英语(基础)复习资料

英语（基础）复习资料

product attribute产品的属性distribution channel 分销渠道maximum effectiveness 最大的有效性sales promotion 促销活动personal selling人员推销inventive tools 激励工具buying allowance 购买折扣corporate-identity materials 有关公司的宣传材料product life cycle 产品生命周期retailer, wholesaler 零售商,批发商audiovisual material 视听材料

joint venture 合营nontariff barrier 非关税壁垒industrial structure 产业结构income distribution 收入分配boycott 联合抵制raw-material-exporting economy 原料出口型经济

industrial economy 工业化经济joint ownership 合资经营

repurchase behavior 重新购买行为total customer value 总客户价值customer delivered value 消费者让渡价值customer loyalty 消费者忠实度market challenger 市场挑战者

market nicher 市场补缺者front attack and flank attack 正面进攻和侧翼进攻gobble up firms of its own size 吞掉同样大小的企业senior employees and junior employees 高级职员和普通职员exempt employee 无补贴职员personnel management 人事管理skill shortage 技术短缺application and performance of knowledge 知识的应用和绩效competitive advantage 竞争优势work force diversity 劳工的多样性global labor force全球劳动力储备库strategic HR planning 人力资源战略规划unemployment insurance system失业保险制定job analysis 职务分析job description 职务说明书career development programs 职务生涯开发计划recruitment and decruitment 招聘和减员validity and reliability 有效性和可靠性biodata 个人信息on-the-job training and off-the-job training 在岗培训和脱产培训establishment stage 立业阶段promotability forecast 晋升可能性预测work mobility 工作流动性skills inventories 技术储存career paths 职业生涯路径base wages and salary 额外津贴wage and salary add-ons 附件工资unpaid leave 无偿歇假paid time-off 有偿休假dole out bonuses 发放奖金legally required benefits 法定福利be familiarized with the organization’s objectives, policies, philosophy and procedures 熟悉组织的目标,方针,理念和工作步骤knowledge economy and globalization 知识经济和全球化

1.Modern marketing does more than developing a good product, setting the fairest price, choosing the most effective distribution channels, it also calls for companies to inform their customers about product benefits and position the product in customer’s mind.现代营销不仅需要开发一种好的产品,设定最合理的价格,选择最有效的分销渠道,它还要求企业向消费者传播产品的好处,并在消费者心中定位企业的产品.

2.Advertising, known as a common paid media like print or broadcast, is aiming at informing, persuading or reminding buyers. 广告，如印刷或广播，作为最普遍的有偿媒介，主要是起到通知﹑说服和提醒消费者的作用。

3.Different countries vary greatly in their geographic, demographic, economic and cultural factors, which led to different needs and wants, product preference, and purchasing patterns. 不同的国家在地理﹑人口﹑经济﹑文化方面都存在着很大差异。这就导致了不同的需求和欲望，产品偏好以及购买方式。

4.If a company is proficiency in exporting and if the overseas market is large enough, foreign-based facilities offer many advantages, such as lower costs in the form of cheaper labor or raw materials.

5.To win in today’s fiercely competitive marketplace, companies must be customer-oriented---they must deliver superior value to their target customers and do a better job of meeting and satisfying customer needs than their competitors do. 为了在今天激烈竞争的市场中获胜, 公司必须以消费者为导向, 它们必修向目标消费者传递超级价值并且比其竞争对手更好地满足消费者需求.

6.The lower price the company charges, the higher the delivered value of its offer will be, therefore, the higher the customer’s incentive to purchase from the company.公司的定价越低,其产品的让渡价值越高,因此消费者购买公司的产品的激励就越大.

7.If the product’s performance matches or exceeds expectations, the customers are satisfied, otherwise, they are dissatisfied.如果产品的性能达到或超过购买者的期望,消费者会感到满意,否则他们会对产品感到不满意.

