2013年考研英语(二)真题及答案解析

2013年研究生入学考试英语二真题与解析

英语二完型

Section I Use of English

Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)

Given the advantages of electronic money,you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically.

___1___,a true cashless society is probably not around the corner.Indeed, predictions of such a society have been___2___for two decades but have not yet come to fruition.For example,Business Week predicted in1975that electronic means of payment“would soon revolutionize the very___3___of money itself,”only to___4___itself several years later.Why has the movement to a cashless society been so___5___in coming?

Although e-money might be more convenient and may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper,several factors work__6___the disappearance of the paper system.First,it is very___7___to set up the computer,card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the

___8___form of payment.Second,paper checks have the advantage that they ___9___receipts,something that many consumers are unwilling to___10___. Third,the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of"float"-it takes several days___11___a check is cashed and funds are___12___from the issuer's account,which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime.___13___electronic payments are immediate,they eliminate the float for the consumer.Fourth,electronic means of payment___14___ security and privacy concerns.We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information___15___there.

Because this is not an___16___occurrence,unscrupulous persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and___17___funds by moving them from someone else’s accounts into their own.The___18___of this

type of fraud is no easy task,and a whole new field of computer science has developed to___19___security issues.A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic___20___that contains a large amount of personal data on buying habits.There are worries that government, employers,and marketers might be able to access these data,thereby encroaching on our privacy.

1.[A]However[B]Moreover[C]Therefore[D]Otherwise

2.[A]off[B]back[C]over[D]around

3.[A]power[B]concept[C]history[D]role

4.[A]reward[B]resist[C]resume[D]reverse

5.[A]silent[B]sudden[C]slow[D]steady

6.[A]for[B]against[C]with[D]on

7.[A]imaginative[B]expensive[C]sensitive[D]productive

8.[A]similar[B]original[C]temporary[D]dominant

9.[A]collect[B]provide[C]copy[D]print

10.[A]give up[B]take over[C]bring back[D]pass down

11.[A]before[B]after[C]since[D]when

12.[A]kept[B]borrowed[C]released[D]withdrawn

13.[A]Unless[B]Until[C]Because[D]Though

14.[A]hide[B]express[C]raise[D]ease

15.[A]analyzed[B]shared[C]stored[D]displayed

16.[A]unsafe[B]unnatural[C]uncommon[D]unclear

17.[A]steal[B]choose[C]benefit[D]return

18.[A]consideration[B]prevention[C]manipulation[D]justification

19.[A]cope with[B]fight against[C]adapt to[D]call for

20.[A]chunk[B]chip[C]path[D]trail

英语二阅读原文及出处：

Text1

In an essay,entitled“Making It in America,”in the latest issue of The Atlantic,the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton country about

just how much a modern textile mill has been automated:The average mill has only two employees today,“a man and a dog.The man is there to feed the dog, and the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines。”

Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and sagging middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession,but it is also because of the quantum advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution,which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers。

In the past,workers with average skills,doing an average job,could earn an average lifestyle.But,today,average is officially over.Being average just won’t earn you what it used to.It can’t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor,cheap robotics, cheap software,cheap automation and cheap genius.Therefore,everyone needs to find their extra—their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.Average is over。

Yes,new technology has been eating jobs forever,and always will.As they say,if horses could have voted,there never would have been cars.But there’s been an acceleration.As Davidson notes,“In the10years ending in2009,[U.S.] factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous70years;roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs—about6 million in total—disappeared。”

And you ain’t seen nothin’https://www.sodocs.net/doc/2918409278.html,st April,Annie Lowrey of Slate wrote about a start-up called“E la Carte”that is out to shrink the need for waiters and waitresses:The company“has produced a kind of souped-up iPad that lets you order and pay right at your table.The brainchild of a bunch of M.I.T.engineers, the nifty invention,known as the Presto,might be found at a restaurant near you soon....You select what you want to eat and add items to a cart.Depending on the restaurant’s preferences,the console could show you nutritional information, ingredients lists and photographs.You can make special requests,like‘dressing on the side’or‘quintuple bacon.’When you’re done,the order zings over to the kitchen,and the Presto tells you how long it will take for your items to come out....Bored with your companions?Play games on the machine.When you’re through with your meal,you pay on the console,splitting the bill item by item if you wish and paying however you want.And you can have your receipt e-mailed to you....Each console goes for$100per month.If a restaurant serves meals eight hours a day,seven days a week,it works out to42cents per hour per table —making the Presto cheaper than even the very cheapest waiter。”

What the iPad won’t do in an above average way a Chinese worker will.

