英国文学史
The happiness of having such a sister 他们首先倾吐了要做姑娘的喜悦，两位小姐高兴的一次次拥抱，洒下了欣喜的泪花.
Tess’s pride would not allow her to turn her head again,苔丝出于自尊，不愿意再回头去看父亲在搞什么名堂，如果他真有什么名堂的话.
It is my conviction that though men may 我相信，人们虽然未必比以前还要不讲道德，但似乎要比以前更加不知羞耻。
I saw that his face was pale.I followed his eyes 我见他脸色煞白。我循着他的目光，看到餐厅那边有个女人端着托盘给几位客人上饮料。
Father passed his hand over his face父亲用手摸了摸脸。
They were attended from morning to night 从早到晚，都有妻子，护士，秘书这样的女帮手服侍他们。
I was truly dumbfounded by this deep fury 她一见到我就这么气势汹汹，真把我惊呆了。
They can be purchased pre-washed, pre-fade,人们还可以买到经过水洗，褪色和缩水处理的牛仔裤，以符合无产者的形象。
The task was done, not free from further blunders课上完了，做学生的并没有根绝错误...
Levi’s jeans were first introduced to the East,里维斯的牛仔裤最初引进到东部，显然是在20世纪30年代的农场度假热潮中
And as each and all of them were warmed without by the sun, 她们大家，不仅个个身上都给太阳晒得暖烘烘的，而且人人心里都有一个小太阳温暖着各自的心灵
One must remember that human beings also can only do what they are “programmed”我们应该记住，人类同样也只能按照“程序”办事。受精卵一形成，基因就给我们编号了“程序”，我们的潜能也要受到这个“程序”的限制。
In the course of my travels in America I have been impressed by 我在美国旅行期间，注意到了一种根深蒂固的忧郁症。我觉得这种忧郁症似乎极其普遍，这就给社会改革家出了难题。
Each year, more than 250,000,000 items of Levi’s 每年，李维服装的销售量超过2.5亿件-----其中包括8,300多万条钉有铜钉的蓝色牛仔裤。
The human brain weighs three pounds,but in that three pounds 人脑只有三磅重，但就在这三磅的物质中，却包含着一百亿个神经细胞，以及一千亿个更小的细胞。
The difference between me and these daughters 我和这些女儿们的分歧在于：由于性别的缘故，他们认为我生来注定要成为她们父亲那样的人，因而也就成为妨碍她们实现自己愿望的敌人。
Some had beautiful eyes,others a beautiful nose, others a beautiful 她们有的长着漂亮的眼睛，有的生者俏丽的鼻子，有的有着妩媚的嘴巴、婀娜的身段；但是，这样样都美的，虽然不能说一个没有，却也是寥寥无几。
I fell madly in love with her, and she with me我狂热的爱上了她，她也狂热地爱上了我。
In a moment she reappeared to hurl my change and the ticket on the counter不一会儿工夫，她又回来了，将零钱和车票往柜台上猛地一摔，大半都撒落在我脚边。
The Harrow custom of calling the roll is different from that of Eton.
哈罗公学的点名方式跟伊顿公学有所不同。
On August 16,1983,they started for the South to seek their fortune.
