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英语2016年新课标高考卷考纲解读及历年高考试题对比分析

英语2016年新课标高考卷考纲解读及历年高考试题对比分析
英语2016年新课标高考卷考纲解读及历年高考试题对比分析

英语

一、2016高考全国卷改革背景

二、3年高考说明对比

最新的2016年高考考试大纲中,有关英语科目的考试要求、考试形式以及试卷结构与2015年考纲内容基本一致,而较之2014年,则有三方面的变化:首先,阅读理解题从要求考生“根据上下文推断生词的词义”变更为“根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义”,这一变化体现了高考中对考查考生理解推断能力的扩展和加强;其次,语法填空题要求填写所需内容的词数要求,由“不多于3个单词”变化为“1个单词”,这意味着考生需更加准确地把握语境内容以及选用恰当的词汇进行作答;最后,词汇量由2500~3500变化为3000~3500,这一变化要求考生需尽量多地掌握考纲要求词汇。

? 全国I 卷阅读稳定为主的趋势;

? 全国II 卷阅读在话题、难度比例方面有调整的需求—话题日常化、A 、B 篇难度下调,七选五试题选材更符合命题规范、话题更生活化,以避免15届命题的不规范现象。

细节理解 词义推测 推理判断 主旨大意

细节理解 推理判断 主旨大意 词义猜测

15

9

3

2

? 同:近三年全国课标 I 卷完形填空侧重记叙文体裁,只有一次为纯粹的议论文体裁。以考查名词和动词为主,虚词仅考查了一次连词。

? 异:15届完形填空体现几方面的突破:选材常用国外网站几年前的文章、选项表意优先,长短其次。

2 2

6 6 3

2

3

4

6

3

2

1

6

2 2 2 2 2

1 1 1 1

?难度、主要考点保持稳定的趋势;

?形式为短文体的趋势;

?文体为记叙文的趋势;

?较多提示词控制难度的趋势;

?考点轮动(主谓一致、名词单复数、比较级)的趋势。

? 材料贴近考生学习生活,用学生习作改编的趋势;

? 通过减少高级考点的考查数量和难度以提升得分率的趋势;

? 考点轮动(从句轮动热点:定语、状语从句,非谓语动词轮动热点:不定式、过去分词)的趋势。

1 1

2 2 1 1 1 2 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

书面表达:

?同:上表显示,近三年全国课标I卷书面表达都为书信体,话题为学生所熟悉,不做开放性要求。含有一定正能量的生活类话题。提示较为具体,便于考生展开。

四、高考备考策略

从2015年高考英语各卷总体上说是令人耳目一新的,与2014年的高考题相比难度值有一定的增加,个别省份的高考英语平均分甚至比2014年下降了10分左右。现结合一些实例和同学们谈谈如何进行2016年英语备考。

(一)注重“双基”,夯实基础

今年10月我应邀去一所中学给学校的高三学生进行高考英语备考讲座,并与20多名高中英语教师对学生进行英语学情诊断。大多数学生给我提了这么一个问题:“如何在高考英语中取得理想的分数?”我的回答是重视“双基”,夯实基础。所谓的“双基”是指基础知识和基本能力。英语的基础知识包括语音、词汇和语法,基本能力涉及听、说、读、写。那么,如何去夯实基础呢?

1. 重视课本的学习

认真精读必修1至必修5这五册书所有的课文。英语水平较好的同学要精读选修6至选修9中的课文。人民教育出版社一位编辑曾私下和我讲过,现行的高中英语教材其实根本没有必要有“选修”和“必修”之分,选修教材应该是指那些“文秘英语”“计算机英语”“英美文学选读”等。

“精读”是相对“泛读”而言的,精读课文须做到理解课文中每一句的含义,掌握课文中的基本句型,弄懂文章中出现的语法现象。由于写作能力建立在阅读能力的基础上,因此,精读课文是高中英语学习、高考英语备考的重中之重,离开了精读课文的学习犹如无源之水,高考备考的深度、广度以及效度无从谈起。

2. 四种技能,常练不懈

我的一个好朋友,翻译家杨先生认为,听、说、读、写这四种技能是相辅相成、互相制约的,如果听说能力不行,读写的水平也不会高到哪里去。由于工作关系,我经常去学校听课,经过观察,发现一个特点:凡是重视听说读写语言能力培养的学校,英语教学成绩往往很出色。在笔者工作的城市有一所外国语学校,闻名遐迩,该校无论是初中还是高中英语教学均有一个惯例,每堂课的头几分钟总是安排学生上讲台用英语做一个performance(表演),即使到了高三也照常进行。据该校的英语老师介绍,他们之所以常年坚持让学生进行performance,其目的是为了让学生对英语保持一种持续不断的良好感觉。说得多好!要想高考英语取得好成绩,学生必须要对英语保持良好的感觉,这种感觉便是语感,也是一种“assurance(把握)”,语感和安全感能使考生进入考场时产生信心和定力。这种对语言的良好感觉光靠做题是难以炼就的,必须通过听说读写多管齐下才能达到。当然,每个人对语言保持良好感觉的渠道是不一样的。有的人通过看英美影视剧,有的人通过收听英语广播,如BBC, VOA;另一些人通过阅读英文报纸,如China Daily,21st Century-Teens 等等。

