语用学重要术语英汉对照解释
语用学重要术语英汉对照解释
Adjacency pair: 相邻对A sequence of two utterances by different speakers in conversation. The second is a response to the first, e.g., question-answer.
Background entailment: 背景蕴涵Any logical consequence of an utterance.
Commissive: 承诺句A speech act in which the speaker commits himself or herself to some future action, e.g. a promise.
Content conditions: 内容条件In order to count as a particular type of speech act, an utterance must contain certain features, e.g. a promise must be about a future event.
Conversational implicature: 会话含义An additional unstated meaning that has to be assumed in order to maintain cooperative principle, e.g. if someone says “The President is a mouse”, something that is literally false, the hearer must assume the speaker means to convey more than is being said.
Declaration: 宣告句A speech act that brings about a change by being uttered, e.g. a judge pronouncing a sentence.-
Dexis: 指示 “Pointing” via language, using a deictic expression, e.g. “this”, “here”.
Directive: 指令句A speech act used to get someone else to do something, e.g. an order.
Discourse analysis: 话语分析The study of language use with reference to the social and psychological factors that influence communication.
Dispreferred: 不期待The structurally unexpected next utterance as a response, e.g. an invitation is normally followed by an acceptance, so a refusal is dispreferred.
Entailment: 蕴涵 Something that logically follows from what is asserted.
Expressive: 表达句A speech act in which the speaker expresses feelings or attitudes, e.g. an apology.
Face: 面子A person’s public self-image.
Felicity conditions: 恰当条件 The appropriate conditions for a speech act to be recognized as intended.
Generalized conversational implicature: 一般性会话含义 An additional unstated meaning that does not depend on special or local knowledge.
Honorific: 敬语 Expression which marks that the addressee is of higher status.
Illocutionary force: 言外之力 The communicative force of an utterance.
Insertion sequence: 插入系列 A two part sequence that comes between the first and second parts of another sequence in conversation.
Manner Maxim: 方式准则 One of the maxims, in which the speaker is to be clear, brief, and orderly.
Maxim: 准则One of the four sub-principles of the cooperative principle.
Particularized conversational implicature: 特殊会话含义An additional unstated meaning that depends on special or local knowledge.
Performative verb: 行事动词A verb that explicitly names the speech act, e.g. the verb “promise” in the utterance “I promise to be there”.
Perlocutionary act: 以言成事 The effect of an utterance used to perform a speech act.
Person deixis: 人称指示 Forms used to point ot people, e.g. “me”, “you”.
Pragmatics: 语用学 The s
tudy of speaker meaning as distinct from word or sentence meaning.
Preferred: 期待的 The structurally expected next utterance used in a response.
Preparatory conditions: 准备条件Specific requirements prior to an utterance in order for it to cont as a particular speech act.
Presupposition: 前提Something the speaker assumes to be the case.
Projection problem: 映射问题The problem of the presupposition of a simple structure not surviving when part of a more complex structure.
Quality maxim: 质量准则One of the maxims, in which the speaker has to be truthful.
Quantity maxim: 数量准则One of the maxims, in which the speaker has to be neither more nor less informative than is necessary.
Reference: 照应An act by which a speaker uses a word, or words, to enable a listener to identify someone or something.
Relation maxim: 相关准则One of the maxims, in which the speaker has to be relevant.
Representative: 阐述句A speech act in which the speaker states what is believed or known, e.g. an assertion.
Sincerity conditions: 诚意条件Requirements on the genuine intentions of a speaker in order for an utterance to count as a particular speech act.
Social deixis: 社会指示Forms used to indicate relative social status.
Speech act: 言语行为An action performed by the use of an utterance to communicate.
Textual function: 篇章功能The use of language in the creation of well-formed text.
Turn-taking: 轮换The change of speaker during conversation