1983年8月16日，他们动身去南方寻求生路。
“Contrary,then,” answered another, in deep but softened tones.”And now,“那好，相反，”另一个人以深沉而柔和的语调答道。“那就亲亲我吧，我学得这么用心。”
Another person runs to avoid doing anything else,另一个人跑步则是为了避而不做别的事，不对如何生活作出决定，不去感受自己生活碌碌无为。
They were of course all intending 当然大家都做好了惊讶的准备，但却没有料到会惊讶道这个地步
He had an aversion to yielding so completely 他不愿意完全凭感情用事，因此宁肯自己不来吃饭。看来，二十四小时吃一顿饭，在他是足够了。
I knew her before I ever met your mother.我没遇见你妈妈之前就认识她了。
Even so, I still insist that for the individual himself nothing is more important than this personal, 即便如此，我仍然坚持认为，对个人而言，最重要的莫过于这种根植于个人心灵深处的是非感，以及坚决按这种是非感行事的决心，而不是随波逐流，或仅仅以是否“对社会有益”为准则。
Almost from the first,Strauss had his cloth dyed the distinctive indigo that gave blue jeans their name, 机会从一开始，施特劳斯就把他的布料染成别具一格的蓝色，因此便有了蓝色牛仔裤之称。不过，直至19世纪70年代，他才往裤子上加了铜铆钉；长期以来，这铜铆钉也就成了公司的标志。
I believe then that I would die there,and I saw with a terrible clarity 当时我觉得我要死在那儿了，而下面山谷里的景致却看得异常清晰。在我看来，这些景致依然那样美丽。
Sir William and Lady Lucas are determined to go,merely on that account, 卢卡斯爵士夫妇打定主意要去，还不就是为了这个缘故，因为你知道，他们通常是不去拜访新搬来的邻居的。
No, if I read any, it should be Mrs. Radcliffe’s.我要是看小说，那就看拉德克里夫人的。她的小说倒挺有意思，值得一读。那里面多少有点逗趣的内容和对大自然的描写。
Again, therefore, she applied herself to the key, 因此，她又搬弄钥匙。她靠着最后一线希望，果断利索地朝各个方向拧了一阵之后，柜门忽然打开了。
Mark his professions to my poor husband.Can anything be stronger?
你听听他对我那可怜的丈夫说的话。还有比这更肉麻的吗？
The day before I was to leave I went walking across the river to the red mesa, 临行前一天，我淌过河来到红石山下。我以前曾多次来过这里，独自遐想一番。
I was not an enemy, in fact or in feeling.I was an ally.
无论在事实上，还是在感情上，我都不是她们的敌人，而是她们的盟友。
When Strauss ran out of canvas, he wrote his two brothers to sent more.施特劳斯用完了帆布，便写信叫他哥哥再发一些过来，不想收到的确是法国尼姆产的一种坚韧的棕色棉布。
I was slow to understand the deep grievances of woman.This was because,我迟迟未能理解女人的深切苦楚，因为我小时候曾羡慕过她们。
Surely, though, if a computer can be made complex enough,it can be as creative 可是，如果能把电脑造得足够复杂的话，那它一定能像我们一样富于创造力。倘若它能像人脑那样复杂，它就能与人脑旗鼓相当，完成人脑所能完成的一切。
修改
抽象具体
“In that case,sir,Adele ought to go to school;I am sure you will perceive the necessity of it.”
“那样的话，先生，阿黛了应该去上学；我想你肯定会意识到这样做的必要性”
“让她离开我的新娘远远的，否则，她决不会让她好受。”
克服翻译症
When the lady ticket-seller saw me, 逐字逐句照搬，语义不通
女售票员一见到我，原本颇为动人的面孔刷地一沉，变得煞是难看
They draw no distinctions and recognize 前面容易引起误解；后面两个则含糊不清
这种裤子对人不分贵贱，不讲等级，只要是美国人都可以穿。
I believed then that I would die there, “terrible clarity”机械直译
这时我觉得我要死在那儿了，而下面山谷的景致却看得异常清晰
It is far more than the look of disapproval one occasionally gets.机械直译
这种眼神比人们偶尔遭受的冷眼凶恶得多。那恶狠狠的样子表现得太过火了，我要不是因为大吃一惊，定会觉得很好笑。
I wondered how she would feel if she learned that the Negro. 习惯上是个白人，不伦不类。
我心下想：在一个狠人面前表现得如此又是淑女风度，她若是得知这个黑人其实是个白人时，不知作何感想。
...and then merciful ushers collected my piece of foolscap大裁纸？
最后，仁慈的助教将我的那张考卷连同别人的一起收走了，送到了校长的办公桌上。
At Eton the boys stand in a cluster and lift “当”字开头再夹一个“被”多余
在伊顿，学生们站在一起，叫到名字就举举帽子
Once again,the idea worked so well that word 如此管用，以至于，是英文式的中文
这一招果然奏效，消息再一次不胫而走
In consequence of his decision,I was in due course placed in the third.拖泥带水，不大顺畅
由于他的决定，我给及实地编入了四年级三班，也就是最低年级的最低一班
It used to be said that English people take their别扭的汉语，逻辑上不大顺畅
以前人们常说，英国人想了时也郁郁不乐
I had scarcely passed my twelfth birthday..别扭，转移了原文的重心
我刚过了十二岁生日，就步入了令人头痛的考试区域
But the steps became deeper and deeper,and at ...汉语不说深，而说高
不过台阶越来越高
The woman appeared with our beer那个女人是旅馆的侍者，完全用不着动用“出现”
那个女人给我们送啤酒来了
Last winter Stanford’s new e-commerce elective....银弹表示高招，原文这样译让人莫名其妙
28名学生各施绝招
必出评析
The two gigantic Negroes that now laid hold of Tom把基督教换做佛教，张冠李戴让不明真相的读者陷入迷误，明白真相的读者感到困惑
But you is all right.You gwyne to have considerable译者想要体现土，八字文化错位