3. 注重语言知识的积累

据广西的一个文科状元介绍,她在阅读时十分注意从文章里摘抄好词好句,建立自己的“Vocabulary Bank(词汇库)”,通过亲手抄写的这些语料会逐渐内化为语言能力,在书面表达时会产生笔下生花、信手拈来的美妙效果。

(二)有效学习语法

有人说:“没有词汇则没有英语,没有语法则没有正确的英语。”这句话说明语法的重要性。2014年的高考英语全国卷取消了以单纯考查语法知识为主的“单项选择”题,取而代之的是以语篇为载体的语法填空题。这种变化说明,语法学习不但没有弱化,反而得到了进一步加强。把语法知识放在语篇里考是因为命题者想突出语言学习的灵活性和情境性。由此得知,过去那种光靠背语法规则,不注重语法在不同语境中的特殊性是行不通了。

有一次,我到某所示范性高中听了一节语法课,讲的是被动语态。课后,我请班上一位同学给我造一个里面包含有“过去分词”的句子。这位同学造的句子是这样的:I went to see a film yesterday. 听了这个句子,我判断这个同学的英语语法定有不少缺失,不明白过去分词和动词的过去式的区别。对于动词不定式、动名词和现在分词的形式及用法,她很有可能也是模糊不清的。举例来说,如果有一道语法填空题是这样,她答错的机率是较大的:When __________ (ask) how much money he earned every month, he felt rather embarrassed. 此题正确答案是asked,相当于When he was asked,原题包含有省略句成分,过去分词可以表被动,恰好可以这么用。这个例子说明,高考英语语法的考查目标十分清楚:在语境中考查学生活用语法的能力。过去那种在“单项选择”题中四选一的考法背离了语言测试的原则。因此,同学们要多注意通过阅读在语境中自然习得语法。

(三)要充满智慧地对待英语词汇学习

英语词汇是英语学习中最重要的元素,词汇量的大小与英语学习的质量密切相关。遗憾的是,许多同学到了高三仍没有掌握词汇学习的要领,花在上面的时间虽然不少,词汇学习效率异常低下。无疑,低效率的词汇学习在一定程度上给自己带来了挫败感,总感觉在英语学习上信心严重不足。“得词汇者得英语学习的天下”,这句话一点不夸张。那么,我们究竟该如何学习英语词汇呢?北京四中特级教师李俊和的观点很务实,操作性很强。

李俊和老师认为,初中英语词汇是“四会”,高中英语词汇是“一会”。所谓“四会”是指词汇的音、形、义、用(法),意思是说初中的词汇掌握必须要涉及这四个方面。高中英语词汇“一会”是指词义掌握是关键,因为高中英语学习中阅读的比重很大,如果词义不明会严重影响对文章的理解。举例来说,curiosity, explanation, characteristics 等词的学习重点应先放在词义的记忆上,因为在阅读中遇见这些词的机率很大,在写作中用这些词可能性不大,对这些词的形状只要记个大概,“混个脸熟”即可。李老师的观点揭示了这么一个道理,词汇可分“阅读词汇”和“写作(听说)词汇”,分清词汇的不同功能,好钢用在刀刃上,词汇学习才能事半功倍。

(四)扎实提高阅读理解能力

与其说高考阅读理解题是考查考生的阅读理解能力,不如说是检测考生的思维品质。阅读能力的提高除了多读,“精读”与“泛读”结合(按1:3的比例,读一篇精读文章要配合读三篇泛读文章)之外,还要注意以下三点:

1. 扩大知识面

我有一次去一所高中听课,问一位学生的市高考模拟考试中的“完形填空”题考得怎样,她高兴地告诉我,由于在考前阅读了《读者》杂志上一篇内容和风格类似的文章,她在答题时觉得特别顺手。近年来的高考英语阅读理解文章大多是考生闻所未闻的内容。例如2013

年高考英语全国卷阅读理解A篇讲的是一个医生驾驶飞机的经历,这种内容并不贴近学生的生活实际,因此,理解文章的内容需要理性的分析和判断。

2. 思维的训练

一些考生常为阅读理解分数提不上去而苦恼。其实,阅读理解的质量与思维品质有关。如果思维障碍没有消除,阅读质量难有显著提升。广东省教研室高中英语教研员、高考备考专家黄自成老师认为,所谓的训练是指逻辑概念的训练。学生只有具体明白了自己阅读时在哪个地方存在思维障碍,才能对症下药,找出解决问题的钥匙。在这里需要特别强调的是,如果你连什么是因果关系、并列关系、转折关系、递进关系都弄不明白,那么做阅读理解题,特别是新题型“七选五”会遇到不少麻烦。

3. 在理解文章方面要下苦功夫

有一次在给学生进行学法指导时,一个学生提了这么一个问题:“老师,文章我读懂了,为什答题时还错那么多呢?”我给了这个学生直言不讳的回答:“因为文章你没有真正读懂。”

