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文化毕业论文中西文化中联想意义的不同及翻译论文

文化毕业论文中西文化中联想意义的不同及翻译论文
文化毕业论文中西文化中联想意义的不同及翻译论文

中西文化中联想意义的不同及翻译论文

摘要:语言是文化的反映。英汉两种语言存在于两种文

化之中,因此它们有着各自的历史、社会、生活环境、生活经历、习俗和宗教等。而这一切就导致了英汉两种语言中相同的词汇具

有不同的联想意义,即文化负载词。文章主要讨论文化、语言和

文化负栽词或短语的关系,并把联想意义分为3种类型,接着探

讨了与之相应的翻译,并提出了几种翻译技巧以达到流畅翻译文

化的目的。

关键词:文化;语言;联想意义;翻译

使用不同语言的人们在进行交流的时候总会遇到各种各

样的困难,而处理文化问题是最令人困扰的。作为文化的组成部分。语言反映了本民族丰富多彩的文化现象。“而在语言的诸多

要素中,词汇是最基本的一个,它是支撑语言系统的支柱以及传

达语言信息的使者。同一个词汇或短语在不同文化中所反映的形

象和在头脑中的联想是不同的,这些就是有着不同的联想意义的

文化负载词或短语。然而,翻译并不是简单的语言解码和编码的

过程。由于大量的文化差异的存在。翻译这些文化负载词或短语

时就显得困难重重。我们只有高度重视具有文化意义的词汇,并

对其进行更深层的研究才能跨越语言和文化障碍,尽可能有效地

进行文化转换。

1 联想意义的分类

联想意义是语言标志所唤起的想象和形象。在西方社会

和中国。有许多词汇或短语有着相同的字面意思,但却因为不同

的文化而具有不同的联想意义,这些联想意义可以分为3种类型。

1.1 联想意义在不同文化中意义不同

其实,联想意义的不同就是文化信息的鸿沟。人们由于

生活在不同的环境,有着不同的文化背景和习俗。对同一个事物

通常都会有不同的联想。

在中国文化中。“龙”是财富、权利和活力的象征。曾

经有一档娱乐节目深受少年儿童的喜爱,名字就叫“小神龙俱乐部”。然而。西方人却很难想象“龙”这一形象会成为娱乐节目

的名字。因为对他们来说,“龙”常常是邪恶的象征,是一种必

须被摧毁的可怕的怪兽。柯林斯COBUILD英语词典对“龙”有如

此解释:如果你称一位女士为龙,那么你就是说她是性情暴躁而

令人不快的。

在中国,“东风”是温暖而和煦,能够使万物复苏、草

木丰润的。人们经常把它和春天联系起来。这可以从许多历代有

名的诗词中看到。比如:“东风变梅柳,万汇生春光。”《西厢记》中的:“闲愁万种,无语怨东风。”但在英国,由于地理环

境的差异。东风却是寒冷的,它更像是中国的西北风。而英国人

把西风赋予了美好的事物,想到它,人们就会想到温暖和生命的

起源。在雪莱的西风颂中,“西风”是一种“精神”的象征,一

种在春天复苏的精神。在中国和西方,还有许多的词汇和短语激

发出人们不同的联想。比如:蝙蝠、狗、红色、数字(4,13)、兔子、老虎和狮子等,他们经常使两种文化中的人们困惑不堪。

1.2 联想意义只在一种文化中体现

有些事物只在一种文化中出现联想意义,而在另一种文

化中却没有任何联想意义。

“鹤”在汉语文化中是长寿的象征,但西方人对“鹤”

并没有任何联想。

另一个例子即“红楼”。在中国,“红楼”通常并不仅

仅指红色的楼,它常指上层人士所居住的宏伟豪宅。在传统的中

国文学中。人们总把它和“爱情”相提并论。我们可以从李商隐

的诗词中窥见一斑:“红楼隔雨相望冷,珠箔飘灯独自归。”此外,《红楼梦》中“红楼”的翻译难倒了很多翻译家。而在英国,这个词却不会使人们联想到更多。同样,兰花、柳树和蓝色等也