你的命还不赖
“My dear Mr.Bennet,”said his lady to him英国的男尊女卑不表现在夫妻称呼上。
亲爱的贝内特先生
“He is very young to settle”“要算早婚”给原文加上了中国文化色彩
“他现在就成家，还太年轻了，”伍德豪斯先生说。“他最好不要匆忙行事。”
Like a hairshirt or a bed of nails, the more one hates it,,,译者采用了移植手法，并加了注释，这样的译法会对目的语读者产生“益智”的作用
Wine was thicker than blood 这样译不能让读者体会到原文的精髓
对于蒙特维兄弟来说，酒浓于血，他们为了争夺查尔斯库勒酿酒厂这份家业，而斗得不可开交。
“Oh, that’s all”said Tess..英国人睡木板床，通过拥抱亲吻表示亲热，文化风习上的扭曲
“Why not?’Beauty lies in the lover’s eyes,’”情人眼里出西施，犯了文化失真的大忌，应翻为情人眼里出美人An’after all her bringin’up an’what I tol’生动形象，符合说话人的口吻，起到了形神皆似的效果
I am glad for my own sake, that he is not so,...后半句是一个英语成语
他并不像他们说的那么坏
Georgiana,the eldest, with her black ringlets, her。。。别翻译成鹰钩鼻，译作高高的鼻梁就不会损害原文所描写的美女形象。
He is a frugal man,the furnishings ....“他”是现代人，所以意译就好，
他非常简朴，家中的陈设真是简陋
Even a ten-year-old could see this wasn’t。。。中国人有谁知道大写的月亮呢？
令人如痴如醉的月亮
It was wrong in her situation.I wanted her to stay at home...女人怀孕并不等于“情况不太好”
违背了詹宁斯太太为女儿怀孕而感到自豪的心态
她身子不方便。我要她上午待在家里好好歇着，可她偏要跟我们一道来。她多么渴望见见你们一家人啊！“I beg you pardon”said Alice。。。译一体“一个结”让读者体验不到文字游戏的乐趣，切容易让人纳闷，而译文二用“到”和“刀”两个汉语近音字可谓舍其“形”得其“神”
大三_英国文学史(绝对标准中文版)
英国文学源远流长，经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。在这个过程中，文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响，文学内部遵循自身规律，历经盎格鲁-撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。下面对英国文学的发展过程作一概述。 一、中世纪文学（约5世纪-1485） 英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样，不是书面的，而是口头的。故事与传说口头流传，并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展，最后才有写本。公元5世纪中叶，盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。盎格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf），它被认为是英国的民族史诗。《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说，随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国，现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的，当时，不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。因此，《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌，呈现出新旧生活方式的混合，兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。 公元1066年，居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡，征服英格兰。诺曼底人占领英格兰后，封建等级制度得以加强和完备，法国文化占据主导地位，法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇，流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight，1375-1400）以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材，歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德，是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一。传奇文学专门描写高贵的骑士所经历的冒险生活和浪漫爱情，是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段一种社会理想的体现。 14世纪以后，英国资本主义工商业发展较快，市民阶级兴起，英语逐渐恢复了它的声誉，社会各阶层普遍使用英语，为优秀英语文学作品的产生提供了条件。杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer， 1343-1400）的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始。《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）以一群香客从伦敦出发去坎特伯雷朝圣为线索，通过对香客的生动描绘和他们沿途讲述的故事，勾勒出一幅中世纪英国社会千姿百态生活风貌的图画。乔叟首创英雄诗行，即五步抑扬格双韵体，对英诗韵律作出了很大贡献，被誉为"英国诗歌之父".乔叟的文笔精练优美，流畅自然，他的创作实践将英语提升到一个较高的文学水平，推动了英语作为英国统一的民族语言的进程。 二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期-17世纪初） 相对于欧洲其他国家来说，英国的文艺复兴起始较晚，通常认为是在15世纪末。文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义，它主张以人为本，反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观，提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More， 1478-1535）是英国最主要的早期人文主义者，他的《乌托邦》（Utopia）批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会，设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、人们和谐相处的理想国。Utopia现已成为空想主义的代名词，但乌托邦是作者对当时社会状况进行严肃思考的结果。《乌托邦》开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河，这一传统从培根的《新大西岛》（The New Atlantis）、斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》（Gulliver's Travels）、勃特勒的《埃瑞璜》（Erewhon）一直延续到20世纪
