2、许利锋 外文原件2

Developing the Capital Market to Widen and Diversify SME Financing: The Korean Experience

Jae-Ha Park, Byung-Chul Lim, Jung-Han Koo

IMPLICATIONS FROM THE KOREAN EXPERIENCE AND POLICY

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Implications from the Korean Experience

SME financing in Korea is heavily dependent on bank loans, as in other countries. The Korean government has used government programs to provide bank loans to SMEs via credit guarantee schemes and policy loans. Both programs facilitate SMEs’ acquiring bank loans, which they cannot otherwise get, due to a lack of collateral and low credit ratings. From the Korean experience, it is important to set targets within the SME sector, such as early-stage companies with technology, which will benefit from the aforementioned programs. Otherwise, SMEs that do not need government support may benefit from the programs. Much effort has been put into making SME financing through capital market easy in Korea. Except in the U.S., where the junk bond market developed, companies with poor credit ratings have difficulty issuing corporate bonds in most countries. Unless the high-yield bond market is well-developed, it is hard to find investors in high-yield bonds. However, companies with poor credit ratings were able to issue corporate bonds after the introduction of the P-CBO program in Korea. P-CBOs made these instruments attractive to investors because the overall risk of default decreases when P-CBOs pool bonds with different levels of risk.The Korean venture capital industry experienced many challenges after the venture bubble burst. However, the government’s continued rehabilitation efforts have kept this market steadily growing since 2005. Before the bubble burst, venture capital companies invested in venture companies without strict technology assessment and monitoring standards. After experiencing hard times, they are currently investing in venture companies through a careful inspection, monitoring, and evaluation process. Since venture investment is high-risk, high-return, investments should be made carefully with expertise. When the government tries to strengthen financial support to a certain venture industry sector, such as early-stage innovative SMEs, public funds, i.e. the Korea Fund of Funds, can be used effectively. Also, public funds can act as a safeguard for the venture capital market during a recession. If the fund is well-managed, it can contribute to the development of venture capital market.

Although the Korean government still plays a large role in the venture capital market, it has put forth a continuous effort to promote its growth. Due to deregulation, more financial U n R e g i s t e r e d

institutions are expected to participate in the venture capital market. Considering the establishment of the KFoF and the removal of constraints on investment from banks and insurance companies, it seems that the government is trying to construct an investor-friendly and incentive compatible market infrastructure, rather than directly intervene in the market.

SMEs with high growth potential, especially those in high-technology sectors, have played an important role in raising productivity and maintaining competitiveness in recent years. If SMEs, especially innovative early-stage SMEs, cannot find the financing they need, their brilliant ideas will never be developed into products, no matter how great their potential. Hence, the economy will lose potential growth. Since SMEs are not knowledgeable about the various financing tools available, it is important to build an environment where they can easily access capital markets. Building an infrastructure for SME financing through capital markets, such as a public fund and other financial instruments, seems to be more efficient than directly financing SMEs.

2. Policy Recommendations

The main difficulty in removing the financing gap in SME financing is information

asymmetry. If there were an information sharing system, financial institutions could provide funds to SMEs more efficiently. More prospective SMEs will get funds from financial institutions. Hence, it would be more helpful in the long run for a government to help build information

sharing mechanism, rather than assisting SMEs directly. Policymakers should search for a way to use information about SMEs currently scattered around the banking sector, in credit guarantee schemes, in other existing government programs, and in common commercial credit programs. The collective data base would provide potential investors with easily-accessible and credible

information about various SMEs. Nevertheless, there exist SMEs, such as ISMEs, that still cannot get funds from financial institutions because they have uncertainties naturally associated with their businesses. In this case, funding is supposed to be supplied through capital markets. A government can help SMEs secure capital market financing in several ways. Although an individual company is exposed to high credit risk, once SMEs with various degrees of risk exposures are pooled together, the basket of SMEs as a whole may have credit risk low enough to be attractive to debt market investors. A government may provide credit guarantee programs on the pooled products and to sell the

products to investors more efficiently. A government’s credit guarantee programs can be used to efficiently direct bank loans to SMEs, as well as broaden the range of investors in capital markets. However, the program should be focused on SMEs that have high growth potential, but cannot find an appropriate source of funding.

