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2009-10 专业英语考试 题库

填空题20-30分
A） Two techniques Freud used for investigating the unconscious were _free association_ and _dream analysis_.
B） The behaviorist believed the majority of all behavior is _learned_ from the _environment_ after birth; and only _observations_ behavior not minds should be studied if Psychology is to be an objective science.
C） Cognitive psychology compares the human mind to a computer, suggesting that we too are _ information processors_ and that it is possible and desirable to study the internal _mental processes_ that lie between the stimuli we receive and the _responses _ we make.
D） Gestalt psychology has the idea of studying _whole units__. However, the humanistic movement developed in USA in the early 1960’s, and the humanist, such as _Maslow_, believed that every individual has the need to _self-actualise_ or reach their potential, and Rogers developed _client-centred_ therapy to help individuals in this process of self actualization.
E） An experiment involves the manipulation of the _independent_ variable to see what effect it has on the _dependent_ variable, while attempting to _control_ the influence of al other extraneous variables. Experiments could be categorized into three types: _laboratory__, _field_, _natural__.
F） Reasons for following includes _achieving goals_, _group identity__, _socialisation__.
G） Hockett 1960 and Aitchison have proposed various design criteria to define language, which involves aspects of its particular _function__, __structure__, and _delivery _.
H） Classical conditioning is connected with learning by _ association__,_and refers to the conditioning of _reflexes__how animals learn to _associate_ new stimuli with innate body _reflexes_ . While Thorndike studies the way cats would learn to escape from his puzzle box by trail __and__error___.
I） Winch 1955 argued that in some cases complementarity___is more important in determining the formation of attraction, ,while Rubin 1973 suggested ___similarity rewarding in attraction because we are more likely to agree with _similar_ people.
I） Besides conforming personality theory 1955, there are social theories of conformity including informational/normative/ingratiational social influence.

名词解释 10-20分
A) Reductionism： it involves explaining a phenomenon by breaking down into its
Constituent parts----analyzing it .Reductionism works on the scientific assumption of parsimony----that complex phenomena should be explained by the simplest underlying principles possible

A) Idiographic approach: The approach of investigating individual in personal ,in-depth,detail to achieve a unique understanding of them.
B) Amnesia :trauma ,either physical or psychological can profoundly affect memory.However,the type of retrieval failure shown (availability or accessibility)depends upon the reason for the amnesia.Even with severe physical damage,unavailability is not gu

aranteed
C) Altruism: helping another person for no reward and even at some cost to oneself
D) Imprinting: rapid attachment and following behavior
E) Homing: returning to home site after short term forays for food ,or the longer term and longer distance journeys involved in migratory behavior .
F) Prevarication: lies,joke,fiction,etc,which is a creation of conversation about things unhappened
G) Foraging: seeking and acquisition of food from the environment
H) Scapegoating theory: frustrating conditions leads to aggression ，and aggression needs to be displaced and blame allocated ，so ascapegoat is found-minority，less powerful，to defend
I) Prejudice: a central attitude toward smething or someone ,not necessarily based on an accurate assessment ,including cognitive,affective and behavioral components

简答 30-40分
A) What are those types of retrieval?
Recall，re-learning，recognition，reconstruction，redintergration，confabulation.

B) What’re availability/accessibility problems of forgetting?
Availability problems:information not stored in long term memory
Accessibility problems:inform "hidden",negative or stressful experiences may actually be less well recalled

C) What’s the role of teacher according to Piaget’s theory? / What are the applications of Piagget’s theory to teachers in education?
As a facilitator
D) What’s the effect of deprivation of attachment in infancy?
Short term effects :1、protest 2、despair 3、detachment