Consider this paragraph from Sunday’s terrific article in The Times by Charles Duhigg and Keith Bradsher about why Apple does so much of its manufacturing in China:“Apple had redesigned the iPhone’s screen at the last minute,forcing an assembly-line overhaul.New screens began arriving at the[Chinese]plant near midnight.A foreman immediately roused8,000workers inside the company’s dormitories,according to the executive.Each employee was given a biscuit and a cup of tea,guided to a workstation and within half an hour started a12-hour shift fitting glass screens into beveled frames.Within96hours,the plant was producing over10,000iPhones a day.‘The speed and flexibility is breathtaking,’the executive said.‘There’s no American plant that can match that.’”

And automation is not just coming to manufacturing,explains Curtis Carlson,the chief executive of SRI International,a Silicon Valley idea lab that invented the Apple iPhone program known as Siri,the digital personal assistant.“Siri is the beginning of a huge transformation in how we interact with banks, insurance companies,retail stores,health care providers,information retrieval services and product services。”

There will always be change—new jobs,new products,new services.But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T.revolution,the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.Here are the latest unemployment rates from the Bureau of Labor Statistics for Americans over25years old:those with less than a high school degree,13.8percent;those with a high school degree and no college,8.7percent;those with some college or associate degree,7.7 percent;and those with bachelor’s degree or higher,4.1percent。

In a world where average is officially over,there are many things we need to do to buttress employment,but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I.Bill for the21st century that ensures that every American has access to post-high school education。

亚当?戴维森(Adam Davidson)《在美国制造》一文中提到南部种棉地区的一个笑话，内容涉及现代纺织厂自动化的程度：如今的普通工厂只有两个雇员，“一个人外加一条狗。人是负责喂狗的，狗是让人不要靠近机器的。”

我们的失业率为何居高不下、中产阶级收入为何下降，其实大部分是由于大衰退造成的需求大幅下降。这其中也有全球化和信息科技革命巨大进步的推动：机器或者外国工人取代劳力的速度空前。最近有大量文章都在讨论这些，戴维森的文章只是其中一篇而已。

过去，只要有个一般的手艺，做份普通的工作，工人生活就过得还凑合。但如今，拥有一般水平不行了。不出众就没法像过去一样活着了。因为现在越来越

多的雇主有大把的机会接触到不错的外国廉价劳动力、便宜的机器人、廉价的软件、低廉的自动化设备和要价低的人才。因此，人人都需要有另外的价值：异于常人的独特价值能够让他们在各自的雇佣市场上脱颖而出。靠平庸就能过日子的时代结束了。

是的，新技术一直就在吞噬我们的工作，将来还会继续吞噬。而且吞噬的速度在加快。俗话说，如果马会投票，那就永远不会有小轿车了。如戴维森所言，“2009年之前的十年内，美国工厂裁撤工人速度之快，基本上等于过去70年新增的工人数量；大概每三个工作岗位就有一个岗位消失了，总共约有600万之多。”

还有好戏呢。去年四月，Slate杂志的安妮?洛瑞(Annie Lowrey)写了一篇初创公司E la Carte的文章，其目标是减少对服务生的需要：这家公司“已经生产出了一种增强版的iPad，它可以让您在桌边点菜和买单。也许很快在身边的餐馆里你就会见到这个麻省理工工程师们的杰作、时髦的发明Presto了。你可以选择你想吃的，把它放进小推车里。根据餐馆的选择，控制设备会显示营养信息、成分清单和图片等。你也可以有具体的需求，比如说‘调料放在边上’或者‘五倍的熏肉’。你都决定好之后，订单立马会传到厨房，Presto会告诉你所点的东西花多长时间可以出来。...与同伴等得不耐烦了？那就再iPad上玩玩游戏吧。吃完饭之后，你可以在控制设备上付款，如果你愿意，你可以一个菜一个菜地分割账单付款，你也可以选择付款方式。你还可以要求将收据发邮件给你。...使用每个控制设备每月需要100美金。如果一家餐馆每天营业8小时，每周营业7天，那么每张餐桌每小时的成本只有42美分：因此Presto比最廉价的服务员都便宜。”

iPad不能以超常方式做的，中国工人都可以做。来看看查尔斯?杜赫(Charles Duhigg)和基斯？布拉德舍(Keith Bradsher)在周日在本报(《纽约时报》)上的一篇美文吧，文中有一段讲述了苹果公司为什么将那么多的生产环节放在中国：“最后一刻，苹果公司重新设计了iPhone的屏幕，因此装配线需要全部调整。午夜时分左右，新屏幕开始到达中国工厂。根据这位执行官的叙述，一名领班立即叫醒了公司宿舍的8000名工人。每人领了一份饼干和一杯茶后，就被带到一个车间，半小时内，他们就开始了12小时的轮班，将玻璃屏幕装到斜面框架中。96小时之后，这家工厂每天就能生产1万台iPhone.‘这种速度和灵活性令人目瞪口呆。’这位执行官说，‘在美国找不到这样的工厂。’”