8.Today, companies that generate customer value profitably always track their customer’s expectations, perceived company performance and customer satisfaction.今天创造消费者价值并盈利的公司总是追踪消费者的期望,发觉公司业绩与消费者的满意感.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/328178769.html,panies today have no choice but adopt quality concept effectively serve customer if they want to stay in the race, let alone be profitable. 今天的公司且不说盈利,单单想使自己不被淘汰出去,除了运用质量观念有效地服务于消费者,此外别无选择.

10.In order to be forewarned and forearmed, the company needs to know the relative importance that a competitor focuses on current profitability, market share growth, cash flow, technological leadership and service leadership.为了事先进行警戒和武装,公司需要了解一个竞争对手如何对目前盈利﹑市场份额增长﹑现金流﹑技术领先和服务领先这几方面的相对重要性做出权衡的.

11.HRM emphasizes the common benefits of management and employees in profitability of the

enterprise.人力资源管理强调管理层和员工通过企业的盈利而共同受益.

12.Both task and organizational conditions should be created to facilitate the full realization of individual’s potential.应创造出能充分发挥个人潜能的工作及组织环境.

13.Managers should constantly be alert to change, aware of the opportunities and threats so as to maintain the flexibility in quick reaction to challenges. 为了保持对挑战作出快速反应的灵活性,经理必须对变化保持警惕,并且能察觉到机遇和威胁. 14.The major challenges in HRM in the years to come can fall into three categories: environmental challenges, organizational challenges and individual challenges.人力资源管理所面临的主要挑战有三种:环境挑战﹑组织挑战及个人挑战.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/328178769.html,placency in HR practices may hinder a firm’s ability to tackle the challenges.在实行人力资源管理中采取一种自负的态度会影响公司应付挑战的能力.

16.One result brought by the knowledge-based global economy is that the traditional concept of production has changed from high volume to high value. 以知识为基础的全球经济带来的一个结果就是传统生产观念由高产量向高价值转变.

17.The greater one’s capacity for learning and building knowledge, the greater his or her likelihood of enjoying continuing success.个人获得知识,巩固知识的能力越大,他获得持久成功的可能性越高.

18.It is incumbent upon organizations to help their employees to apply their knowledge and skills to best effect.组织有责任帮助员工充分利用已有知识及技能,并使其产生最佳成效.

19.Since it is not always possible to know beforehand if a HR tactic will meet its objectives, sometimes a periodic evaluation seems necessary.由于谁也无法预知人力资源战术能否实现其目标,有时一段时期的评估也是必要的.

20.3M requires that at least 25% of its annual sales come from products introduced over the previous five years, a goal it often exceeds by a comfortable margin. 3M公司要求至少年销售额的25%来自近五年引入市场的产品,企业经常会大幅度超额完成目标.

21.3M’s “release time” program, in which workers are given time off during the regular workday to pursue their own interests, is given credit for the creation of new products that management would not have thought of by itself. 3M公司的自由时间计划即工人可以在正常的工作时间内发展自己的兴趣,该计划因促进管理层本身难以想到的新产品的产生而受到称赞.

22.In the long run, hiring the best-qualified candidates makes tremendous difference to the organization’s effectiveness and bottom-line performance. 从长远来讲,雇佣最合格的应征者会为企业的效能以及最低绩效带来巨大的变化. 23.Orientations serve to reduce the initial anxiety of new employees, facilitate the outsider-insider transition and identify the employees with the team. 导向活动能帮助减轻新员工初来乍到的那种焦虑感,给他们提供一个由外向内的过渡过程,并且使他们与整个公司融为一体.

24.It goes without saying that a highly motivated, psychologically well-adjusted employee is of great value to a company. 不用说具有高度自主和心理调节机制的员工对企业来说具有很大的价值. 25.As job demands change, employee skills have to be altered and updated. 随着工作要求的变化,员工的技术技能也需要不断地变化和更新.

26.Planned training is a deliberate intervention designed to bring about the necessary learning to improve performance on the job. 有计划培训是指有意地介入以便引入必要的学习来提高工作效能.

27.More and more organizations use creativity training as a means of tapping their employees’innovative potential. 越来越多的公司开始用创造性培训来激发他们员工的潜能.