A government should also try to construct a favorable environment from entry to exit for venture capital investment. The venture capital industry is vulnerable to unfavorable economic U n R e g i s t e r e d

situations; hence, there should be enough investors to raise sufficient funds. In addition, if there are various exit channels for venture capitalists, they will have more incentives to invest in early stage venture companies with high risk. Therefore, the government should try to build a constructive environment where the venture capital industry can invest in SMEs with high

potential, but high risk. A government may consider legal coordination to stimulate venture capital investment to SME sectors with high potential.

A government should use private resources efficiently. One example is the public fund of funds, such as Korea Fund of Funds and European Investment Fund (EIF). If a government invests in SMEs directly, there may be moral hazards, because SMEs know the government cannot withdraw their support for political reasons. Also, professionals in the private sector have more expertise in the financial sector, because financial products are constantly changing and always developing. Therefore, it is more efficient to use the private sector to allocate public funds. There should be coordination between government programs and private funding. Although the government’s role is important in building a stable source of SME funding, its efforts to mitigate the SME financing gap cannot be successful without active participation of the private sector and investors. For this reason, a government’s continuous effort to facilitate more participation from the private sector is needed. In addition, the government should focus on identifying the specific sectors of SMEs that are faced with the most severe financing gaps in the capital market. For example, SMEs with high credit ratings can easily get funding from the private sector, but they can also use government programs that have benefits such as low interest rates. If this is the case, the resources are not distributed efficiently, as they can easily get public funds as a result of their high credit ratings. In this sense, the government should focus on assisting prospective SMEs that cannot easily access funds normally available in private financial markets.

U n R e g i s t e r e d

外文翻译

Load and Ultimate Moment of Prestressed Concrete Action Under Overload-Cracking Load It has been shown that a variation in the external load acting on a prestressed beam results in a change in the location of the pressure line for beams in the elastic range.This is a fundamental principle of prestressed construction.In a normal prestressed beam,this shift in the location of the pressure line continues at a relatively uniform rate,as the external load is increased,to the point where cracks develop in the tension fiber.After the cracking load has been exceeded,the rate of movement in the pressure line decreases as additional load is applied,and a significant increase in the stress in the prestressing tendon and the resultant concrete force begins to take place.This change in the action of the internal moment continues until all movement of the pressure line ceases.The moment caused by loads that are applied thereafter is offset entirely by a corresponding and proportional change in the internal forces,just as in reinforced-concrete construction.This fact,that the load in the elastic range and the plastic range is carried by actions that are fundamentally different,is very significant and renders strength computations essential for all designs in order to ensure that adequate safety factors exist.This is true even though the stresses in the elastic range may conform to a recognized elastic design criterion. It should be noted that the load deflection curve is close to a straight line up to the cracking load and that the curve becomes progressively more curved as the load is increased above the cracking load.The curvature of the load-deflection curve for loads over the cracking load is due to the change in the basic internal resisting moment action that counteracts the applied loads,as described above,as well as to plastic strains that begin to take place in the steel and the concrete when stressed to high levels. In some structures it may be essential that the flexural members remain crack free even under significant overloads.This may be due to the structures’being exposed to exceptionally corrosive atmospheres during their useful life.In designing prestressed members to be used in special structures of this type,it may be necessary to compute the load that causes cracking of the tensile flange,in order to ensure that adequate safety against cracking is provided by the design.The computation of the moment that will cause cracking is also necessary to ensure compliance with some design criteria. Many tests have demonstrated that the load-deflection curves of prestressed beams are approximately linear up to and slightly in excess of the load that causes the first cracks in the tensile flange.(The linearity is a function of the rate at which the load is applied.)For this reason,normal elastic-design relationships can be used in computing the cracking load by simply determining the load that results in a net tensile stress in the tensile flange(prestress minus the effects of the applied loads)that is equal to the tensile strength of the concrete.It is customary to assume that the flexural tensile strength of the concrete is equal to the modulus of rupture of the