自动化也不仅仅发生在生产领域，硅谷科技公司孵化器斯坦福国际研究院(SRIInternational)的首席执行官柯蒂斯?卡尔森(CurtisCarlson)说。该公司发明了苹果iPhone的个人数字助理服务Siri程序。“在改变我们与银行、保险公司、零售商店、医疗保健提供商、信息检索服务公司和产品生产公司的关系方面，Siri只是这个巨大转变的开始。”

变化总是会存在的，新工作、新产品和新服务都会出现。但我们确信无疑的是，全球化和科学技术每前进一步，最好的工作都会要求工人接收过更多的更优质的教育，这样他们才会超于常人。下面是美国劳工局对美国25岁以上人群的

最新失业率统计：高中学历都没有的失业率为13.8%；有高中学历，但没大学学历的为8.7%；有大学或大专学历的为7.7%；有学士甚至更高学位的只有4.1%。

在一个平庸者已经无法生存的时代，我们需要做的促进就业的事情有很多，但没有哪个比通过像《退伍军人权利法案》之类的法案来得重要。只有这样，才能保证21世纪的每个美国都能接受高中之后的教育。

Text2

Imagine a new immigration policy

A century ago,the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and sojourners.Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay,and who would make some money and then go home.Between1908and1915,about7million people arrived while about2million departed.About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for example,eventually returned to Italy for good.They even had an affectionate nickname,"uccelli di passaggio,"birds of passage。

Today,we are much more rigid about immigrants.We divide newcomers into two categories:legal or illegal,good or bad.We hail them as Americans in the making,or brand them as aliens fit for deportation.That framework has contributed mightily to our broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it。

We don''t need more categories,but we need to change the way we think about categories.We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal.To start,we can recognize the new birds of passage,those living and thriving in the gray areas.We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges。

Crop pickers,violinists,construction workers,entrepreneurs,engineers, home health-care aides and particle physicists are among today''s birds of passage.They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work,money and ideas.They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them. They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another。

With or without permission,they straddle laws,jurisdictions and identities with ease.We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever.We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably。

Imagine life with a radically different immigration policy:The Jamaican woman who came as a visitor and was looking after your aunt until she died

could try living in Canada for a while.You could eventually ask her to come back to care for your mother。

The Indian software developer could take some of his Silicon Valley earnings home to join friends in a little start-up,knowing that he could always work in California again.Or the Mexican laborer who busts his back on a Wisconsin dairy farm for wages that keep milk cheap would come and go as needed because he could decide which dairy to work for,and a bi-national bank program was helping him save money to build a better life for his kids in Mexico。

Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle.Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes,including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system。

A new system that encourages both sojourners and settlers would not only help ensure that our society receives the human resources it will need in the future,it also could have an added benefit:Changing the rigid framework might help us resolve the status of the estimated11million unauthorized migrants who are our shared legacy of policy failures。

Currently,we do not do gray zones well.Hundreds of thousands of people slosh around in indeterminate status because they''re caught in bureaucratic limbo or because they have been granted temporary stays that are repeatedly extended.President Barack Obama created a paler shade of gray this summer by exercising prosecutorial discretion not to deport some young people who were brought to this country illegally as children.But these are exceptions,not rules。

The basic mechanism for legal immigration today,apart from the special category of refugee,is the legal permanent resident visa,or green card.Most recipients are people sponsored by close relatives who live in the United States. As the name implies,this mechanism is designed for immigrants who are settling down.The visa can be revoked if the holder does not show"intent to remain"by not maintaining a U.S.address,going abroad to work full time or just traveling indefinitely.Legal residents are assumed to be on their way to becoming Americans,physically,culturally and legally.After five years of living here,they become eligible for citizenship and a chance to gain voting rights and full access to the social safety net。

This is a fine way to deal with people who arrive with deep connections to the country and who resolve to stay.That can and should be most immigrants.