英国文学史及选读 复习要点总结概要
《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements (此处可能会有填空,选择等小题 2. Romance (名词解释 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’ s story 4. Ballad(名词解释 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释 8. Renaissance(名词解释 9.Thomas More—— Utopia 10. Sonnet(名词解释 11. Blank verse(名词解释12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies” (推荐阅读,学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照,本文用词正式优雅,多排比句和长句,语言造诣非常高,里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句,非常值得一读 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要,此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了,这些剧的主题,背景,情节,人物形象都要熟悉,当然他最重要的是 Hamlet 这是肯定的。他的sonnet 也很重要,最重要属 sonnet18。 (其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要,特别是 Paradise Lost 和 Samson Agonistes。对于 Paradise Lost 需要知道它是 blank verse写成的,故事情节来自 Old Testament,另外要知道此书 theme 和 Satan 的形象。
英国文学史作品作者
Geoffrey Chaucer: the legend of good women 良妇传说the house of fame 名誉堂 the parliament of fowls 百鸟会Troilus and Cressie 特罗勒斯与克莱西 the Canterbury tales 坎特伯雷故事集 Thomas More Utopia Edmund Spenser the fairy queen William Shakespeare four great tragedies: Hamlet Othello king Lear Macbeth Four great comedies: the merchant of Venice a midsummer night’s dream twelfth night 第十二夜as you like it 皆大欢喜 Francis Bacon the advancement of learning 学术的进展the Novum Organum 求学之新器the De Augmentis 新工具essays 随笔Maxims of the Law 法律准则 Reading on the Stature of Uses 谈使用法则Of Studies 论读书 John Donne the flea 跳蚤 John Milton paradise lost 失乐园 John Bunyan the pilgrim’s progress 天路历程 John Dryden all for love an essay of dramatic poesy Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe 鲁宾逊漂流记 Jonathan swift a tale of a tub 木桶的故事the battle of books 书战 a modest proposal 一个小小的建议Gulliver’s travels 格列佛游记 William Blake poetical sketches 诗歌札记songs of innocence 天真之歌 Songs of experience 经验之歌prophecies 预言the lamb the chimney sweeper The marriage of heaven and hell 天堂与地狱的婚姻 Robert burns a red red rose auld Lang Syne 友谊地久天长 William Wordsworth lines composed a few miles above tinterm abbey 丁登寺 The prelude 序曲the excursion 漫游sonnets 十四行诗 I wandered lonely as a cloud composed upon Westminster bridge She dwelt among the untrodden ways 她在人迹罕至的路边 The solitary reaper 孤独的割麦女 Samuel Taylor Coleridge the rime of the ancient mariner 古舟子咏 Christabel 克里斯塔贝尔Kubla khan 忽必烈汗 George Gordon Byron childe Harold’s pilgrimage 恰尔德哈罗德游记Cain 该隐 Don Juan 唐璜she walks in beauty when a man hath no freedom to fight for at home Percy Bysshe Shelley queen Mab 麦布女王the Cenci 钦契Prometheus unbound 解放了的普罗米修斯ode to the west wind in defense of poetry 诗辩 John Keats on first looking into Champman’s homer 初读查普曼译荷马史诗 Endymion 恩底弥翁ode to a nightingale ode to a Grecian um 希腊古瓮颂 Lamia, Isabella, the eve of st. Agnes, and other poems 女妖、伊莎贝尔、圣爱尼节前夜及其他Jane Austen sense and sensibility 理智与情感pride and prejudice 傲慢与偏见persuasion 劝导Emma 艾玛Mansfield park 曼斯菲尔德庄园Northanger abbey 诺桑觉寺 Charles Dickens sketches by boz 博兹札记Pickwick papers 匹克威克外传Oliver twist 奥利弗退斯特Nicholas nickleby 尼古拉斯尼克贝old curiosity shop 老古玩店 Bamaby rudge 巴纳比拉奇American notes 旅美札记martin chuzzlewit 马丁朱兹尔维特A Christmas carol 圣诞颂歌the chimes 钟声the cricked 炉边的蟋蟀dombey and son 董贝父子David Copperfield 大卫科波菲尔bleak house 荒凉山庄hard times 艰难时世Little dorrit 小杜丽 a tale of two cities 双城记great expectations 远大前程
(完整)英国文学史知识点,推荐文档