英文文献翻译

中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。

外文翻译 - 英文

The smart grid Smart grid is the grid intelligent (electric power), also known as the "grid" 2.0, it is based on the integration, high-speed bidirectional communication network, on the basis of through the use of advanced sensor and measuring technology, advanced equipme nt technology, the advanced control method, and the application of advanced technology of decision support system, realize the power grid reliability, security, economic, efficient, environmental friendly and use the security target, its main features include self-healing, incentives and include user, against attacks, provide meet user requirements of power quality in the 21st century, allow all sorts of different power generation in the form of access, start the electric power market and asset optimizatio n run efficiently. The U.S. department of energy (doe) "the Grid of 2030" : a fully automated power transmission network, able to monitor and control each user and power Grid nodes, guarantee from power plants to end users among all the nodes in the whole process of transmission and distribution of information and energy bi-directional flow. China iot alliance between colleges: smart grid is made up of many parts, can be divided into:intelligent substation, intelligent power distribution network, intelli gent watt-hourmeter,intelligent interactive terminals, intelligent scheduling, smart appliances, intelligent building electricity, smart city power grid, smart power generation system, the new type of energy storage system.Now a part of it to do a simple i ntroduction. European technology BBS: an integration of all users connected to the power grid all the behavior of the power transmission network, to provide sustained and effective economic and security of power. Chinese academy of sciences, institute of electrical: smart grid is including all kinds of power generation equipment, power transmission and distribution network, power equipment and storage equipment, on the basis of the physical power grid will be modern advanced sensor measurement technology, network technology, communication

外文翻译 (2)

外文翻译： 会计081班顾洁芳0804002244 Stock:Expected and unexpected return To begin, for concreteness, we consider the return on the stock of a company called Flyers. What will determine this stock’s return in, say, the coming year? The return on any stock traded in a financial market is composed of two parts. First, the normal, or expected, return from the stock is the part of the return that shareholders in the market predict or expect. This return depends on the information shareholders have that bears on the stock, and it is based on the market’s understanding today of the important factors that will influence the stock in the coming year. The second part of the return on the stock is the uncertain, or risky, part. This is the portion that comes from unexpected information revealed within the year. A list of all possible sources of such information would be endless, bet here are a few examples: News about Flyers research Government figures released on gross domestic product (GDP) The results from the latest arms control talks The news that Flyers’s sales figures are higher tan expected A sudden, unexpected drop in interest rates Based on this discussion, one way to express the return on Flyers stock in the coming year would be: Total return = expected return + unexpected return R = E (R) + U Where R stands for the actual total return in the year, E(R) stands for the expected part of the return, and U stands for the unexpected part of the return. What this says is that the actual return, R, differs from the expected return, E(R), because of surprises that occur during the year. In any given year, the unexpected return will be positive or negative, but, through time, the average value of U will be zero. This simply means that on average, the actual return equals the expected return. Risk: systematic and unsystematic The unanticipated part of the return, that portion resulting from surprises, is the true risk of any investment. After all, if we always receive exactly what we expect, then the investment is perfectly predictable and by definition, risk-free. In other words, the risk of owning an asset comes from surprises-unanticipated events. There are important differences, though, among various sources of risk. Look back at our previous list of news stories. Some of these stories are directed specifically at Flyers, and some are more general. Which of the news items are of specific importance to Flyers? Announcements about interest rates or GDP are clearly important for nearly all companies, whereas the news about Flyers’s president, its research, or its sales is of specific interest to Flyers. We will distinguish between these