But this mechanism has two problems:The nation is not prepared to offer citizenship to every migrant who is offered a job.And not everyone who comes here wants to stay forever。

It may have once made sense to think of immigrants as sodbusters who were coming to settle empty spaces.But that antique reasoning does not apply when the country is looking at a long,steep race to remain competitive in the world economy,particularly not when innovation and entrepreneurship are supposed to be our comparative advantage.To succeed,we need modern birds of passage。

The challenges differ depending on whether you are looking at the high end of the skills spectrum,the information workers or at low-skilled laborers。

A frequent proposal for highly skilled workers comes with the slogan, "Staple a green card to the diploma."That is supposed to ensure that a greater share of brainy international students remain in the United States after earning degrees in science and technology.But what if they are not ready for

a long-term commitment?No one would suggest that investment capital or design processes need to reside permanently in one nation.Talent today yearns to be equally mobile.Rather than try to oblige smart young people from abroad to stay here,we should allow them to think of the United States as a place where they can always return,a place where they will spend part,not all,of their lives, one of several places where they can live and work and invest。

Temporary-worker programs are a conventional approach to meeting low-skilled labor needs without illegal immigration.That''s what President George W.Bush proposed in2004,saying the government should"match willing foreign workers with willing American employers."An immigrant comes to do a particular job for a limited period of time and then goes home.But such programs risk replacing one kind of rigidity with another.The relatively small programs currently in place don''t manage the matchmaking very well。

Competing domestic workers need to be protected,as do the migrant workers,and the process must be nimble enough to meet labor market demand. Nobody really has pulled that off,and there is no reason to believe it can be done on a grand scale.Rather than trying to link specific migrants to specific jobs, different types of temporary work visas could be pegged to industries,to places or to time periods.You could get an engineering visa,not only a visa to work at Intel。

Both short-term visas and permanent residence need to be part of the mix, but they are not the whole answer.Another valuable tool is the provisional visa, which Australia uses as a kind of intermediary stage in which temporary

immigrants spend several years before becoming eligible for permanent residency.The U.S.system practically obliges visitors to spend time here without authorization when they''ve married a citizen,gotten a job or done something else that qualifies them to stay legally。

We also could borrow from Europe and create long-term permission to reside for certain migrants that is contingent on simply being employed,not on having a specific job.And,legislation could loosen the definitions of permanent residency so that migrants could gain a lifetime right to live and work in the United States without having to be here(and pay taxes here)more or less continuously。

The idea that newcomers are either saints or sinners is not written indelibly either in our hearts or in our laws.As the size of the unauthorized population has grown over the past20years or so,the political response has dictated seeing immigration policy through the stark lens of law enforcement:

Whom do we lock up,kick out,fence off?Prominent politicians of both parties,including both presidential candidates,have engaged in macho one-upmanship when it comes to immigration.So,President Obama broke records for deportations.Mitt Romney,meanwhile,vows to break records for border security。Breaking out of the either/or mentality opens up many avenues for managing future immigration.It could also help break the stalemate over the current population of unauthorized migrants.No election result will produce a Congress that offers a path to citizenship for everybody,but there is no support for total deportation,either。

If we accept that there are spaces between legal and illegal,then options multiply。

Citizenship could be an eventual outcome for most,not all,people here illegally,but everyone would get some kind of papers,and we can engineer a way for people to work their way from one status to another.The newly arrived and least attached could be granted status for a limited time and receive help with returning to their home countries.Others might be offered life-long privileges to live and work here,but not citizenship.We''d give the fullest welcome to those with homes,children or long time jobs。

By insisting that immigrants are either Americans or aliens,we make it harder for some good folks to come and we oblige others to stay for the wrong reasons.Worse,we ensure that there will always be people living among us who are outside the law,and that is not good for them or us。

Text3

Beyond the Blink

When the Supreme Court announced its decision on the Affordable Care Act last month,the media went wild.The rush to judgment took https://www.sodocs.net/doc/2918409278.html,N and Fox News initially described the decision incorrectly,saying five justices had struck down the law.Even after corrections,the snap analysis that followed wasn’t very helpful.The multipart decision is complex,and its ramifications will take months or even years to understand。

The blink response to this case is only the latest example of a troubling increase in the speed of our reactions.E-mail,social media and the24-hour news cycle are informational amphetamines,a cocktail of pills that we pop at an increasingly fast pace—and that lead us to make mistaken split-second decisions.Economists label the problem“present bias”：we are vulnerable to fast,salient stimulation。

