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耶鲁大学教授给研究生的建议

Always Prepare for the Worst.

Some of the greatest catastrophes in graduate education could have been avoided by a little intelligent foresight. Be cynical. Assume that your proposed research might not work, and that one of your faculty advisers might become unsupportive - or even hostile. Plan for alternatives.

Nobody cares about you.

In fact, some professors care about you and some don't. Most probably do, but all are busy, which means in practice they cannot care about you because they don't have the time. You are on your own, and you had better get used to it. This has a lot of implications. Here are two important ones:

1. You had better decide early on that you are in charge of your program. The degree you get is yours to create. Your major professor can advise you and protect you to a certain extent from bureaucratic and financial demons, but he should not tell you what to do. That is up to you. If you need advice, ask for it: that's his job.

2. If you want to pick somebody's brains, you'll have to go to him or her, because they won't be coming to you.

You Must Know Why Your Work is Important.

When you first arrive, read and think widely and exhaustively for a year. Assume that everything you read is bullshit until the author manages to convince you that it isn't. If you do not understand something, don't feel bad - it's not your fault, it's the author's. He didn't write clearly enough.

If some authority figure tells you that you aren't accomplishing anything because you aren't taking courses and you aren't gathering data, tell him what you're up to. If he persists, tell him to bug off, because you know what you're doing, dammit.

This is a hard stage to get through because you will feel guilty about not getting going on your own research. You will continually be asking yourself, "What am I doing here?" Be patient. This stage is critical to your personal development and to maintaining the flow of new ideas into science. Here you decide what constitutes an important problem. You must arrive at this decision independently for two reasons. First, if someone hands you a problem, you won't feel that it is yours, you won't have that possessiveness that makes you want to work on it, defend it, fight for it, and make it come out beautifully. Secondly, your PhD work will shape your future. It is your choice of a field in which to carry out a life's work. It is also important to the dynamic of science that your entry be well thought out. This is one point where you can start a whole new area of research. Remember, what sense does it make to start gathering data if you don't know - and I mean really know - why you're doing it?

Psychological Problems are the Biggest Barrier.

You must establish a firm psychological stance early in your graduate career to keep from being buffeted by the many demands that will be made on your time.If you don't watch out, the pressures of course work, teaching, language requirements and who knows what else will push you around like a large, docile molecule in Brownian motion. Here are a few things to watch out for:

1. The initiation-rite nature of the PhD and its power to convince you that your value as a person is being judged. No matter how hard you try, you won't be able to avoid this one. No one does. It stems from the open-ended nature of the thesis problem. You have to decide what a "good" thesis is. A thesis can always be made better, which gets you into an infinite regress of possible improvements.

Recognize that you cannot produce a "perfect" thesis. There are going to be flaws in it, as there are in everything. Settle down to make it as good as you can within the limits of time, money, energy, encouragement and thought at your disposal.

You can alleviate this problem by jumping all the explicit hurdles early in the game. Get all of your course requirements and examinations out of the way as soon as possible. Not only do you thereby clear the decks for your thesis, but you also convince yourself, by successfully jumping each hurdle, that you probably are good enough after all.

2. Nothing elicits dominant behavior like subservient behav ior. Expect and demand to be treated like a colleague. The paper requirements are the explicit hurdle you will have to jump, but the implicit hurdle is attaining the status of a colleague. Act like one and you'll be treated like one.

3. Graduate school is only one of the tools that you have at hand for shaping your own development.Be prepared to quit for awhile if something better comes up. There are three good reasons to do this.

First, a real opportunity could arise that is more productive and challenging than anything you could do in graduate school and that involves a long enough block of time to justify dropping out. Examples include field work in Africa on a project not directly related to yo ur PhD work, a contract for software development, an opportunity to work as an aide in the nation's capital in the formulation of science policy, or an internship at a major newspaper or magazine as a science journalist.

Secondly, only by keeping this option open can you function with true independence as a graduate student.If you perceive graduate school as your only option, you will be psychologically labile, inclined to get a bit desperate and insecure, and you will not be able to give your best.