28.Job rotation involves moving people around on a systematic basis in order to broaden their experience. 工作轮换是系统地调整改换人们的工作来拓宽他们的经验.

29.With the downsizing of organizations and restructure of the skill composition, managers are forced to shrink the size of their workforce. 随着企业降低规模和技术含量的重组,管理者不得不减小劳动力规模.

30.In the information age, companies will compete more on their workers’knowledge, skills, and innovation levels than on the basis of labor costs or manufacturing capacity. 在信息时代,企业更多地竞争其工人的知识,技术以及革新水平,而不是劳动力成本或是生产能力.

31.Midcareer is the time when a person’s performance may continue to improve, level off or begin to deteriorate. 职业生涯中间阶段是个人绩效或持续增长,或原地不动或下降的阶段.

32.Designing and implementing an effective development program requires some creative decision making on the part of managers.设计和执行有效的开发计划要求管理者具有独创的决策能力

33. A career path presents the steps in a possible career and a plausible timetable to accomplish them. 职业生涯路径提供潜在职业生涯的步骤和用来实现其步骤的可行时间表.

34.Ideal appraisal is future-oriented and able to provide employees with useful feedback and coaches them to higher level of performance. 完美的评估是面向未来的,而且能够给员工提供有益的反馈信息,并引导他们做得更好.

小学1-6年级英语基础知识汇总

【第一部分】 基础知识 1.字母：26 个字母的大小写 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 2.音标：48 个音标 3.词汇：词汇量，近反义词 4.句子：大小写，标点符号 【第二部分】 语法知识 一.名词：名词单复数，名词的格 (一)名词单复数 1.一般情况，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats,bed-beds 2.以s. x. sh. ch 结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes,watch-watches

3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y 为i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries 4.以“f或fe”结尾，变f 或fe 为v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives 5.不规则名词复数： man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese 不可数名词的复数就是原型：paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea shirt (二)名词的格 (1)有生命的东西的名词所有格： a)单数后加’s如: Lucy’s ruler my father’s b)以s 结尾的复数名词后加’如: his friends’ bags c)不以s 结尾的复数后加’s children’s shoes l 并列名词中，如果把’s加在最后一个名词后，表示共有, 如:

研究生-基础综合英语-单词整理

Unit1 1.semiliterate:a.semi-educated;having only an elementary level of reading and writing ability半文盲的，有初等文化的semi-:half or partly 2.dropout:n.a personwho leavesschool before finishing a course（尤指中学的）退学学生 3.do-gooder:n.sb.who does things that they think will help other people,although the other people might not find their actions helpful一个总是试着帮助别人的人（通常是贬义）；不实际的社会改革家（指幼稚的理想主义者，支持善心或博爱的事件的改革者） 4.impediment:n.obstacles,barriers妨碍，阻止，阻碍，阻挡 5.trump card:anything decisiveheld in reservefor useat a critical time王牌 6.charmer:n.a personwho hasgood qualities that make you like him/her讨人喜欢的人，有魅力的人，有迷惑力的人（尤指迷人的女人） 7.get by:to be able to deal with a situation with difficulty,usually by having just enoughof sth.you need,suchas money过得去 8.settledown:to becomequiet and calm（使）安静下来；平息 9.flunk:v.to fail an exam or courseof study不及格 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/328178769.html,posure:n.calmnessandcontrol平静；镇静；沉着 11.parade:n.a seriesof peopleor things that appearone after the other 12.at stake:to be won or lost;risked受到威胁，面临危险 13.sail:v.to move quickly and effortlessly投入 14.testimony:n.spokenor written statementthat sth.is true证词，证明 15.conspiracy:n.act of joint planning of a crime阴谋，共谋 16.doom:v.to makesb.or sth.certain to do or experiencesth.unpleasant注定 17.follow through:to continue a stroke,motion,plan,or reasoningthrough to the end 将动作、计划等进行到底 18.I flunked my secondyearexamsandwas lucky not to be thrown out of college. 19.The managementdid not seemto consideroffice safetyto be a priority. 20.Thousandsof lives will be at stake if emergency aid does not arrive in the city soon. 21.I think therewas a conspiracy to keep me out of the committee. Unit2 1.propose:v.[to sb.]to aska personto marry one提亲；求婚 2.knockoff:n.a copy or reproduction of a designetc.esp.one madeillegally假货；赝品 3.Windex:v.to clean with a kind of detergentby the brand of Windex用Windex牌清洁剂清洗 4.takethe plunge:to take a decisive first step,commit oneself irrevocably to a course of action冒险尝试 5.bridesmaid:n.a girl or unmarried woman attending the bride at a wedding女傧相；伴娘 6.maid of honor:a principal bridesmaid女傧相