Fortunately,there is an antidote:the conscious pause.Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions,if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react,we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick,hard-wired responses。

For example,countless studies have shown that physicians’immediate, unconscious reactions to racial minorities lead them to undertreat black patients. In one study published in the Journal of General Internal Medicine in2007, researchers asked several hundred doctors about a hypothetical50-year-old male patient who showed up with chest pain.The researchers gave the doctors a photograph of the man,randomly varying his race.Half saw him as white;half saw him as black。

Sure enough,although the doctors insisted they were not racially biased, they were more likely to prescribe thrombolysis,an anti-blood-clotting procedure,for the white patient,while giving the black patient a less-aggressive prescription.The doctors didn’t appear racist,yet their unconscious snap reactions led them to treat blacks differently—the very definition of racism。

However,about one in four of the doctors guessed that the study was designed to test racial bias.They stopped for a moment and considered how they might react differently depending on race.The researchers found that this “aware”subgroup did not treat patients differently.Once they paused to consider whether race was an issue,race was no longer an issue。

Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms;if we are judging whether someone is dangerous,our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react

very quickly,within milliseconds.But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable,studies show,we need at least a minute,preferably five.It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.If we need to understand how nine justices resolved a difficult legal issue,we need even more time。

But snap decisions in reaction to rapid,even subliminal stimuli aren’t exclusive to the interpersonal realm.Sanford DeVoe and Chen-Bo Zhong, psychologists at the University of Toronto,found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read20percent faster,even though reading has little to do with eating.We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we’re doing.Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long。

Yet we can reverse such influences.If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face(one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling)，we can take a moment before buying.If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants,as a study by the economists Bradley Ruffle and Ze’ev Shtudiner shows,we can help screeners understand their biases—or hire outside screeners。

John Gottman,the marriage guru made famous in Malcolm Gladwell’s best-selling book“Blink,”explains that we quickly“thin slice”information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in“thick sliced”long-term study.When Dr.Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together,he invites them to his island retreat for a much longer evaluation:two days,not two seconds。

Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals:primates and dogs can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes.But historically we have spent about12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term。

The beginning of summer is supposed to be the time for us to slow down and take a breath.Go to the beach with a few books.Spend downtime with family. Tune out.But instead of jumping into the swimming pool,we have leapt into a whirlpool of news。

Still,although technology might change the way we react,it hasn’t changed our nature.We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.There are a couple of summer months left,and no time to waste。

Frank Partnoy is a law professor at the University of San Diego and the author of“Wait:The Art and Science of Delay。”

Text4

Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions,if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react,we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick,hard-wired responses。

46.英语二翻译

I can pick a date from the past53years and know instantly where I was, what happened in the news and even the day of the week,I’ve been able to do this,since I was four。

I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs. My mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away neatly. When I think of a sad memory.I do what everybody does-try to put it to one side.

I don’t think it’s harder for me just because my memory is clearer.Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acute or vivid.I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before.I also remember that the musical play Hair opened on Broodway on the same day-they both just pop into my mind in the same way。

47Writing suppose your class is to hold a charity sale for kids in need of help.write your classmates an email to

1)inform them about the details and

2)encourage them to participate100words use LiMing.Don''t write your address。

48Write an essay based on the following chart in your writing,you should

(1)interpret the chart,and

(2)give your comments

You should write about150words。

2013考研英语二真题解析

1.【答案】A(However)

【解析】空前作者讲到“鉴于电子货币的优势,你也许会认为,我们将快速步入非现金社会,实现完全电子支付。”而空后说“真正的无现金社会很可能不会马上到来”这两句话语义是转折的，因此答案A。B.moreover表递进 C.therefore表结果 D.Otherwise表对比

2.【答案】D(around)

【解析】由空格所在句的“but”得知，句子前后是转折关系。事实上,这样的预测已经二十年了,但迄今还没有实现。A.off停止 B.back返回C.over结束，与后文均不构成转折，故答案选D.around出现。

3.【答案】B(concept)

【解析】空格所在的句子意思为例如,1975年《商业周刊》预测电子支付手段不久将“彻底改变货币本身的____”将四个选项带入，能够彻底改变的对象只能是金钱的概念(定义)，而A“力量”,C“历史”,D“角色”，语义都不恰当，并且如果选择role的话，应该是复数roles,因为是金钱的作用不止一个，故答案选B。

4.【答案】D(reverse)

