中国传统文化讲究五行调和，因而中国人饮食更偏重于一种难以言喻的意境，并设法从感官上把那种只可意会不可言传的意境用“色香味形器名”具体化。因而人们对美味展开了孜孜不倦的追求，让食物的本味，加热后的熟味，以及各种调料交融在一起，相互补充。“民以食为天，食以味为先”，也可以看出吃不仅是生存的需要，同时人们对美味最求也几乎达到极致。西方人对饮食的态度主要坚持其实用性特征，重视食物对人体的健康，力求口味清淡和食物均衡，而不追求食物的色香味形。他们认为吃只是生存的必要手段，为人体的正常运作补充能量，只要吃了后能够保持身体健康，其他的并不特别讲究。因此西方人基本上是从营养健康角度来理解饮食的，享受在饮食中并不占重要位置，故而不会过分的追求食物的口味。 中西饮食方式存在差异，中国的饮食方式体现出团结共享，而西方则是个性自主。在中国，筵席用圆桌，大家围坐，共享一席；席间，大家相互敬酒、相互让菜。这样不仅从形式上营造了一种礼貌、团结、和睦的气氛，更体现出大家的相互尊重、相互礼让的美德。而西式宴会的核心在于交谊，但一般只和邻座的客人交谈，达到交谊的目的。西方人习惯于分而食之，有专人先行分配食物。在宴会上虽也围坐，但是食物都是事先分配的单独碗碟，而且座位不必固定，可以随意走动以便个人感情信息交流。这种用餐方式充分体现出西方人对人性、自我的尊重，强调了个人的独立自主。 中西用餐礼仪存在差异，中国宴会主要体现出尊卑有序，而西方更多的是自由平等，更加尊重女性。在旧中国，长期以来以南为上，以北为下，并且女性地位不高，所以形成了“南尊北卑，男尊女卑”的传统观念，所以在大多数宴会上为高权重或年长者首先入座首席，并且在宴会上很难看到女性的身影。但随着科学文化进步，中国女性地位显著提高，这一状况已经得到很大改善。而在西方，一般以右为上，左为下，所以尊贵的客人一般安排在主人的右侧。并且由于基督教的深远影响，西方形成了尊重女性的社会风尚，在宴会中女士优先作为宴会安排的标准。

关于中西饮食文化的差异---英文论文摘取

专业论文 工种：西餐烹饪技师 题目：论中西方饮食文化差异 ------ 观念与饮食方式 姓名： 身份证号： 等级：技师 准考证号： 培训单位：北京旅游学院培训部 鉴定单位：鉴定所 2009年06月07日

内容提要： 在悠久的历史文化中，中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学造就了中西文化的差异，从而造就了中西方饮食文化的差异。餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响，会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异，餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中华饮食以食表意、以物传情，其博大精深不可言喻。西方饮食精巧专维、自成体系。中西饮食文化的差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。在中国，烹调是一种艺术；在西方，烹调则是一种劳动。 关键词： 文化，中餐，西餐，饮食方式，思维方式，口味，烹调

目录 一、两种不同的饮食观念 1.西方人饮食观念 2.中国人饮食观念 3. 饮食观念及味道和营养 二、中西饮食对象的差异 1.中西菜肴用料的不同 2.中餐主张素食 3.西餐注重营养 三、饮食方式的不同 1.用餐方式及餐具 2.用餐礼仪 四、中西饮食未来前景

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Differences between Chinese and Western diet culture Can you imagine the difference between the Western diet culture and the Chinese diet culture？First of all, I will introduce the general characteristics of Western diet culture. Western diet history Italy cuisine is the originator of the Western diet culture, French cuisine is the Western diet culture king, American food is the Western diet culture upstart. Western food making skills In the production of the Western diet, they love the pursuit of perfection, but also attach importance to cooperation with a delicacy. Western diet varieties The famous dishes are Italy, French, American, German, Russian, etc. famous drinks include wine, coffee and black tea. Do you know,why there are so many differences between Chinese and Western diet culture ?just like the menu,western diet is very tidy and serious,but the Chinese is multifarious. Now, you have known the difference of the menu,but do you know why diet has a strong regional character? Actually, western diet due to geographical characteristics, environment, customs, appears in cooking methods of

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编号（No.）SFLC2013 200905210230 宁夏师范学院外国语学院 学士学位论文 An Analysis of Different Food Cultures between China and Western Countries 作者姓名曹俊峰 论文方向英美文化 指导教师马生仓 答辩时间2013年5月25日

Abstract Food is the basic need for human survival and development, but also is one of the basic forms of social life. Different countries have different food cultures. This thesis analyzes the differences in food culture between China and western countries from several different aspects, including food perceptions, tastes and nutritions, food targets, tablewares, and manners as well as pursuit. Certainly, these differences are obvious. As long as people have a good understanding about food culture, they will be polite in communications between Chinese and westerners. Key Words food culture；differences；communications；China；western countries

