耶鲁大学开放课程—哲学：死亡03OpenYalecourse—Philosophy：

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今天我们接着上次课的内容继续讨论

Today we're going to take up the discussion where we left it last time. 围绕着人是什么

We were talking about two main positions

翻译：gaofei_828 phonex53 金研 Cmmmleave

校对监制：柠檬meg 幻影飞梁良

我们探讨了两种观点

with regard to the question, "What is a person?"

一种是二元论的观点

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上堂课上我们用了很长的时间来介绍它

that's the view that we spent a fair bit of time sketching last meeting. 二元论认为

The dualist view,

人是由肉体和灵魂两部分组成

according to which a person is a body and a soul.

或者严格地说来

Or perhaps, strictly speaking,

我们可以表达为

what we should say is

灵魂是人最本质的部分

the only part that's essential to the person is the soul,

尽管它和肉体间保持着密切的联系

though it's got a rather intimate connection to a particular body.

这是二元论的观点

That's the dualist view.

与之相对的是物理主义的观点

In contrast to that, we've got the physicalist view,

认为人只有肉体

according to which there are just bodies.

换句话说一个人就是一具肉体

A person is just a body, as we might put it.

但问题的中心

Now, the crucial point here,

即我在上次结课前谈到的关键点

the point I was turning to as we ended last time,

在于尽管从物理主义的角度来看人只是肉体

is that although a person on the physicalist view is just a body,

但并不是普通的肉体

a person isn't just any old body.

人是拥有一套特定能力的肉体

A person is a body that has a certain set of abilities,

人人影视

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/2213603080.html,

可以从事一系列特定的活动

can do a certain array of activities.

人是可以思考可以互相交流的肉体

People are bodies that can think, that can communicate,

他有理性可以规划可以感知

that are rational, that can plan, that can feel things,

有创新等各种能力

that can be creative, and so forth and so on.

我们可以探究一下

Now, we might argue about

人具体有哪些能力

what's the exact best list of those abilities.

但鉴于课程的目的

For our purposes,

这点并不在我们的讨论重点之内

I think that won't be crucial,

所以我也许偶尔会提及人的这些能力

and so I'll sometimes talk about this set of abilities

但并不会把它们详尽地列举出来

without actually having a canonical list.

只是把它们视为人具备的能力

Just think of them as the set of abilities that people have,

作为人有别于粉笔收音机

the things that we can do that other physical objects-- chalk, radios, 汽车等其他物体的能力

cars-- those things can't do.

这些能力使得我们成为人

Call those the abilities that make something a person.

用专业术语来说

To just introduce a piece of jargon,

我们可以称那些能力为P能力 P代表人

we could call those the P abilities, P for person.

或者我们还可以探讨更多的表达方式

Or we could talk about the various kinds of ways--

但以下是物理主义的观点

this is the physicalist way of thinking about it--

物理主义认为人只是

according to the physicalist, a person is just a body

一具拥有实现各种P能力的肉体

that has the ability to fulfill the various P functions.

我们可以把人视为拥有P能力的肉体

And we can talk, then, about a person as a P-functioning body.

或者我们可以说

Or we could say that

人就是具有人类能力的肉体

a person is a body that is P-functioning.

要理解这个观点最为重要的是

It's important to see that the idea is,

这里的肉体不是随随便便的肉体

although it's a body, it's not just any old body.

事实上它也不完全是人类的躯体

Indeed, it's not just any old human body.

毕竟你拔出枪

After all, if you rip out your gun,

击中我的心脏我失血而亡

shoot me in the heart, I bleed to death,

我还是保持着肉体的形式

we still have a human body in front of us.

但这不是具有人类能力的肉体

But we don't have a P-functioning body.

不是那个可以思考

We don't have a body that's able to think,

可以规划

a body that's able to plan,

可以相互交流有创造力有目标的肉体

to communicate, to be creative, to have goals.

所以说关键是

So the crucial thing about

人拥有一个具有人类能力的肉体

having a person is having a P-functioning body.