【解析】空格填入的动词跟前面的动词revolutionize(变革)意思上应该是同义替换的，要选择含有变革，彻底改变意思的词汇，四个选项中A.reward奖励B.抵抗C.res ume重新开始，继续，都不合适，只有D选项reverse“颠覆”最为贴切，本句译为“电子支付方式不久将改变货币的定义,并将在数年后颠覆货币本身。”

5.【答案】C(slow)

【解析】根据前面的句意得知，早在1975年就预测了无现金社会将到来，而实际上作者讲到“真正的无现金社会很可能不会马上到来”，因此也得出这种变革是一个缓慢的过程，故答案选择C。 A.silent沉寂的，B.sudden突然的，D.steady稳定不变的。

6.【答案】B(against)

【解析】上一段末句提出本段的论点，即人们进入无现金时代的速度缓慢的原因。因此本段应围绕纸币系统不会消失来阐述。而且由句首的Although得知，空格所在句与前一句是转折关系。尽管电子支付手段可能比纸币支付方式更加高效，然而以下几个方面解释了纸币系统“不会”消失的原因，故答案选B，work against妨碍，对…产生消极影响。A. work for为…而工作 C.work with与…共事，对…起作用 D.work on从事…工作，对…起作用，都不合适。

7.【答案】B(expensive)

【解析】本句陈述的原因都是关于上句提到的传统支付方式的优点，即推广电子支付方式不利之处。所以根据这个基调，得出选项productive不对，最后根据空后的内容推理出消极意思的选项expensive，其他选项意思放到空格处不合理，imaginative，意思是“虚构的、富于想象力的”;sensitive，意思是“敏感的、容易受伤的”。故本题正确答案为B。

8.【答案】D(dominant)

【解析】空格所在句译为...使得电子货币成为____支付方式，将四个选项带入，C,D 是比较恰当的，再结合本文章的主旨，应该选择“占主导地位的，支配地位”这层意思的D 选项。A.similar相似的B.original原始的，独创的,都不合适。

9.【答案】B(provide)

【解析】纸质支票支付能够____收据,这是和电子支付相比的一大优势，A.collect 收集收据，C.copy复印收据，D.print打印收据都和实际生活不符合。应该是B.provi de提供收据。

10.【答案】A(give up)

【解析】该动词短语的宾语是前文的something,指代上文的advantage，纸质支票支付能够提供收据这一优势，肯定是消费者不愿放弃的。和优势相搭配的动词短语不能是B. take over接管，也不能是C.bring back拿回来，D.pass down传递、遗传也不符合。A. give up放弃一种优势，符合语境，为正确答案。

11.【答案】A(before)

【解析】这里考查的是时间连词的应用。句子意思是“在支票兑换成现金之前要花上好几天”，符合句意的只有before，其它三项都不符合。

12.【答案】D(withdrawn)

【解析】这里考查动词辨义。原文句子意思是“资金是从发卡机构的账户里提取的”，withdraw有“提款、取款”的意思，这里是指纸币从银行账户中“被取出”故为正确答案。

13.【答案】C(Because)

【解析】这里考查的是连词的应用。从原文可以看出空后的两个句子在意思上存在着因果关系，“因为电子支付是即付的，所以消除了客户的付款”。四个选项中只有C becau se可以表因果，其他三项均不能表因果。故答案为C。

14.【答案】C(raise)

【解析】这里考查的是动词辨析以及上下文语义衔接。[A]hide“隐藏，隐瞒”，[B]express“表达，表示”，[C]raise“举起，提高，引发”，[D]ease“减轻，缓和”，四个选项中能和concerns构成搭配的只有raise，故正确答案为[C]。

15.【答案】C.(stored)

【解析】这句讲了an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information__________there.“一些黑客入侵电脑数据库并且更改_____信息”根据空前信息可知是入侵电脑数据库，所以information是被储存在电脑数据库中的信息。

16.【答案】C.(uncommon)

【解析】此题考查一致性。空格所在句“The fact that this is not an__16_occurr ence means that…”中this指代上文中that从句的内容，即黑客能够获取电脑数据库和更改储存的信息。因此not an_16_occurrence应该能体现这一行为的特征，而上文提到“W e often hear media reports that…”，其中的often正是对这一行为的特征解释，即no t an__occurrence等于often的含义，对比选项，只有C选项uncommon符合，带入后意为“经常发生的事情”。

17.【答案】A(steal)

【解析】本题缺少谓语动词，通过语法结构可以看出，主语是dishonest persons，并通过后面的其他人的帐户，可以推定为答案是负向的，只有A steal符合题意，语义上也说得通，故为正确答案。