一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066) 1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒) 2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法 3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法） 例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved, To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise. 二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) Canto 诗章 1、romance 传奇文学 2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗 三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期 1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父 2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格) 3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端) 大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups. 朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体 小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character. 这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。 小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信) and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命运). 他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。 4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(笔记) Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(书上). 歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式
英国文学史及作品选读
英国文学史及作品选读 （模拟试题二） Ⅰ. Multiple Choice（1′×20=20分） 1．______can be justly termed England’s national epic. A. The Canterbury Tales B. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight C. The Song of Beowulf D. The Romance of the Rose 2. Among of the following dramas, which is one of Shakespeare’s four tragedies? A.Macbeth B.As You Like it C. Twelfth Night D. The Merchant of Venice 3. _______ is called as “ father of English novels” A. William Shakespeare B. Christopher Marlowe C. Daniel Defoe D.John Donne 4. It was ____who made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama. A. Thomas Wyatt B. William Shakespeare C. Edmund Spenser D. Christopher Marlowe 5. Absoulute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of ____, especially Britain’s sea power was established. A.James I B. Henry VIII C. Queen Elizabeth D. Charles I 6. Hamlet, the most popular of Shakespeare's plays for readers and theater audiences, tells about the story of Hamlet, Prince of _______, and son of the dead king, who seeks revenge for his father’s death. A. England B. Norway C. Scotland D. Denmark 7. Which comment on John Donne is wrong? A. He is the leading figure of metaphysical poetry. B. His poetry is characterized by mysticism and peculiar conceit. C. John Donne’s poetry is characterized regularity among irregularity D. He never shows positive attitude towards love. 8. Robinson Crosue can be termed as____. A. a self-dependent person B. a person with colonial mind C. an adventuous person D. all of the above 9. Robert Burns is the representative of _____. A. Sentimentalism B. Pre-Romanticism C. Romanticism D. English Renaissance 10. William Blake’s ____ paint a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone. A.Poetical Sketches B. The Book of Thel C. Songs of Experience D. Songs of Innocence 11. The notorious “Peterloo Massacre” happened in _____. A. English Romantic period B. English Renaissance C. period of Restoration D. Neo-classical period 12. Lyrical Ballads are made by ____. A. Wordsworth and Shelley B. Wordsworth and Southey C. Wordsworth and Coleridge D. Shelley and Byron 13. According to____, poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings which originates in emotion and recollected in tranquillity.