那么这个观点又是如何定义心灵的呢

Now, what's a mind on this view?

在物理主义看来

On the physicalist view,

对心灵的探讨是完全合理的

it's still perfectly legitimate to talk about minds.

从物理主义的角度出发

The point, though, is that from the physicalist perspective, 用最确切的语言加以表达

the best thing to say is,

心灵是表述

talk about a mind is a way of talking

肉体各种精神能力的方式

about these various mental abilities of the body.

我们给它起了个名字称它为心灵

We nominalize it. We talk about it using a noun, the mind.

但是心灵

But talk of the mind is

仅仅是在肉体还能正常工作时

just a way of talking about these abilities

对这些精神能力的一种表述

that the body has when it's functioning properly.

这和探讨微笑很相似

This is similar, let's say, to talking about a smile.

我们相信微笑是存在的

We believe that there are smiles.

物理主义者们不否认心灵的存在

Physicalists don't deny that there are minds.

正如我们不否认笑的存在

Just like we don't deny, we all believe, that there are smiles. 但是笑究竟是什么

But what is a smile?

笑就是我们表达

Well, a smile is just a way of talking about

肉体某项能力的一种方式

the ability of the body to do something.

这种特有的

This characteristic thing

咧嘴露齿的动作

we do with our lips exposing our teeth and so forth.

这就是笑

It's a smile,

一个相当呆气的笑但也仍然是笑

a rather dorky smile, but there's a smile.

如果要罗列完成这个动作牵涉到的身体部位

Now, if you were listing the parts of the body,

你也许会列举牙齿嘴唇

you would list the teeth, you would list the lips,

你会列举牙龈舌头

you would list the gums, you would list the tongue,

但你不会列举出笑

but you wouldn't list the smile.

那么我们是否该像二元论者一样宣称

So, should we conclude, as dualists,

笑是某种与肉体有着某种

that smiles are these extra nonphysical things

特殊紧密联系的非物质呢

that have a special intimate relationship with bodies?

你当然可以那样想

Well, you could imagine a view like that,

不过那是一个相当愚蠢的看法

but it would be rather a silly view.

用笑作举例只是想说明

Talk about a smile is just a way of talking about

肉体具有笑的能力

the body's ability to smile.

并无其他

There's no extra part.

即使我们有笑容这个名词

Even though we have a noun, the smile,

如果你不够谨慎可能会想当然地认为

that if you're not careful might lull you into thinking

一定存在着笑容这一事物

there must be a thing, the smile.

随即你便会陷入一堆形而上学的谜团中去

And then you'd have all these metaphysical conundrums.

笑到底在哪里

Where is the smile located?

它好像在嘴的附近

It seems to be in the vicinity of the mouth.

但是笑不是嘴唇

But the smile isn't the lips.

笑也不是牙齿

The smile isn't the teeth.

那么它一定是某种无形的东西

So it must be something nonphysical.

以上只是一种对笑的愚蠢思考

No, that would just be a silly way to think about smiles.

我们会谈到笑只是为了表达

Talk of smiles is just a way of talking about

肉体具有笑的能力

the ability of the body to smile,

能够微笑

to form a smile.

这是我们肉体都拥有的能力

That's an ability that we have, our bodies have.

相似地物理主义观点认为

Similarly, then, according to the physicalist,

心灵即便这个名词的确存在

talk of the mind, despite the fact that we have a noun there, 只是我们表达

is just a way of talking about the abilities

肉体各种行为能力的一种方式

of the body to do various things.

心灵只是我们用来表达

The mind is just a way of talking about

肉体可以思考

the fact that our body can think,

可以相互交流可以规划可以深思熟虑

can communicate, can plan, can deliberate,

可以富有创造力可以写诗

can be creative, can write poetry,

可以彼此相爱的一种方式

can fall in love.

这些能力才是心灵所表达的对象

Talk of all of those things is what we mean by the mind,

但是离开肉体心灵就没有意义了

but there's no extra thing, the mind, above and beyond the body.