小学英语基本知识点汇总

个性化教学辅导教案 学员姓名：任课教师：所授科目：英语

一般疑问句：Be 主语其它。 如：-Are you a student -Yes. I am. / No, I'm not. 非凡疑问句：疑问词一般疑问句。如：Where is my bike 2.行为动词的变化。 否定句：主语don't( doesn't ) 动词原形( 其它)。如： I don't like bread. 当主语为第三人称单数时，要用doesn't构成否定句。如： He doesn't often play. 一般疑问句：Do( Does ) 主语动词原形其它。如： - Do you often play football - Yes, I do. / No, I don't. 当主语为第三人称单数时，要用does构成一般疑问句。如： - Does she go to work by bike - Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't. 动词s的变化规则 1．一般情况下，直接加-s，如：cook-cooks, milk-milks 2．以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾，加-es，如：guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes 3．以“辅音字母y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：study-studies 用括号内动词的适当形式填空。 1. He often ________(have) dinner at home. 2. Daniel and Tommy _______(be) in Class One. 3. We _______(not watch) TV on Monday. 4. Nick _______(not go) to the zoo on Sunday. 5. ______ they ________(like) the World Cup 6. What _______they often _______(do) on Saturdays 7. _______ your parents _______(read) newspapers every day 8. The girl _______(teach) us English on Sundays. 9. She and I ________(take) a walk together every evening. 10. There ________(be) some water in the bottle. 11. Mike _______(like) cooking. 12. They _______(have) the same hobby. 13. My aunt _______(look) after her baby carefully. 14. You always _______(do) your homework well. 15. I _______(be) ill. I’m staying in bed. 16. She _______(go) to school from Monday to Friday. 17. Liu Tao _______(do) not like PE. 18. The child often _______(watch) TV in the evening. 19. Su Hai and Su Yang _______(have) eight lessons this term. 20. －What day _______(be) it today －It’s Saturday 三、现在进行时 1.现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。 2.现在进行时的肯定句基本结构为be+动词ing. 3.现在进行时的否定句在be后加not。 4.现在进行时的一般疑问句把be动词调到句首。 5．现在进行时的非凡疑问的基本结构为： 疑问词不达意be 主语动词ing 但疑问词当主语时其结构为： 疑问词不达意be 动词ing 动词加ing的变化规则

英语语法基础入门

英语基础语法知识（一） 第一节词类和句子成分 一、词类 能够自由运用的最小语言单位叫词。根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作的分类叫词类（parts of speech）。 英语的词通常分为十大类，即名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词、介词、连词和感叹词。现分别叙述如下： （一）名词 名词(noun)是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。例如： foreigner外国人 soap 肥皂Newton牛顿 law 法律freedom自由peace和平 英语名词可分为两大类： < 1。普通名词(common noun)是某一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如： teacher教师 market市场rice大米 magazine杂志sound声音production生产 2。专有名词(proper noun)是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。专有名词的第一个字母必须 大写。例如： Hemingway海明威 Russia 俄罗斯 New York 纽约 United Nations联合国 名词又可分为可数名词(countable noun)与不可数名词(uncountable noun)两种。可数名词有单、复数之分。绝大多数名词的复数形式的构成是在单数名词的后面加-s或-es。例如： shop→shops商店 bus→buses 公共汽车 library→libraries图书馆