只在一种文化中出现联想意义。

1.3 联想意义在两种文化中相同

尽管不同文化问存在着文化信息的鸿沟,在某种程度上

我们还是能够找到和谐的一面,否则交流就不可能实现。在中国

和西方文化中有—些词汇不仅字面意思相同,联想意义也很相似。比如:鹿是胆小而温顺的、狐狸是狡猾的、驴是愚蠢的等等。

2 文化负载词的联想意义的翻译

具有联想意义的词汇是一种特殊的文化负载词。朱光潜

曾说在外国文学中最难理解和翻译的就是联想意义。它具有特殊

的感情并很难在字典上查到。如果我们对另一种文化的习俗、历

史环境等不甚了解,那么翻译这类词汇将有很大困难。事实上,

即使我们意识到也理解了对方的文化,也难免在翻译过程中有文

化信息的丢失。因此,一些学者认为文化是不可译的,但对于联

想意义的翻译,我们还是能够找到一些有效的翻译方法。

2.1 同构和翻译

志为了支持和解释功能对等,奈达提出了同构理论。他

认为在源语和目的语中的语言标就像是数学当中的等式。3个数字

2-4-8排列形成了系统A,另外3个数字16-32-64形成了系统B。如果想把2从A中取出,放到B中。我们必须把2放在16的位置。因为在A中2的意义等同于B中16的意义。我们可以用这个理论

来处理翻译中的文化成分,当然也适用于联想意义的翻译。根据

同构理论,我们可以把“西风”换成“东风”,反之亦然。方崇

在翻译坎特伯雷故事时就把“东风”翻译成“西风”,以使其两

种文化中的意象一致。同样,在翻译“as timid asrabbit”时,

我们可以把“rabbit”替换成“鼠”。

2.2 直译和意译

尽管属于不同的民族,英国人和中国人生活在同一个地

球上,态度和认知在某种程度上是相通的,因此直译是可行的。

对于第三种类型的联想意义我们可以用直译法来翻译。比如“as cunning as a fox”可以直接翻译成“像狐狸一样狡猾”。但直

译则不适合用来翻译第一种和第二种类型的联想意义,直译加注

却不失为有效的方法。Hart教授把《西厢记》中的“闲愁万种。

无语怨东风。”翻译成:

I am saddened hy a myriad petty woes

And,thougII I speak not,

I am angry

At the breeze from the east.

他直译了这句诗,却加了注:The east wind is symbolic of spring.with its urge to love and mating.

但有时候,译者被不同的文化所局限而不得不舍弃直译

而采取意译。意译是试图找到两者在意义上的等同。我们不必把“dragon”翻译成“龙”,而只要找到意义相近的词语。比如:Some-times a person who pre~ntA hiraself as kind and

gentle can in private turn out to be a dragon。who breathes fire.可以翻译成:有时,某人在公共场合显得和蔼可亲,温文尔雅,但在私下里却像个凶神恶煞。

3 结束语

文化的不同随处可见。在翻译过程中我们应该更多地考

虑在不同文化中词汇的意义而不仅仅是词汇的字面意思。尽量传

达他们的文化含义而不仅仅是语言本身。否则翻译就变得无效了。

毕业论文(英文翻译)排版格式

英文翻译说明 1. 英文翻译文章输成word,5号新罗马(New Times Roman)字体,1.5倍行间距,将来方便打印和一起装订;英文中的图表要重新画,禁止截图。 2. 整篇论文1.5倍行间距,打印时,用B5纸,版面上空2.5cm,下空2cm,左空2.5cm,右空2cm(左装订)。 3. 论文翻译后的摘要用五号宋体,正文小四号宋体、英文和数字用新罗马(New Times Roman)12、参考文献的内容用五号字体。图和表头用五号字体加粗并居中,图和表中的内容用五号字体。论文翻译的作者用五号字体加粗。 论文大标题………小三号黑体、加黑、居中 第二层次的题序和标题………小四号黑体、加黑、居中 第三层次的题序和标题………小四号宋体、加黑、居中 正文……………………………小四号宋体、英文用新罗马12 页码……………………………小五号居中,页码两边不加修饰符 4. 论文中参考文献严格按照下述排版。 专著格式:序号.编著者.书名[M].出版地: 出版社, 年代, 起止页码 期刊论文格式:序号.作者.论文名称[J]. 期刊名称, 年度, 卷(期): 起止页码 学位论文格式:序号.作者.学位论文名称[D]. 发表地: 学位授予单位, 年度 例子: (1).胡千庭, 邹银辉, 文光才等. 瓦斯含量法预测突出危险新技术[J]. 煤炭学报, 2007.32(3): 276-280. (2). 胡千庭. 煤与瓦斯突出的力学作用机理及应用研究[D]. 北京: 中国矿业大学(北京), 2007. (3). 程伟. 煤与瓦斯突出危险性预测及防治技术[M]. 徐州: 中国矿业大学出版社, 2003.