这就是物理主义的观点

That's the physicalist view.

因此从物理主义的

So it's important, in particular,

角度理解这一点尤为重要

to understand that from the physicalist's point of view,

心灵并不是大脑

the mind is not the brain.

你可能会想

You might think,

根据物理主义的说法心灵就是大脑

"Look, according to physicalists minds are just brains."

而且那么说也不会错得很离谱

And that wouldn't be a horrendously misleading thing to say,

因为目前最先进的科学研究表明

because according to the best science that we've got,

大脑是身体的一部分

the brain is the part of the body

是给予我们各种能力的

that is the seat or house or the underlying mechanical structure

基石或归属的支撑性机械结构

that gives us these various abilities.

我们依靠大脑才拥有这些能力

These P functions are functions that we have by virtue of our brain. 这可能会让你觉得心灵

So that might tempt you into saying the mind

在物理主义那里就是大脑

on the physicalist view is just a brain.

但是我们也许不该那么说毕竟

But we probably shouldn't say that. After all,

假如你射杀了我我的尸体倒在讲台上

if you shoot me, there's my corpse lying on the stage.

的确那是我的大脑

Well, there's my brain.

我的大脑仍然在我的脑袋里

My brain is still there in my head.

但那时我已经不是一个人了

But we no longer have a person.

我已经死了

The person has died.

意味着我这个人不复存在了

The person, it seems, no longer exists.

这到底正确与否

Whether strictly that's the best thing to say or not

就是我们未来两周将要讨论的问题

is a question we'll have to come to in a couple of weeks. 但我们可以确定的是心灵已经被摧毁了

But it seems pretty clear that the mind has been destroyed, 即使大脑还在

even though the brain is still there.

所以我认为至少在需要严谨的时候

So I think, at least when there's the need to be careful-- 也许我们并不常需要如此严谨

maybe we don't normally have a need to be careful--

但是当我们需要谨慎时

but when there's the need to be careful,

我们应该会说

we should say,

心灵是表达

talk of the mind is a way of talking about

肉体人类能力的一种方式

the P-functioning of the body.

现今科学认为

Our best science suggests

一个运作良好的肉体能够做到以下事情

that a well-functioning body can perform these things,

思考规划以及彼此相爱这都得益于

can think and plan and fall in love by virtue of the fact 大脑的正常运作

that the brain is functioning properly.

这是物理主义的观点

That's the physicalist view.

二元论认为什么是死亡

On the dualist view, what was death?

死亡可能是心灵和肉体的分离

Death is presumably the separation of the mind and the body,

也许是伴随着躯体

perhaps the permanent separation,

殒灭的永久分离

with the destruction of the body.

物理主义认为死亡是什么

What's death on the physicalist view?

灵魂这种额外的实体并不存在

Well, there is no extra entity, the soul.

心灵也只是肉体所拥有的一项特殊的能力

The mind is just the proper P-functioning of the body.

所以心灵也就伴随着身体

So, the mind gets destroyed when the ability of the body

正常运作能力的毁灭而毁灭

to function in that way has been destroyed.

死亡简单地说就是一系列功能的终结

Death is, roughly, the end of this set of functioning.

以上内容还有待梳理

Again, this probably should be cleaned up

未来两周我们将会花上一天半左右的时间

and in a couple of weeks we'll spend a day or half period trying, 试着梳理这些内容使其更加精确

to clean it up and make it somewhat more precise.

但是死亡没有什么神秘可言

But there's nothing mysterious about death

从物理主义的角度来看

from the physicalist point of view,

至少死亡的基本定义是不神秘的

at least about the basic idea of what's going on in death.

比如我有一个立体声音响

I've got a stereo.

假设我拿着我的扬声器给你们播放音乐

Suppose I hold up my boom box for you and it's playing music.

这是它的功能之一

It's one of the things it can do.

随后我把它扔到地上摔碎它

And I drop in on the ground, smashing it.

那它就不能正常工作了

Well, it no longer can function properly.

它坏掉了

It's broken.