toy→toys玩具leaf→leaves树叶 英语中有一些名词的复数形式是不规则的。例如： man→men男人tooth→teeth牙齿datum→data数据 有关名词复数形式构成的具体规则，请参阅有关的英语语法书。 （二）冠词 冠词(article)放在名词之前，帮助说明该名词所指的对象。冠词分为不定冠词(indefinite article)和定冠词(definite article)两种。 不定冠词为a/an，用在单数名词之前，表示某一类人或事物的“一个”。a用在以辅音开头的名词之前，an用在以元音开头的名词之前。例如： a hotel 一家旅馆 a chance 一次机会 a double room一个双人间 a useful book一本有用的书 an exhibition一次展览an honest man一个诚实的人 冠词只有一个，既the，表示某一类人或事物中特定的一个或一些。可用于单数或复数名词前，也可用于不可数名词前。例如： · the TV programs那些电视节目 the house那座房子 the Olympic Games奥运会 （三）代词 代词(pronoun)是用来指代人或事物的词。代词包括： 1。人称代词，如：I, you, they, it等； 2。物主代词，如：my, his, their, our, mine, hers等； 3。反身代词，如：myself, yourself, itself, ourselves, oneself等； 4。相互代词，如：each other, one another等； 5。指示代词，如：this, that, these, those, such, same等；

研究生基础综合英语复习范围

第一单元 妨碍impediment初等文化者semiliterate中途,缀学dropout空想家do-gooder有魅力charmer 钢铁般steely 使不及格flunk 冷静compose 游行parade 阴谋conspiracy 证词，证言testimony 学术生涯academic life 危险at stake 度过get by 坚持follow through 安定settle down 毕业证书diploma 王牌trump card 1. This research seems to lend some validity （有力的）to the theory that the drug might cause cancer. 2」n a number of developing countries ,war has been an additional impediment （障碍）to progress . 3. A nthe was about to play her trump card （王牌卡），without her sig nature none of the money could be released . 4.1 flunked （挂科）my second year exams and was lucky not to be thrown out of college . 5.1 did not want to lose my composure （镇静）in front of her . 6. The man ageme nt did not seem to con sider office safety to be a priority （优先） 7. For three hours a committee of state sen ators liste ned to a parade （一系歹U） of local reside nts givi ng their opinions. 8. Thousa nds of lives will be at stake （在危机关头）if emerge ncy aid does not arrive in the city soon. 9. Brierley's book has the merit（优点）of being both information and readable . 10.1 think there was a conspiracy （阴谋）to keep me out of the committee . 1、Our youngest ,a world-class charmer ,did little to develop his intellectual talents but always get by . Un it Mrs Stifter. 我的小儿子是个世界级的万人迷，学习不怎么动脑筋却总能蒙混过关，知道施蒂夫特夫人当 了他的老师，这种局面才彻底改变。 2、Of average intelligenee or better ,they eventually quit school ,concluding they were dumb to finish . 这些学生的智力水平至少也算中等，但最终都退学了，他们总结说自己太笨了，学不下去了。 3、No one seems to stop to think that —no matter what environments they come from —most kids do not put school first on their list uni ess they perceive someth ing is at stake, They had rather be saili ng. 似乎没有人停下来想想看，无论孩子们来自何种环境，他们当中大多数若不是发现情况到了 危急关头，才不会把功课当作头等大事呢，他们宁可混日子。 4、Young people gen erally do not have the maturity to value educati on in the same way my adult stude nts value it. 年轻人往往不够成熟，不能够像我的成人学生们那样去重视教育。 5、It is an expressi on of con fide nee by both teachers and pare nts that the stude nts have the ability to lear n the material prese nted to them .