18.【答案】B.(prevention)

【解析】文章最后一段首句谈论电子付费方式的又一个缺陷：会引起安全和隐私问题。接下来就开始解释这个现象。空格所在句提到“对这种欺诈的_18__绝非易事，而且一个新的电脑科学领域正在形成来_19__安全问题。”因此，本句在谈论对问题的解决应对。18空格与19空格所填内容语意上应该是一致的。浏览选项，18空只能选prevention，即防止这种欺诈行为发生并非易事，而C选项manipulation是“操纵”的意思，D选项justificat ion意为“解释，证明……合理”，均不合理。

19.【答案】A.(cope with)

【解析】此空格解释同18空格，应选有“处理，解决”意思的选项，只有A选项cop e with合适。B选项fight against意为“对抗，抵制”，而宾语是security issues，因此不符合。

20.【答案】D.(trail)

【解析】此空所在句提出了使用电子付费方式的又一个担心，即会留下__20_，空格后的定语从句解释了空格内容，即它包含大量个人数据。浏览选项，只有trail符合，意为“痕迹”。B碎片从语义上均说不通，C路径有一定的干扰性，但相比较D而言，痕迹更为合适，故为正确答案

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Text1

21.【答案】A

【解析】第一段第二行指出笑话是关于纺织厂自动化程度的，后一句具体说明了笑话的内容：工厂平均每天只有两个人，一人一狗。人的工作是喂狗，狗的工作是看机器，暗示了工厂所有的生产工作都是由机器自动完成的。因此，这个笑话是用来说明技术进步的影响，故选A。

22.【答案】D

【解析】事实细节题，通过题干“根据第3段，要想成为一个成功的雇员，一个人得……”,我们首先可以定位到文章第三段，由第三段的最后一句话“Therefore,everyo ne needs to find their extra-their unique value contribution that makes them st and out in whatever is their field of employment.”意思是“因此，人人都需要有另外的价值，异于常人的独特价值能够让他们在各自的雇佣市场上脱颖而出。”，我们可以得出，题干中“to be a successful employee”与第三段的最后一句话中的“that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment”是同义替换，“everyone needs to find their extra-their unique value contribution”与D选项中的“contri bute something unique”是同义替换，所以D选项正确。

A、B两个选项与第三段的倒数第二句话意思不符，是干扰选项。C选项与第三段的第

一、二句话意思相反，重点关注的是“But,today,average is officially over.”，意思是“现如今，拥有一般水平不行了。”

23.【答案】B

【解析】根据题干定位到第四段，第一句technology has been eating jobs(技术使工作机会减少)也反映了该段的主旨。而根据题干quotation一词，我们读到引号里有“sh ed workers(解雇工人)”、“roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs-ab

out6million in total-disappeared(大约1/3的手工生产工作机会消失，总计6百万)”，可推断出B选项。

24.【答案】B

【解析】细节题。根据题干reduce unemployment减少失业，可以定位到文章中最后一段，这段出现了与之类似的表达“support employment”促进就业，而题干表述“the most important”与文章“nothing would be more important than”相对应，指出促进就业最重要的是颁布类似于“G.I.Bill”的法案来保障人们接受高等教育的权利，选项C与之吻合，故正确。A项加速信息技术产业变革，C项促进经济全球化，均未提及，故排除。D 项是干扰项，虽提及要颁布更多法案，但颁布法案的目的实际是为了保障教育，故也排除。

25.【答案】C

【解析】该题是主旨大意题，主要考查考生根据文章内容凝练主旨大意的能力。从整个文章的脉络来看，第一段以亚当?大卫森一篇论文中关于现代工厂自动化与仅需要一人一狗两个员工的一则笑话，揭示了科技进步给人们带来的影响。第二三段是科技的进步引起工厂自动化水平提高，普通员工如果没有竞争力和突出优势，就很容易失去工作，因此也对员工提出了更高的要求(extra-unique value contribution)。第四段就是员工只有不断地提高自己的教育水平，才能让自己脱颖而出(to have more and better education to make themselves above average)。最后一段点明主题，average is officially over。由此可见，全文一直在围绕这一宏观主线展开，这一主线也统领全文，所以正确答案为C。

Text2

26.【答案】C(stay in a foreign temporarily)