一旦坏了就不能正常运转这并不神秘

There's no mystery why it can't function once it's broken.

死亡从根本上说就是我们肉体的损坏

Death is basically just the breaking down of the body,

在物理主义看来

on the physicalist point of view,

肉体再也不能正常工作了

so that it no longer functions properly.

另一个值得一提的

One other point worth emphasizing

物理主义观点是这样的

and sketching the physicalist view is this.

如前所说物理主义者不否认心灵的存在

So, as I said, physicalists don't deny that there are minds.

即使我们说我们只是肉体

Even though we say "We're just bodies,"

但那并不意味着我们只是随随便便的肉体

that doesn't mean that we're just any old body.

物理主义并不是说

It's not as though the physicalist view is,

我们是有思维幻觉的肉体

"We're bodies that have some illusion of thinking."

不我们是具有真正思考能力的肉体

No, we're bodies that really do think.

所以心灵的确存在

So there really are minds.

我们可以站在物理主义者的角度上

We could, on the physicalist point of view,

称其为灵魂

call those souls.

如同从物理主义的角度探讨心灵一样

Just like there's no danger in talking of the mind from the physicalist perspective 探讨灵魂也不是什么特别危险的事情

there wouldn't be any serious danger in talking about a soul.

而且在某些情况下

And so, in certain contexts,

依照我这个物理主义者的心情我感到很惬意

I'm perfectly comfortable--in my physicalist moods,

探讨人的灵魂我也感到很惬意

I am perfectly comfortable--talking about this person's soul.

思考灵魂是高尚还是卑劣时

He's got a good soul, a bad soul,

阅读莎士比亚作品时我都感到很惬意

how the soul soars when I read Shakespeare, or what have you.

谈论灵魂并不是什么令人沮丧或不得体的事情

There's nothing upsetting or improper about the language of the soul,

即使是从物理主义的角度来看

even on the physicalist point of view.

不过在课堂上为了避免歧义

But in this class, just to try to keep us from getting confused,

就像我之前说的而且我要再次重申

as I indicated before and I want to remind you,

我会尽量少用"灵魂"这个词

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至少我会将"灵魂"这个词留到

I'm going to at least try to save the word "Soul" for

我讲二元论的时候再用

when I'm talking about the dualist view.

这么说吧

So we might put it this way.

中立的表达方式是"心灵"

The neutral term is going to be "Mind."

我们都赞同人是有心灵的

We all agree that people have minds,

它就像是我们人格的归属或是基石

sort of the house or the seat of our personalities.

问题是心灵是什么

The question is, "What is a mind?"

二元论认为心灵就是灵魂

The dualist position is that the mind is a soul

而灵魂是一种非物质实体

and the soul is an immaterial object.

所以当我使用"灵魂"这个词时

So when I use the word "Soul,"

我将会把它用在形而上学的观点里

I will try to reserve it for the metaphysical view,

这种观点认为灵魂是非物质的

according to which souls are something immaterial.

而物理主义的观点则与之相对

In contrast to that, we've got the physicalist view.

物理主义者也相信人有心灵

Physicalists also believe in minds.

但是心灵只不过是肉体能力的

But minds are just a way of talking about

另一种表达方式

the abilities of the body.

所以物理主义者不相信

So physicalists do not believe in

任何超越肉体的非物质实体的存在

any immaterial object above and beyond the body that's part of a person.

说得更明白一点

Just to keep things clear,

我会说物理主义者

I will say that physicalists,

唯物主义者不相信灵魂

materialists, do not believe in souls.

为了讲课的需要

Because, for the purposes of this class,

我会将"灵魂"这个词

I'm going to reserve the word "Soul"

留到讲心灵的非物质性概念时再用

for the immaterialist conception of the mind.

在其他情形下则可以对灵魂畅所欲言

In other contexts--no harm in talking about souls.

以上就是两种基本的理论

So these are the two basic positions:

一种是二元论的观点

the dualist view on the one hand,

另一种是物理主义的观点

the physicalist view on the other.