Thirdly,if things really are not working out for you, then you are only hurting yourself and denying resources to others by staying in graduate sc hool.There are a lot of interesting things to do in life besides being a scientist, and in some the job market is a lot better. If science is not turning you on, perhaps you should try

something else. However, do not go off half-cocked. This is a serious decision. Be sure to talk to fellow graduate students and sympathetic faculty before making up your mind.

Avoid Taking Lectures - They're Usually Inefficient.

If you already have a good background in your field, then minimize the number of additional courses you take. This recommendation may seem counterintuitive, but it has a sound basis. Right now, you need to learn how to think for yourself. This requires active engagement, not passive listening and regurgitation.

To learn to think, you need two things: large blocks of time, and as much one-on-one interaction as you can get with someone who thinks more clearly than you do.

Courses just get in the way, and if you are well motivated, then reading and discussion is much more efficient and broadening than lectures. It is often a good idea to get together with a few colleagues, organize a seminar on a subject of interest, and invite a few faculty to take part. They'll probably be delighted. After all, it will be interesting for them, they'll love your initiative - and it will give them credit for teaching a course for which they don't have to do any work. How can you lose?

These comments of course do not apply to courses that teach specific skills: e.g., electron microscopy, histological technique, scuba diving.

Write a Proposal and Get It Criticized.

A research proposal serves many functions.

1. By summarizing your year's thinking and reading, it ensures that you have gotten something out of it.

2. It makes it possible for you to defend your independence by providing a concrete demonstration that you used your time well.

3. It literally makes it possible for others to help you. What you have in mind is too complex to be communicated verbally - too subtle, and in too many parts. It must be put down in a well-organized, clearly and concisely written document that can be circulated to a few good minds. Only with a proposal before them can they give you constructive criticism.

4. You need practice writing. We all do.

5. Having located your problem and satisfied yourself that it is important, you will have to convince your colleagues that you are not totally demented and, in fact, deserve support. One way to organize a proposal to accomplish this goal is:

a. A brief statement of what you propose, couched as a question or hypothesis.

b. Why it is important scientifically, not why it is important to you personally, and how it fits into the broader scheme of ideas in your field.

c. A literature review that substantiates (b).

d. Describe your problem as a series of subproblems that can each be attacked in a series of small steps. Devise experiments, observations or analyses that will permit you to exclude alternatives at each stag

e. Line them up and start knocking them down. By transforming the big problem into a series of smaller ones, you always know what to do next, you lower the energy threshold to begin work, you identify the part that will take the longest or cause the most problems, and you have available a list of things to do when something doesn't work out.

6. Write down a list of the major problems that could arise and ruin the whole project. Then write down a list of alternatives that you will do if things actually do go wrong.

7. It is not a bad idea to design two or three projects and start them in parallel to see which one has the best practical chance of succeeding. There could be two or three model systems that all seem to have equally good chances on paper of providing appropriate tests for your ideas, but in fact practical problems may exclude some of them. It is much more efficient to discover this at the start than to design and execute two or three projects in succession after the first fail for practical reasons.

8. Pick a date for the presentation of your thesis and work backwards in constructing a schedule of how you are going to use your time. You can expect a stab of terror at this point. Don't worry - it goes on like this for awhile, then it gradually gets worse.

9. Spend two to three weeks writing the proposal after you've finished your reading, then give it to as many good critics as you can find. Hope that their comments are tough, and respond as constructively as you can.

10. Get at it. You already have the introduction to your thesis written, and you have only been here 12 to 18 months.

Manage Your Advisors.

Keep your advisors aware of what you are doing, but do not bother them. Be an interesting presence, not a pest. At least once a year, submit a written progress report 1-2 pages long on your own initiative. They will appreciate it and be impressed.

Anticipate and work to avoid personality problems. If you do not get along with your professors, change advisors early on. Be very careful about choosing your advisors in the first place. Most important is their interest in your interests.