【解析】词义句意题。根据题干，首先定位到首段末句。在这句中，birds of passag e是前面一句中的1/4的意大利移民的昵称，他们只在美国居住了一段时间，但最终还是返回意大利。A项的内容在首段首句有提及，但是它突出强调的是横跨大西洋的移民，这也是一世纪前的情况，而如今birds of passage可能来自世界各个角落，并非局限于大西洋两岸。B项与段意不符，D项文中未提及。

27.【答案】C(should be adopted to meet challenges)

【解析】推理判断题。根据题干，直接定位到第二段。解题关键可定位到“…,but w e need to change the way we think about categories.We need to look beyond stic k definitions of legal and illegal.To start,we can recognize the new birds of passage,…We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.”大意是“我们需要改变的是关于分类的思考方式，突破合法和非法的严格限制。首先承认短暂移民者的存在，然后解决移民问题面临的挑战。”C项高度总结了以上几点。A项与原文意思不符。B、D项在文中未提及。

28.【答案】D(the freedom to stay and leave)

【解析】事实细节题。根据题干，可定位到第三段。解题关键在于对“They prefer t o come and go as opportunity calls them.They can manage to have a job in one p lace and a family in another.”大意是“他们跟着机会走，来去自如。他们可以在一个地方立业，在另一个地方成家”。强调的是工作机会，而不在乎工作地点。D项是这句意思的高度概括。A项是对原文的片面理解，吸引短暂移民者的不仅仅是来自金钱的激励(finan cial incentives)，还有工作机会和工作理念。B项在文中未提及。C项中的regular jobs (一般工作)在文中未提及，也是对文意的曲解。

29.【答案】C(with legal tolerance)

考研英语阅读真题考研英语二毙考题

2013考研英语阅读真题：考研英语（二）第1篇 In an essay, entitled “Making It in America,” the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton country about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill has only two employees today, “a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog, and the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.” Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession, but it is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers. In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job, could earn an average lifestyle. But, today, average is officially over. Being average just won’t earn you what it used to. It can’t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius.

2017年考研英语二真题及答案解析

2017年考研英语二真题 Section I Use of English Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) People have speculated for centuries about a future without work.Today is no different，with academics，writers，and activists once again 1 that technology is replacing human workers. Some imagine that the coming work-free world will be defined by 2 . A few wealthy people will own all the capital，and the masses will struggle in an impoverished wasteland.. A different and not mutually exclusive 3 holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort，one 4 by purposelessness：Without jobs to give their lives 5 ，people will simply become lazy and depressed. 6 today’s unemployed don’t seem to be having a great time. One Gallup poll found that 20 percent of Americans who have been unemployed for at least a year report having depression，double the rate for 7 Americans. Also，some research suggests that the 8 for rising rates of mortality，mental-health problems，and addicting9 poorly-educated middle-aged people is shortage of well-paid jobs. Perhaps this is why many 10 the agonizing dullness of a jobless future. But it doesn’t 11 follow from findings like these that a world without work would be filled with unease. Such visions are based on the 12 of being unemployed in a society built on the concept of employment. In the 13 of work，a society designed with other ends in mind could 14 strikingly different circumstances for the future of labor and leisure. Today，the 15 of work may be a bit overblown. “Many jobs are boring，degrading，unhealthy，and a waste of human potential，” says John Danaher，a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway. These days，because leisure time is relatively 16 for most workers，people use their free time to counterbalance the intellectual and emotional 17 of their jobs. “When I come home from a hard day’s w ork，I often feel 18 ，” Danaher says，adding，“In a world in which I don’t have to work，I might feel rather different”—perhaps different enough to throw himself 19 a hobby or a passion project with the intensity usually reserved for 20 matters. 1. [A] boasting [B] denying [C] warning [D] ensuring 2. [A] inequality [B] instability [C] unreliability [D] uncertainty 3. [A] policy [B]guideline [C] resolution [D] prediction 4. [A] characterized [B]divided [C] balanced [D]measured 5. [A] wisdom [B] meaning [C] glory [D] freedom 6. [A] Instead [B] Indeed [C] Thus [D] Nevertheless 7. [A] rich [B] urban [C]working [D] educated 8. [A] explanation [B] requirement [C] compensation [D] substitute 9. [A] under [B] beyond [C] alongside [D] among 10. [A] leave behind [B] make up [C] worry about [D] set aside 11. [A] statistically [B] occasionally [C] necessarily [D] economically 12. [A] chances [B] downsides [C] benefits [D] principles 13. [A] absence [B] height [C] face [D] course

自考《英语二》2013年10月真题解析

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