E) What are the reasons for following in collective behavior? (achieving goals; group identity as source of self esteem and comfort; socialization, conforming personality types or norms.)——已有填空题
F) What’s the aims of Milgram’s study of obedience 1963 (to investigate how far people will go in obeying an authority figure. )------改为填空
G) What’s the explanation to aggression according to social learning theory? （Aggression is learnt from the environment through enforcement and process of modeling. Obeservation-imitation-consequences.）------改为填空
H) Use the economic theory to explain the attraction. (exchange theory, attraction depends on the profit=reward – cost; equity theory, attraction seeks fair return of rewards in proportion to initial investment) ——相关名词解释 attraction
F)I) What’s the four mating systems and tactics of sexual reproduction? (polygny, polyandry, monogamy, promiscuity) ------改为填空
G)J)
H)K) Why do psychologists study natural animal behavior? （understand other species，use the same methodology 捅study humans;gain a greater theoretical understanding of human behavior;gain indirect knowledge of human behavior ,)
I)L) ）（以下为6分题目）
J)M) What’sthefunctionofsignals?(feeding,attacking,defence,social,organization,reproduction)
K)N) How might the media violence influence behavior? (negative effects through observational learning ,disinhibition,arousal,desensitization;n

o effect;positive effects through inoculation,catharsis)
L)O) What are the types of power according to Raven? (reward,coercive,referent,legitimate,expert,informational power)
M)P) What are the gender roles?
(masculine,dominant and aggressive;feminine,passive and nurturing;androgynous .A mixture of masculine and feminine)
论述题 10-15
(A)Why psychology is not a pseudo science? （answer it in both English and Chinese）(1我们 do not or cannot know the reasons我们的行为，并且心理学赶上了许多counter-intuitive findings 2。心理学史宇宙中most complex subjects，有so many variables.3.心理学包含了许多philosophical，practical，and ethical problems)
? (B)Why Psychology is a science?
It has a subject matter：
It has good theories and hypotheses
It has scientific mehtodology:
Whthin a paradigm
Hypotheses are dilivered
From theories
To be tested in scientific ways
Against the world/reality
To support or refute those theories
描述题 6-10
(A)Please draw the standing graph of the different approaches in psychology according to the nature-nurture debating.（第一排写the standing graph of the different approaches in psychology 第二排左边nature 右边 nurture 中坚双指向线 最下面 biopsychology psychoanalysis cognitive psychology humanism behaviourism）
(B)Who is Piaget? He was zoologist，involved in development of intelligence tests。But later，hew as interested in the kind of mistake that children make at different ages
(C)Thorndike’s puzzle box.
Cats had to emit the response of pulling the string inside the box to release the catch on the door to provide escape.Time to escape decreased with each trial .

(D)The development of the self.
Self /knower, knower /self concept/self image,self esteem ,ideal self /body image ,categorical self, psychological self
(E)Show the breakdown of attraction. P130
Factors leading to breakdown of relationships/physical environment /inter-personal factors /individual factors/social environment /social skills/confilict/processes involving the breakdown of relationships
(F)Show the difference between group and crowd. P112
(G)Show the factors determining the strength of influence according to social impact theory of Latane 1981?
Example列举题目
N)Q) Why there is parental care of offspring? Set an example. (Oysercatcher and shellfish-high intra-species competition/penguins in antarctic-harsh physical environment/herbivorous mammals-high inter-species competition)
O)R) Set 4 examples of PRODUCTIVITY in experiments of teaching language to primates. (finger bracelet for a ring;call a swan as "water bird green banana for a cucumber;dirty toilet")
P)S) What are the four modes of signal? Set an example for each. ( sound signal:dolphins transmit information through murky water /chemical signal:ants' trail following or dog marking territory/visual signals:squids different color patterns )
S)V) What’s the inter-species

advantages of living in group when defending predators? Set two example.(1.Increase vigilance,starling escape from hawks;2dilution,penguins simultaneously junp into the sea in a large group to secape to that tiger seal could only catch one or two;3coordinated escape tacics,tight swarming and explosion of fish 4.Selfish herding, zebra on the inside of sizable group could survive 5.Coordinated defence,circular defensive pattern of musk oxen against wolves )
T)W) What’s the inter-species advantages of living in group when foraging/hunting? Set two example(1.Location of food :through the communication dance of honeybee 2increase capture rate;3 increase capture size,lions hunt adult buffalo 4.Increase capture defence,hyenas protect antelope from other carnivores like lion or other hyenas)

图式填空题
Please fill in the blanks according to information shown in each figure. (2*20=40)


A.