概率论毕业论文外文翻译

Statistical hypothesis testing Adriana Albu,Loredana Ungureanu Politehnica University Timisoara,adrianaa@aut.utt.ro Politehnica University Timisoara,loredanau@aut.utt.ro Abstract In this article,we present a Bayesian statistical hypothesis testing inspection, testing theory and the process Mentioned hypothesis testing in the real world and the importance of, and successful test of the Notes. Key words Bayesian hypothesis testing; Bayesian inference;Test of significance Introduction A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether from a controlled experiment or an observational study (not controlled). In statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to a pre-determined threshold probability, the significance level. The phrase "test of significance" was coined by Ronald Fisher: "Critical tests of this kind may be called tests of significance, and when such tests are available we may discover whether a second sample is or is not significantly different from the first."[1] Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, in contrast to exploratory data analysis. In frequency probability,these decisions are almost always made using null-hypothesis tests. These are tests that answer the question Assuming that the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability of observing a value for the test statistic that is at [] least as extreme as the value that was actually observed?) 2 More formally, they represent answers to the question, posed before undertaking an experiment,of what outcomes of the experiment would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified probability of an incorrect rejection. One use of hypothesis testing is deciding whether experimental results contain enough information to cast doubt on conventional wisdom. Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of frequentist statistical inference. The Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing is to base rejection of the hypothesis on the posterior probability.[3][4]Other approaches to reaching a decision based on data are available via decision theory and optimal decisions. The critical region of a hypothesis test is the set of all outcomes which cause the null hypothesis to be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The critical region is usually denoted by the letter C. One-sample tests are appropriate when a sample is being compared to the population from a hypothesis. The population characteristics are known from theory or are calculated from the population.

毕业论文外文翻译模板

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毕业论文英文参考文献与译文

Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of

毕业论文外文翻译模版

吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title(Times New Roman ,三号) 学生学号:08810219 学生姓名:袁庚文 专业班级:信息与计算科学0802 指导教师:赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期:2012.2.27~2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology

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Advantages of Managed Code Microsoft intermediate language shares with Java byte code the idea that it is a low-level language witha simple syntax , which can be very quickly translated intonative machine code. Having this well-defined universal syntax for code has significant advantages. Platform independence First, it means that the same file containing byte code instructions can be placed on any platform; atruntime the final stage of compilation can then be easily accomplished so that the code will run on thatparticular platform. In other words, by compiling to IL we obtain platform independence for .NET, inmuch the same way as compiling to Java byte code gives Java platform independence. Performance improvement IL is actually a bit more ambitious than Java bytecode. IL is always Just-In-Time compiled (known as JIT), whereas Java byte code was ofteninterpreted. One of the disadvantages of Java was that, on execution, the process of translating from Javabyte code to native executable resulted in a loss of performance. Instead of compiling the entire application in one go (which could lead to a slow start-up time), the JITcompiler simply compiles each portion of code as it is called (just-in-time). When code has been compiled.once, the resultant native executable is stored until the application exits, so that it does not need to berecompiled the next time that portion of code is run. Microsoft argues that this process is more efficientthan compiling the entire application code at the start, because of the likelihood that large portions of anyapplication code will not actually be executed in any given run. Using the JIT compiler, such code willnever be compiled.

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