(完整)最全面英国文学史知识点总结,推荐文档
英国文学史 I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages
英国文学史
Charlotte Bronte 24 Charlotte’s works are all about the struggle of an individual consciousness towards self-realization, about some lonely and neglected young women with a fierce longing for love, understanding and a full, happy life. In her mind, man’s life is composed of perpetual battle between sin and virtue, good and evil. Besides, she is a writer of realism combined with romanticism. On one hand, she presents a vivid realistic picture of the English society by exposing the cruelty, hypocrisy and other evils of the upper classes, and by showing the misery and suffering of the poor. On the other hand, her writings are marked throughout by an intensity of vision and of passion. Idylls of the King 53 Idyll is a short poem describing an incident of country life in terms of idealized innocence and contentment, or any such episode in a poem or prose work. The term is virtually synonymous with pastoral poem. The title of Tennyson’s Idylls of the King, a sequence of Arthurian romance, bears little relation to the usual meaning. The Ring and the Book 64 The publication of the Ring and the Book established Browning’s position as one of the greatest English poets. My Last Duchess 63 Dramatic monologue is a kind of poem in which a single fictional or historical character other than the poet speaks to a silent “ audience” of one or more persons. Such poems reveal not the poet’s own thoughts but the mind of the impersonated character, whose personality is revealed unwittingly. It is in Browning’s hands that this poetic form reaches its maturity and perfection. “ Pippa Passes”, “ My Last Duchess,”The Bishuop Orders His Tomb”, “ The Ring and the Book” What does Wordsworth’s poem “ the Solitary Reaper” tell us about Romanticist? 1To romanticists. Poetry i s an expression of an individual’s feelings and experiences no matter how fragmentary and momentary these feelings and experiences are. 2 Romanticists take delight only in sound effect, the theme of a work is not their concern. 3Romanticists are not patient people; they would leave before the revelation of the theme. 4 Poetry should present the apparent and tangible. 2. The Romantic period is an age of poetry. Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron and Keats are the major poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as _______. A. the poetic romance B. the poetic movement C. the poetic revolution D. the poetic reformation 4. William Wordsworth, a romantic poet, advocated all the following except __________. the using of everyday language spoken by the common people the expression of the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings the humble and rustic life as subject matter elegant wording and inflated figures of speech
浅谈比较文学论文范文
浅谈比较文学论文范文 摘要：“语言”和“文学”这两个术语是韦斯坦因视为决定学科独立与否的关键性词汇，“语言”和“文学”将比较文学集成为立体浑成的有机体，既有历时的发展脉络，也有共时的彼此观照，呈现出稳定中的变化、变化中的稳定色彩。 关键词：比较文学;语言 一、“文学”之维和“语言”一样 “文学”/“文学性”也是韦斯坦因确立比较文学研究对象的重要一环。在完成了什么算是“比较的”文学的回答之后，对于什么样的文学可以进入比较文学研究，韦斯坦因也作了深入细致的探讨。在韦斯坦因看来，“文学”/“文学性”也和“语言”一样，有着丰饶的立体构成和深邃的理论价值，它既指文学和比较文学研究的对象范畴，也指研究对象所具有的美学价值和学术价值。在其重要理论著作《比较文学与文学理论》中，韦斯坦因对“文学”作了言简意赅的探讨:在英语和法语中，“文学”一词原来是“学 问”learning或者“博学”eruditi on的意思。例如，伏尔泰谈到夏普兰时，就说他有“渊博的学问”une littérature immense。直到18 世纪，研究的焦点才从主观的人转到了客观的作品上。但即便在这一较晚的发展阶段，文学所包括的还是所有出版物，不管它们在实质上是什么类型的作品在英、法、德诸语言中，“文学”常常用来指那些非文学的作品。 在 18 世纪，非功利的作品常常被称为“诗”poesy或诗类。直到 19 世纪，才将实用性作品与非实用性作品作了系统的区分。只有当这种区分获得了普遍性的时候，“文学”才获得其真正的含义。正如西蒙?格诺在《七星百科辞典》的序言中告诉我们的，“在搞技术的人们逐渐把他们的专业提到科学这一高度”的时代，“文学是与功能性地使用书面语言完全不同的写作方式”。但我们不应忘记，直到世纪之交，诺贝尔文学奖还多次授予那些杰出的自然科学家和哲学家呢。由上，韦斯坦因总结，文学可分为“科学的”和“美学的”两部分里面也有像科幻小说这种属于两可的情况，但是，因为有诸如历史小说、散文、日记、自传等杂交类型的出现，这一领域往往不能划出准确的界限。他说:“从理论上讲，如果希望充分考虑文学研究，就应当限制研究非文学现象，而集中探讨文学现象。但在实际研究中，不可避免地要把研究的范围扩展到文学界限之外。” 韦斯坦因主张一种“收”与“放”两相结合的“文学”研究。所谓“收”，是指他对“文学”范围的考察和规范，他所强调的立基于文学基础上的比较研究，他的“文学”研究所指，乃为出色的语言艺术品和文学性相结合的作品，而非一切文字作品，韦斯坦因和韦勒克一样，强调文学艺术品的美学价值，他说:“文学研究如果降格成为材料的堆砌，它就丧失了尊严，因为不再判断其美学价值了。”所以他认为，研究莎士比亚戏剧的历史渊源，应该是英国文学史家和批评家关注的题目;研究《高老头》中金钱的作用，则是传奇学者和经济史学家感兴趣的题目。此外，他将尼采定位为“诗人”，认为他可以进入文