需要注意的是

The question we need to turn to--

如果说二元论是一种熟知的观点

I take it that just as the dualist view is a familiar one, 那么物理主义的观点其实也很常见

so it's true that the physicalist view is a familiar one. 不论你自己相信与否

Whether or not you believe it,

毕竟你知道有些人是相信的

you are familiar with the fact that some people believe it, 最起码你想知道它到底正不正确

or at least you wonder whether it's true.

科学有没有强制要求

Does science require that

我们接受物理主义的观点

we believe in the physicalist view or not?

接下来我们的问题是

The question we want to turn to, then, is,

这两种观点我们到底应该相信哪一种

"Which of these two views should we believe:

二元论还是物理主义

the dualist position or the physicalist position?"

而最为关键的也许是

And the crucial question, presumably, is,

我们应该相信灵魂是存在的吗

"Should we believe in the existence of a soul?"

两种观点都承认肉体的存在

Both sides believe in bodies.

前面已经谈到二元论

As I say, the dualist position,

就我们的理解

as we're understanding it,

并不认为只有心灵而没有肉体

is not a view that says there are only minds, there are no bodies.

二元论者认同肉体的存在

Dualists believe that there are bodies.

他们相信肉体与灵魂都是存在的

They believe that there are souls as well as bodies.

而物理主义者认为肉体存在而灵魂不存在

Physicalists believe there are bodies but no souls.

所以他们都赞同肉体的存在

So there's an agreement that there are bodies.

这里就有一具

Here is one.

你们每个人也都"拖着"肉体

Each one of you is sort of dragging one around with you.

大家一致都同意存在肉体

There's agreement that there's bodies.

问题是有没有什么凌驾于肉体之上的东西

The question is, "Are there anything beyond bodies?"

存在某种凌驾于肉体之上的东西吗

Is there anything beyond the body?

那是灵魂吗

Is there a soul?

灵魂存在吗

Are there souls?

这是我们今后几周主要考虑的问题

That's the question that's going to concern us for a couple of weeks. 如果我们扪心自问

If we ask ourselves,

我们凭什么相信灵魂存在

"What reasons do we have to believe in a soul?"

我们也许就会开始怀疑

we might start by asking,

我们凭什么相信其他所有事物存在

what reasons do we have to believe in anything?

怎样证明事物的存在呢

How do we prove the existence of things?

对于很多我们熟悉的日常物体

For lots of familiar everyday objects,

答案十分明确

the answer is fairly straightforward.

我们可以通过我们的五感来证明它们的存在

We prove their existence by using our five senses.

我们可以看到它们

We just see them.

我如何知道椅子是存在的

How do I know that there are chairs?

我面前有一些椅子

Well, there are some chairs in front of me.

张开眼睛我就能看到他们

Open my eyes, I see them.

我怎么知道讲台是存在的

How do I know that there is a lectern?

因为我看到它了我能触摸它感受到它

Well, I see it. I can touch it. I feel it.

我怎么知道树木是存在的

How do I know that there are trees?

因为我可以看到它们

I see them.

我怎么知道鸟是存在的

How do I know that there are birds?

我可以看到它们可以听见它们的声音

I see them. I hear them.

我怎么知道苹果是存在的

How do I know that there are apples?

我可以看到它们尝尝它们的味道等等

I see them. I taste them. So forth and so on.

但这种方法显然不能用来证明灵魂的存在

That approach pretty clearly isn't going to work for souls, 因为灵魂我再一次说明

because a soul--and again,

从这种形而上学的角度来看

we've got in mind this metaphysical view,

灵魂是非物质实体

according to which it's something immaterial--

我们看不到它

isn't something we see.

我们无法尝到摸到闻到或者听到

It's not something we taste or touch or smell or hear.

我们无法通过五感直接观察到灵魂

We don't directly observe souls with our five senses.

你可能会想

You might wonder, well,

难道我自己没有直接观察到我有灵魂吗

don't I sort of directly observe it in myself that I have a soul? 尽管我想有些人

Although I guess there have been people

声称他们能观察到但我对此并不苟同

who've made that sort of claim, it seems false to me.