人教部编版小学英语1到6年级十大基础语法知识总结

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in表示在大地方;表示“在…范围之内”。 on表示毗邻，接壤，“在……上面”。 to表示在……范围外，不强调是否接壤;或“到……” (2)above,over,on在……上 above指在……上方;over指垂直的上方,与under相对,但over 与物体有一定的空间，不直接接触;on表示某物体上面并与之接触。 Thebirdisflyingabovemyhead. Heputhiswatchonthedesk. (3)below,under在……下面;under表示在…正下方;below表示在……下，不一定在正下方 Thereisacatunderthetable.Pleasewriteyournamebelowtheline (横线). (4)infrontof,inthefrontof在……前面 infrontof…意思是“在……前面”，指甲物在乙物之前，两者 互不包括;Therearesomeflowersinfrontofthehouse.(房子前面有些 花卉。) inthefrontof意思是“在…..的`前部”，即甲物在乙物的内 部.Thereisablackboardinthefrontofourclassroom. (5)beside，behind beside表示在……旁边 behind表示在……后面 情态动词用于肯定猜测 1.must用于肯定句，表示较有把握的推测，意为“准是，一定”。后面接动词原形，表示对现在的推测。如： -I'vehadnosleepfor48hours.我已经48小时没睡觉了。

【9A文】研究生基础综合英语课后答案汇总-附词汇

Unit1对F的赞美 1今年将有好几万的十八岁青年毕业，他们都将被授予毫无意义的文凭。这些文凭看上去跟颁发给比他们幸运的同班同学的文凭没什么两样。只有当雇主发现这些毕业生是半文盲时，文凭的效力才会被质疑。 2最后，少数幸运者会进入教育维修车间——成人识字课程，我教的一门关于基础语法和写作的课程就属于这种性质。在教育维修车间里，高中毕业生和高中辍学生将学习他们本该在学校就学好的技能，以获得同等学力毕业证书。他们还将发现他们被我们的教育体系欺骗了。 3在我教课的过程中，我对我们的学校教育深有了解。在每学期开始的时候，我会让我的学生写一下他们在学校的不快体验。这种时候学生不会有任何写作障碍！“我希望当时有人能让我停止吸毒，让我学习。”“我喜欢参加派对，似乎没人在意。”“我是一个好孩子，不会制造任何麻烦，于是他们就让我考试通过，及时我阅读不好，也不会写作。”很多诸如此类的抱怨。 4我基本是一个空想社会改良家，在教这门课之前我将孩子们的学习能力差归咎于毒品、离婚和其他妨碍注意力集中的东西，要想学习好就必须集中注意力。但是，我每一次走进教室都会再度发现，一个老师在期望学生全神贯注之前，他必须先吸引学生的注意力，无论附近有什么分散注意力的东西。要做到这点，有很多种办法，它们与教学风格有很大的关系。然而，单靠风格无法起效，有另一个办法可以显示谁是在教室里掌握胜局的人。这个办法就是亮出失败的王牌。 5我永远也忘不了一位老师亮出那张王牌以吸引我的一个孩子的注意。我的小儿子是个世界级的万人迷，学习不怎么动脑筋却总能蒙混过关。直到施蒂夫特夫人当了他的老师，这种局面才彻底改变了。 6当她教我儿子英语时，我儿子是一个高中高年级学生。“他坐在后排和他的朋友说话。”她告诉我。“你为什么不把他换到前排来？”我恳求道。我相信令他难堪的做法会让他安心学习。施蒂夫特夫人从眼睛上方冷冷地看着我。“我不会换高年级学生的座位。”她说，“我会给他们不及格的成绩。”我大感紧张。我们儿子的学习生涯在我的眼前闪现。之前，没有老师以此威胁过他。我恢复镇定，艰难地表示我认为她是对的。到家时，我对此感觉良好。目前这是一种激进的做法，但是，嗯，为什么不这么做呢？“她要给你不及格。”我告诉我的儿子。我没有再多说什么。突然英语就在他的生活中成了头等大事。他期末得了一个A。 7我知道一个例子不能说明问题，但我在夜校中看见了一群愤怒、怨恨的学生，他们愤恨的原因是学校让他们一路混，直到他们甚至都无法再假装跟得上。这些学生智力水平至少也算中等，但最终都退学了，他们总结说自己太笨，学不下去了。我最常听见的话是：“我本应该被留级。”更悲哀的是那些高中毕业生在上课几周后对我说：“我都不知道自己是怎么拿到高中文凭的。”