英国文学史资料汇编
I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages
英国文学史名词解释
1. Ballad(民谣) A ballad originally is a song intended as an accompaniment to a dance or a popular song. In the relatively recent sense, now most widely used, a ballad is a single, spirited poem in short stanzas, in which some popular story is graphically narrated. The ingredients of ballads usually include a refrain, stock descriptive phrases, and simple, terse dialogue. 2. Alliteration(头韵) It refers to a repeated initial consonant to successive words and it is the most striking feature in its poetic form. In alliterative verse, certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound. There are generally 4 accents in a line, three of which show alliteration, and it is the initial sound of the third accented syllable that normally determiners the alliteration. In old English verse, alliteration is not an unusual or expressive phenomenon but a regular recurring structural feature of the verse. 3. Sonnet (十四行诗) It is a poem of 14 lines (of 11 syllables in Italian and 10 in English), typically in rhymed iambic pentameter. Sonnets characteristically express a single theme or idea. The sonnet was introduced to England by Sir T. Wyatt and developed Henry Howard (Earl of Surrey) and was thereafter widely used notably in the sonnet sequences of Shakespeare, Sidney, and Spenser. 4. Tragedy(悲剧) The word is applied broadly to dramatic works in which events move to a fatal or disastrous conclusion. It is concerned with the harshness and apparent injustice of life. Often the hero falls from power and his eventual death leads to the downfall of others. The tragic action arouses feelings of awe in the audience. 5. Lyric(抒情诗) As a genre, it was the tradition of popular song flourishing in all the medieval literatures of Western Europe. In England lyric poems flourished in the Middle English period, and in the 16th century, heyday of humanism. This tradition was enriched by the direct imitation of ancient models. During the next 200 years the links between poetry and music was gradually broken, and the term “lyric” came to be applied to short poems expressive of a poet’s thoughts or feelings. 6. Epic(史诗) It is a poem that celebrates in the form of a continuous narrative the achievements of one or more heroic personages of history or tradition. Among the great epics of the world may be mentioned the Iliad, Odyssey, Aeneid, and Paradise Lost. 7. Renaissance(文艺复兴) The word “renaissance” means rebirth or revival. It is commonly applied to the movement or period of great flowering of art, architecture, politics, and the study of literature, usually seen as the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Modern worn world. It came about under the influence of Greek and Roman models. It began in Italy in the late 14th century, reached the highest development in the early 16th century, and spread to the rest of Europe in the 15th century and afterwards. Its emphasis was humanist: that is , on regarding the human figure and reason without a necessary relating of it to the superhuman.