我想请各位内视自己一下

I can only ask each of you to sort of introspect for a second.

睁开你们的心灵之眼然后问自己

Turn your mind's eye inward and ask.

有没有看到体内的灵魂

Do you see a soul inside you?

我的答案是否定的

I don't think so.

我只能看到身外的事物

I see things outside me.

我能感应到肉体里某些特定的感觉

I feel certain sensations in my body,

但我并不认为那样我就能观察到灵魂

but it doesn't seem as though I observe a soul.

即便我相信灵魂存在我也看不到它

Even if I believe in a soul, I don't see it.

我们如何能证明那些

How do we prove the existence of things

我们无法依靠五感感知的事物呢

we can't see or hear or taste and so forth?

通常的做法

The usual method,

当然这也许不是唯一的方法

maybe not the only method,

不过通常的做法是这样

but the usual method is something like this.

有时我们通过假设

Sometimes, we posit

存在某些

the existence of something

我们看不到的事物以解释另一些

that we can't see so as to explain something else

我们一致认同存在着的事物

that we all agree takes place.

我为什么会相信原子的存在

Why do I believe in the existence of atoms?

我并没有看到具体的原子

I don't see individual atoms.

为什么我相信原子的存在它是如此之小

Why do I believe in the existence of atoms so small

以至于我根本就看不到它们

that I can't see them?

因为原子理论能够解释一些现象

Because atomic theory explains things.

当我假设原子以某种特定结构存在

When I posit the existence of atoms with certain structures

以一定的方式相互作用

and certain sort of ways of interacting

互相结合集聚

and combining and building up,

通过假定原子存在

when I posit atoms,

我立即就能够解释

suddenly I can explain all

物理世界中各种各样的现象了

sorts of things about the physical world.

所以说我推测原子的存在是基于

So, I infer the existence of atoms based on the fact

该假设使得我能够解释

that doing that allows me to explain

所需解释的一些现象

things that need explaining.

这是我们常用的一种论证方式

This is a kind of argument that we use all the time.

我如何证实

How do I posit--

我为什么会相信X射线是存在的

why do I believe in x-rays,

尽管我压根看不见它

even though I don't see them?

因为那样做使我可以解释特定的现象

Because doing that allows me to explain certain things.

我为什么会相信在望远镜正常观测范围外的

Why do I believe in certain planets too far away

遥远之处存在行星

to be observed directly through a telescope?

因为这样假定能帮助你解释

Because positing them allows you explain things

诸如星体运行引力波动

about the rotation of the star or the gravitational fluctuations,

等现象

what have you.

我们推断一些看不到的事物的存在

We make inferences to the existence of things we can't see,

因为这样做可以便于我们

when doing that helps us

解释某些我们不相信就无法解释的事情

to explain something we can't otherwise explain.

这种论证模式

This pattern of argument,

十分普遍被称为

which is ubiquitous, is called

最佳解释推理

"Inference to the best explanation."

关于最佳解释我想强调一点

I want to emphasize this bit about "Best explanation."

我们确信我们需要某些东西

What we're justified in believing are those things that we need, 不仅在于它们为我们提供了某种解释

not simply when they would offer us some kind of explanation,

还在于它们能使我们

but when they offer us

想出的最佳解释

the best explanation that we can think of.

所以我为什么相信微生物

So look, why am I justified in believing in germs,

相信各种肉眼无法看到的病毒

various kinds of viruses that I can't see,

细菌等诸如此类我看不到的东西确实存在

or bacteria or what have you, that I can't see?

因为那样做我就可以解释人为什么会生病

Because doing that allows me to explain why people get sick.

不过还有一些其他的东西

But there's other things

也可以帮助我解释这些现象

that would allow me to explain that as well.

比如魔鬼

How about demons?

我可以相信存在魔鬼然后说

I could believe in demons and say,

人为什么会生病和死亡

"Why does a person get sick and die?