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实际上就触及到了中国饮食文化的最大弱点。民间有句俗话：“民以食为天，食以味为先”。就是这种对美味的追求，也会使我们忽略了吃饭的真正意义。 再次是饮食对象的不同。西方人认为菜肴是充饥的，所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”。而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的，所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性：许多西方人视为弃物的东西，在中国都是极好的原料，外国厨师无法处理的东西，一到中国厨师手里，就可以化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。西方人在介绍自己国家的饮食特点时，觉得比中国更重视营养的合理搭配，有较为发达的食品工业，如罐头、快餐等，虽口味千篇一律，但节省时间，且营养良好，故他们国家的人身体普遍比中国人健壮：高个、长腿、宽大的肩、发达的肌肉；而中国人则显得身材瘦小、肩窄腿短、色黄质弱。有人根据中西方饮食对象的明显差异这一特点，把中国人称为植物性格，西方人称为动物性格。 最后饮食方式的不同。西式饮宴上，食品和酒尽管非常重要，但实际上那是作为陪衬。宴会的核心在于交谊，通过与邻座客人之间的交谈，达到交谊的目的。与中国饮食方式的差异更为明显的是西方流行的自助餐。此法是：将所有食物一一陈列出来，大家各取所需，不必固定在位子上吃，走动自由，这种方式便于个人之间的情感交流，不必将所有的话摆在桌面上，也表现了西方人对个性、对自我的尊重。在中国，任何一个宴席，不管是什么目的，都只会有一种形式，就是大家团团围坐，共享一席。筵席要用圆桌，这就从形式上造成了一种

中西方饮食文化差异论文

中西方饮食文化差异 概述：中西餐桌礼仪的差异，深受中西哲学思想及各种社会因素的影响，使两种文化的距离相差甚远。在中国，任何一个宴会，不管是什么目的，都会有一种形式。就是大家团团围坐，共享一席；宴席要用圆桌，这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌共趣的气势。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心，它既是一桌人欣赏品尝的对象，又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人与人相互敬酒相互让菜劝菜，再美好的事物面前，体现了人与人之间相互尊重争让的美德。反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响，便于集体的情感交流，因而至今难以改革 而西方这个主要以面食为主的群体，餐桌礼仪的细节就显得更加繁琐而有条不紊。他们所用的餐则是分餐制，个人自扫盘中菜，不管他人碗里汤，互不相扰。西方人喝酒也听凭自愿，白兰地，威士忌，鸡尾酒，喜欢什么喝什么，想喝多少喝多少，所尊重的是个人意志，体现出的饮食思想观念要合理的多。中西餐桌礼仪差异 1、席位安排礼仪 (1)中餐餐桌礼仪。在中餐宴请活动中,往往采用圆桌。不单是在不同位置摆放的圆桌有尊卑的区别,每张圆桌上的不同座次也有尊卑之分。由两桌组成的小型宴请通常是两桌横排或两桌竖排的形式。当两桌横排时,面对正门右边的桌子是主桌;当两桌竖排时,离正门最远的那张桌子是主桌。由三桌或三桌以上的数桌所组成的宴请除了注意“门面定位”,“以右为尊”,“以远为上”等规则外,还应兼顾其他各桌离主桌的远近。通常,距离主桌越近,桌次越高;距离主桌越远,桌次越低。每张餐桌上排列位次的基本方法有以下五点: ①主人大都应面对正门而坐,并在主桌就坐。主宾和副主宾分别坐在主人的右侧和左侧。②举行多桌宴请时,每桌都要有一位主桌主人的代表在座。位置一般和主桌主人同向,有时也可以面向主桌主人。③各桌次的尊卑,应以与这桌主人的距离远近来定,离主人近的位置比较尊贵。④与本桌主人的距离相同的位次,则以本桌主人面向为准,主人座位右边的位置比较尊贵。⑤如果主宾身份高于主人,为表示尊重,可以安排在主人位子上坐,主人则坐在主宾的位置上。对于少于5人的便餐,位次的排列可以遵循四个原则:右高左低;中坐为尊;面门为上;灵活安排。 2、西餐餐桌礼仪 西餐中,一般均使用长桌。在正式宴会上桌次的高低尊卑以距离主桌的位置远近而定,越靠右的桌次越尊贵,在同一桌上,越靠近主人的位置越尊贵。在正式宴会上,英国式座位的顺序是:男女主人坐在桌子的两头,客人男女错开坐在桌子两侧,男主宾和女主宾分别坐在女主人和男主人的右边。如果客人中没有主宾,女主人可把客人中年龄最大的女士安排在男主人右边。在非正式宴会上,遵循女士优先的原则。如果是男女二人进餐,男士应请女士坐在自己的右边,还要注意不可让她坐在人来人往的过道边;若只有一个靠墙