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5.不规则名词复数： man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese 不可数名词的复数就是原型：paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea (二)名词的格 (1) 有生命的东西的名词所有格： a) 单数后加’s 如: Lucy’s ruler my father’s shirt b) 以s 结尾的复数名词后加’如: his friends’bags c) 不以s 结尾的复数后加’s children’s shoes l并列名词中，如果把’s加在最后一个名词后，表示共有, 如: Tom and Mike’s car 汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车 l要表示所有物不是共有的，应分别在并列名词后加’s Tom’s and Mike’s cars 汤姆和麦克各自的小汽车 (2)表示无生命东西的名词通常用“of +名词”来表示所有关系：如: a picture of the classroom a map of China 第二部分：语法知识② 二.冠词：不定冠词，定冠词种类： (1)不定冠词：a / an a unit / an uncle 元音开头的可数名词前用an : an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress / an e-mail / an address / an event / an example / an opera / an houran old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson / (2)定冠词：the the egg the plane 2. 用法:

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小学英语基础知识汇总(总12 页) -CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1 -CAL-本页仅作为文档封面，使用请直接删除

第一章名词 一、名词可分为：1.专有名词和普通名词 2.可数名词和不可数名词 1.专有名词和普通名词 1）专有名词：是指特定的人、地方、事物、机构的专有名称。开头的字母必须大写。如：Tom, Martin, Shenzhen, Hong Kong, China, Sunday, October, Chinese等。 2）普通名词：是指不属于特定的人名、地名、事物、概念的名词都是普通名词。 它分为四类：个体名词、集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词。 ①个体名词：用来表示单个的人或事物。如：hospital, policeman, house, tree, cat, dog 等。 ②集体名词：用来表示一群人或一些事物的总称。如：family, class, group, people, police, army等。 ③物质名词：表示无法分为个体的物质。如：water, air, tea, sugar, butter, rice等。 ④抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质或其他抽象概念。如：happiness, health, life, manners, love等。 2.可数名词和不可数名词 1）可数名词：一般地说，个体名词和集体名词是可以计数的，所以称之为可数名词，有单数和复数形式。如： a city---two cities a bird---three birds a book---ten books 可数名词复数形式的构成：

研究生基础综合英语课后翻译

研究生基础综合英语课 后翻译 集团标准化工作小组 #Q8QGGQT-GX8G08Q8-GNQGJ8-MHHGN#

研究生基础综合英语课后翻译 Unit1 textA P22 1.我基本是一个空想社会改良家，在教这门课之前我将孩子们的学习能力差归咎于毒品、离婚和其他妨碍注意力集中的东西，要想学习好就必须集中注意力。 2.我的小儿子是个世界级的万人迷，学习不怎么动脑筋却总能蒙混过关。直到施蒂夫特夫人当了他的老师，这种局面才彻底改变了。 3.但我在夜校中看见了一群愤怒、怨恨的学生，他们愤恨的原因是学校让他们一路混，直到他们甚至都无法再假装跟得上。 4.这些学生智力水平至少也算中等，但最终都退学了，他们总结说自己太笨，学不下去了 5.似乎没有人停下了想想看，无论孩子们来自何种环境，他们当中大多数若不是发现情况到了危急关头，才不会把功课当做头等大事呢。他们宁可混日子。 6.年轻人往往不够成熟，不会像我的成人学生们那样重视教育 7.这表明老师和家长都对学生有信心，相信他们能够学好发给他们的学习材料。UNIT 2 TEXT B 1.Why do some adults who have had bad experiences decide to kill my happiness with nasty remarks instead of just saying congratulations. 为什么几个有过不幸经历的成年人非要说那些难听的话来扼杀我的幸福，而不是就送上几句祝福呢 2. I know all about the heartache :that children can strain a marriage ,that money issues can blow up ,that a couple can lose their connection ,that job stress can take a toll and that changing and growing older can aid in the dissolution of what once was real love.