那是恶魔在作祟

Well, it is demonic possession."

我为什么不认为相信恶魔的存在是正确的呢

Why aren't I justified in believing in the existence of demons? 它也提供了一种可能的解释

It's a possible explanation.

但是我们认为正确并坚信着的

But what we seem to be justified in believing

不是某些随便的陈旧解释

is not just any old explanation,

而是最佳解释

but the "Best explanation."

现在我们得到了两种对立的解释

So we've got two rival explanations.

把它们概括一下

We've got, roughly,

微生物理论和恶魔理论

germ theory and we've got demon theory.

我们需要问问自己

We have to ask ourselves,

这两者哪一个能更好地

"Which of these does a better job

解释关于疾病的一系列现象

of explaining the facts about disease?"

谁得了什么病

Who gets what kinds of diseases?

病情如何蔓延

How diseases spread,

应该怎样治疗或治愈疾病

how they can be treated or cured,

它们什么时候会置人于死地

when they kill somebody.

事实上

The fact of the matter is,

恶魔理论并不能很好地解释疾病的问题

demon theory doesn't do a very good job of explaining disease, 而微生物理论却能将问题分析得很透彻

while germ theory does do a good job.

相较之下微生物理论是更好的解释

It's the better explanation.

所以我们相信微生物理论合理

So we're justified in believing in germs,

而恶魔理论则不合理

but not demons.

这是逻辑推论的结果

It's a matter of inference,

不是随便什么陈旧的解释

not just to any old explanation,

而是最佳解释的推论结果

but inference to the best explanation.

那好现在我们要问问自己

All right, so, what we need to ask ourselves,

灵魂是什么

then, is, "What about the soul?"

人人影视

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/2213603080.html,

我们无法看到灵魂

We can't observe souls.

不过还是有支持它存在的论证方式

But here's a possible way of arguing for them.

有没有这样的事物

Are there things that need to be explained

只有假定灵魂这种凌驾于肉体之上的

that we could explain if we posited the existence

非物质实体存在才能对其进行解释

of a soul, an immaterial object, above and beyond the body? 是否有某种现象使得用灵魂存在的假设

Are there things that the existence of a soul could explain 能比局限于肉体本身的分析

and explain better than the explanation

解释得更好呢

that we would have if we had to limit ourselves to bodies? 你也可以把它当作

You might put it this way

这种论证的最简解释方式

as sort of the easiest version of this kind of argument,

以便于理解

for our purposes.

我们是否存在一些

Are there things about us

物理主义者无法解释的问题

that the physicalist cannot explain?

是否存在某些人类的奥秘或谜团

Are there mysteries or puzzles about people

物理主义对此束手无策

that the physicalist just draws a blank,

而二元论者

but if we become dualists,

却能解释它们

we can explain these features?

假设存在这样的一个特性

Suppose there was a feature like that,

称之为特性F 那我们会说

feature F. Then we'd say,

尽管我们看不见灵魂

"Look, although we can't see the soul,

但我们仍然有理由相信灵魂存在

we have reason to believe in the soul,

因为假设灵魂存在能够帮我们

because positing the existence of a soul helps us

解释那个我们都承认的

to explain the existence of feature F,

F的存在

which we all agree we've got."

假设我们不能从物理主义的角度

Suppose it was true that you couldn't explain love

来解释爱

from the physicalist perspective.

但是我们都知道人会坠入爱河

But we all know that people do fall in love,

而灵魂能够帮助我们解释这一点

but souls would allow us to explain that.

于是我们就有了一个灵魂存在的论证

Boom, we'd have an argument for the existence of a soul. 这可以作为一个

It would be an example of

最佳解释推论的例子

"Inference to the best explanation."

但关键问题是

Now, the crucial question, of course, is,

那个相关的特性F是什么

"What's the relevant feature F?"

是否存在物理主义者不能解释的这种特性

Is there some feature that the physicalist can't explain 使得我们不得不诉诸于

and so we need to appeal

某些超物理的东西来解释

to something extra-physical to explain it?