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外文翻译

Journal of Industrial Textiles https://www.sodocs.net/doc/2c14362005.html,/ Optimization of Parameters for the Production of Needlepunched Nonwoven Geotextiles Amit Rawal, Subhash Anand and Tahir Shah 2008 37: 341Journal of Industrial Textiles DOI: 10.1177/1528083707081594 The online version of this article can be found at: https://www.sodocs.net/doc/2c14362005.html,/content/37/4/341 Published by: https://www.sodocs.net/doc/2c14362005.html, can be found at:Journal of Industrial TextilesAdditional services and information for https://www.sodocs.net/doc/2c14362005.html,/cgi/alertsEmail Alerts: https://www.sodocs.net/doc/2c14362005.html,/subscriptionsSubscriptions: https://www.sodocs.net/doc/2c14362005.html,/journalsReprints.navReprints: https://www.sodocs.net/doc/2c14362005.html,/journalsPermissions.navPermissions: https://www.sodocs.net/doc/2c14362005.html,/content/37/4/341.refs.htmlCitations: - Mar 28, 2008Version of Record >>

计算机网络-外文文献-外文翻译-英文文献-新技术的计算机网络

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外文翻译computerprogram英文.doc

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图像处理外文翻译 (2)

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外文翻译中文版(完整版)

毕业论文外文文献翻译 毕业设计（论文）题目关于企业内部环境绩效审计的研究翻译题目最高审计机关的环境审计活动 学院会计学院 专业会计学 姓名张军芳 班级09020615 学号09027927 指导教师何瑞雄

最高审计机关的环境审计活动 1最高审计机关越来越多的活跃在环境审计领域。特别是1993-1996年期间，工作组已检测到环境审计活动坚定的数量增长。首先，越来越多的最高审计机关已经活跃在这个领域。其次是积极的最高审计机关，甚至变得更加活跃：他们分配较大部分的审计资源给这类工作，同时出版更多环保审计报告。表1显示了平均数字。然而，这里是机构间差异较大。例如，环境报告的数量变化，每个审计机关从1到36份报告不等。 1996-1999年期间，结果是不那么容易诠释。第一，活跃在环境审计领域的最高审计机关数量并没有太大变化。“活性基团”的组成没有保持相同的：一些最高审计机关进入，而其他最高审计机关离开了团队。环境审计花费的时间量略有增加。二，但是，审计报告数量略有下降，1996年和1999年之间。这些数字可能反映了从量到质的转变。这个信号解释了在过去三年从规律性审计到绩效审计的转变（1994-1996年，20％的规律性审计和44％绩效审计;1997-1999：16％规律性审计和绩效审计54％）。在一般情况下，绩效审计需要更多的资源。我们必须认识到审计的范围可能急剧变化。在将来，再将来开发一些其他方式去测算人们工作量而不是计算通过花费的时间和发表的报告会是很有趣的。 在2000年，有62个响应了最高审计机关并向工作组提供了更详细的关于他们自1997年以来公布的工作信息。在1997-1999年，这62个最高审计机关公布的560个环境审计报告。当然，这些报告反映了一个庞大的身躯，可用于其他机构的经验。环境审计报告的参考书目可在网站上的最高审计机关国际组织的工作组看到。这里这个信息是用来给最高审计机关的审计工作的内容更多一些洞察。 自1997年以来，少数环境审计是规律性审计（560篇报告中有87篇，占16％）。大多数审计绩效审计（560篇报告中有304篇，占54％），或组合的规律性和绩效审计（560篇报告中有169篇，占30％）。如前文所述，绩效审计是一个广泛的概念。在实践中，绩效审计往往集中于环保计划的实施（560篇报告中有264篇，占47％），符合国家环保法律，法规的，由政府部门，部委和/或其他机构的任务给访问（560篇报告中有212篇，占38％）。此外，审计经常被列入政府的环境管理系统（560篇报告中有156篇，占28％）。下面的元素得到了关注审计报告：影响或影响现有的国家环境计划非环保项目对环境的影响;环境政策;由政府遵守国际义务和承诺的10％至20％。许多绩效审计包括以上提到的要素之一。 1本文译自：S. Van Leeuwen.(2004).’’Developments in Environmental Auditing by Supreme Audit Institutions’’ Environmental Management Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 163–1721

变电站_外文翻译_外文文献_英文文献_变电站的综合概述

英文翻译 A comprehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life. Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption.Substation system if a link failure, the system will protect the part of action. May result in power outages and so on, to the production and living a great disadvantage. Therefore, the substation in the electric power system for the protection of electricity reliability,