阅读理解能力有三层。具体说来,考生要有read the lines(读字面意思),read between the lines(读字里行间意思)和read beyond the lines(读弦外之音)的能力。今年10月,我去一所重点高中听了一节有关阅读理解“七选五”的研究课。这节课上,授课教师结合实例介绍了不少解题技巧。课后,我问班上英语成绩最好的一个学生她记得了多少条解题技巧,她独树一帜地认为理解文章内容本身是最关键的。这个学生多么聪明!我敢肯定,她今年的高考英语成绩一定会不俗。

(五)用心改善写作水平

学无定法、贵在有法、有心得法。用心改善英语写作水平须做到以下几点:

1. 请老师面批,找同学润色

拿出自己的最高水平,认真写一篇作文,请你的老师面批,并诊断你的写作方面存在的问题,同时请老师提改进建议。每次写完作文之后在上交之前尽量找班上一个英语成绩比你好的同学帮你润色,proof-reading(纠错)。

2. 掌握5种基本句型

坦诚地说,我不太赞同“在作文中多用高级词汇、高级句子”的观点。相反,“Simplicity is above everything else(简约至上)”倒是我比较推荐的,高级的表达方式应建立在简单、准确的基础上。大约20多年前,我听了广西桂林中学张宝文老师的一节写作训练课,至今还印象深刻,原因是他结合5种基本句型给学生进行了有效的写作训练。

3. 把字写好

最近微信上广泛流传一个英语书写的案例:河北衡水高中的学生的英语书写十分整齐、漂亮,这与他们的英语老师在批阅学生作文时非常细致,甚至对学生不规范的英语字母书写都要细纠有关,这着实令我们深思。如果字写得不好,的确影响阅卷教师的判分。在高考英语阅卷中,不少阅卷老师“依字给分”,这实属正常现象,无可厚非!

这其中的道理在这里自不必赘述。有一次,一个朋友带他的儿子来我的办公室,让我帮助诊断他的英语学情。我让他的儿子抄写几个句子给我看看。我发现那几句话虽然工整,但不够美观。我建议朋友的小孩练练字,他说还有两个月就高考,来不及了。我明白他在找借

口,便自己示范,在一张白纸上也抄写那几个句子,并具体告诉他,他的字不好看原因在哪里,同时向他详细说明单词之间的距离应该是多少(1个字母A的宽度),单词的倾斜度是45度,行间距多大适宜,字母应该怎么写才漂亮。小伙子见我如此认真,心服口服,同意每天抽15分钟练字。结果他那年高考英语取得了135分的高分,被一所著名大学录取。

关于把字写好还有一个事例。我发现某年公布的高考英语满分作文中竟然有11个地方有明显语法错误,有些错误居然是硬伤。我在见到负责改广西高考试卷的李老师时当面问他这是怎么回事,他回答说那篇作文的字实在写得太漂亮了。这个例子说明,高考阅卷教师由于每天的阅卷任务繁重,看到字迹工整漂亮的,很可能会“以貌取人”,这实属人之常情。同学们,高考竞争如此激烈,“1分压倒一个军”,如果你因为字迹潦草被扣了几分,从优秀档次降至良好档次,甚至一般,你输得起吗?!

(六)无论是学习还是复习都要讲究规范

笔者曾采访过广西英语单科状元以及教过她的英语老师周老师,请她们谈谈感想。据周老师介绍,这个同学刚开始时有些骄傲,自视英语成绩较好,上课经常不听课,自己搞自己的。在有一次面批她的作文和讲解试卷时,周老师发现她的许多不规范之处以及缺漏。例如,英语功力很好,但语法不成体系,在做完形填空和阅读理解题时,过分依靠感觉,相信“人品爆发(注:学生中的流行说法,如果考得好便是人品爆发好)”,没有根据科学的规范在文章中寻找依据。周老师的耐心及学科素养令这位同学折服,从此她很认真听老师的课,终于取得骄人的成绩。我还特意专门把这个单科状元叫到桂林市教科所了解她成功的方法,她只告诉我一点:听老师的话。她的观点印证了周老师对学生的规范是科学有效的。

(七)在身边寻找英语学习的贵人

英语学习需有贵人相助。这贵人便是身边老师和同学。你的英语老师一般要教两个班,100人左右。尽管他们责任心很强,教学水平较高,但我们不能苛求老师能照顾到每个学生的英语学习。这时,只要我们环顾四周,就能发现班上有若干名老师的“助教”或“小先生”。我们如果向他们请教问题往往会得到满意的结果。实践证明,同学对某个问题的解释往往更容易听懂、消化,原因在于同学的认知水平与自己相近。

语言学习有交互性,不能靠单打独斗。“学习金字塔理论”认为,与他人讨论和教别人学习,其retention rate(保留率)能达到70%以上。广西的一位高考理科状元的成功经验很好地诠释了这一点。据这位状元的班主任、英语老师介绍,这个同学经常下了课或放学后留在教室里解答同学们提出的各种学习问题。这种做法与“学习金字塔理论”一致,效果自然显著。

2013年天津高考英语真题(含答案)(校对版)

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2 / 18

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