或者物理主义者只能

Or the physicalist can

提供一个很蹩脚的解释

only do a rotten job of explaining,

就像恶魔理论那样

like demon theory did?

而如果我们诉诸于非物理的方式

And then, if we were to appeal to something nonphysical,

就能解释得更好

we would do a better job of explaining.

如果我们能找到合适的特性F

If we could find the right F,

并且给出论证

and make out the argument,

物理主义者无法解释

the physicalist can't explain it

或者解释得很牵强

or does a bad job of explaining it

而二元论的解释更合理

and the dualist does a better job of explaining it,

那么我们就有理由相信有灵魂存在

we'd have reason to believe in the soul.

与哲学里的其他论证一样

Like all arguments in philosophy,

这将是一个暂时性的论证

it would be a tentative argument.

我们可能会有理由相信灵魂的存在

We'd sort of have some reason to believe in the soul

直到我们沿着这个方向探究到其他论证的存在

until we sort of see what next argument comes down the road.

但至少它给了我们一些相信灵魂存在的理由

But at least it would give us some reason to believe in the soul. 我的问题是

What I want to do is ask,

特性F可能是什么

"What might feature F be?"

特性F存在吗

Is there any such feature F?

为这样的事实打下基础也是很有价值的

It's probably also worth underlining the fact

我正在做的

that what I've really been doing

是将一系列的论证串联起来

is running through a series of arguments.

最佳解释的推论

"Inference to the best explanation"

并不仅仅是关于灵魂的一个论证

is not a single argument for the soul.

而更像是某类论证的总称

It's rather the name for a kind of argument.

耶鲁大学公开课：博弈论全集下载

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Robert J. Shiller is Arthur M. Okun Professor of Economics at Yale University and a Fellow at the International Center for Finance at the Yale School of Management. Specializing in behavioral finance and real estate, Professor Shiller has published in Journal of Financial Economics, American Economic Review, Journal of Finance, Wall Street Journal, and Financial Times. His books include Market V olatility, Macro Markets (for which he won the TIAA-CREF's Paul A. Samuelson Award), Irrational Exuberance and The New Financial Order: Risk in the Twenty-First Century. 目录: 1.Finance and Insurance as Powerful Forces in Our Economy and Society 金融和保险在我们经济和社会中的强大作用 2. The Universal Principle of Risk Management: Pooling and the Hedging of Risks 风险管理中的普遍原理:风险聚集和对冲 3. Technology and Invention in Finance 金融中的科技与发明 4. Portfolio Diversification and Supporting Financial Institutions (CAPM Model) 投资组合多元化和辅助性的金融机构(资本资产定价模型) 5. Insurance: The Archetypal Risk Management Institution 保险:典型的风险管理制度 6. Efficient Markets vs. Excess V olatility 有效市场与过度波动之争 7. Behavioral Finance: The Role of Psychology

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Be a real man Dead Poets Society There are certain films that can heavily shock your soul, then elicit your thinking, and finally change your attitude of life. No doubt Dead Poets Society is one of these infrequent films. It is a film about a teacher and his students. It is a film about perseverance and change. It is a film about love and cruelty. The film is set in the United States in 1959. It shows us a series of things which happened to Mr. Keating and the young boys in Wilton Preparatory School. Mr. John Keating is certainly the main character of this film. He is a respectable teacher with a high self-cultivation. He has an advanced conception which is different from traditional education. The other two main characters are Neil, a boy who is keen on performing, and Todd, a boy with a little shyness. From Todd, I see how a boy grows into a man. The film starts with the opening ceremony of Wilton Preparatory School. Todd, a shy boy, starts his school life with his roommate, Neil. On the first lesson, their teacher, Mr. Keating, just told them ‘Seize the day, make your life extraordinary’.He reads Whitman’s poet Oh Captain! My Captain. He taught the students to swim against the steam and to be themselves but not to perform. Students regard Mr. Keating as a different

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耶鲁大学公开课

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DeadPoetsSociety《死亡诗社》英文影评及观后感

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