Types of Theses.

Never elaborate a baroque excrescence on top of existing but shaky ideas. Go right to the foundations and test the implicit but unexamined assumptions of an important body of work, or lay the foundations for a new research thrust. There are, of course, other types of theses:

1. The classical thesis involves the formulation of a deductive model that makes novel and surprising predictions which you then test objectively and confirm under conditions unfavorable to the hypothesis. Rarely done and highly prized.

2. A critique of the foundations of an important body of research. Again, rare and valuable and a sure winner if properly executed.

3. The purely theoretical thesis. This takes courage, especially in a department loaded with bedrock empiricists, but can be pulled off if you are genuinely good at math and logic.

4. Gather data that someone else can synthesize. This is the worst kind of thesis, but in a pinch it will get you through. To certain kinds of people lots of data, even if they don't test a hypothesis, will always be impressive. At least the results show that you worked hard, a fact with which you can blackmail your committee into giving you the doctorate.

There are really as many kinds of theses as their are graduate students. The four types listed serve as limiting cases of the good, the bad, and the ugly.Doctoral work is a chance for you to try your hand at a number of different research styles and to discover which suites you best: theory, field work, or lab work. Ideally, you will balance all three and become the rare person who can translate the theory for the empiricists and the real world for the theoreticians.

Start Publishing Early.

Don't kid yourself. You may have gotten into this game out of your love for plants and animals, your curiosity about nature, and your drive to know the truth, but you won't be able to get a job and stay in it unless you publish. You need to publish substantial articles in internationally recognized, refereed journals. Without them, you can forget a career in science. This sounds brutal, but there are good reasons for it, and it can be a joyful challenge and fulfillment.Science is shared knowledge. Until the results are effectively communicated, they in effect do not exist. Publishing is part of the job, and until it is done, the work is not complete.You must master the skill of writing clear, concise, well-organized scientific papers. Here are some tips about getting into the publishing game.

1.Co-author a paper with someone who has more experience. Approach a professor who is working on an interesting project and offer your services in return for a junior authorship. He'll appreciate the help and will give you lots of good comments on the paper because his name will be on it.

2. Do not expect your first paper to be world-shattering. A lot of eminent people began with a minor piece of work. The amount of information reported in the average scientific paper may be less than you think. Work up to the major journals by publishing one or two short - but competent - papers in less well-recognized journals. You will quickly discover that no matter what the reputation of the journal, all ed itorial boards defend the quality of their product with jealous pride - and they should!

3.If it is good enough, publish your research proposal as a critical review paper. If it is publishable, you've probably chosen the right field to work in.

4. Do not write your thesis as a monograph. Write it as a series of publishable manuscripts, and submit them early enough so that at least one or two chapters of your thesis can be

presented as reprints of published articles.

5. Buy and use a copy of Strunk and White's Elements of Style. Read it before you sit down to write your first paper, then read it again at least once a year for the next three or four years. Day's book, How to Write a Scientific Paper, is also excellent.

6. Get your work reviewed before you submit it to the journal by someone who has the time to criticize your writing as well as your ideas and organization.

Don't Look Down on a Master's Thesis.

The only reason not to do a master's is to fulfill the generally false conceit that you're too good for that sort of thing. The master's has a number of advantages.

1. It gives you a natural way of changing schools if you want to. You can use this to broaden your background. Moreover, your ideas on what constitutes an important problem will probably be changing rapidly at this stage of your development. Your knowledge of who is doing what, and where, will be expanding rapidly. If you decide to change universities, this is the best way to do it. You leave behind people satisfied with your performance and in a position to provide well-informed letters of recommendation. You arrive with most of your PhD requirements satisfied.

2. You get much-needed experience in research and writing in a context less threatening than doctoral research. You break yourself in gradually. In research, you learn the size of a soluble problem. People who have done master's work usually have a much easier time with the PhD.

3. You get a publication.

4. What's your hurry? If you enter the job market too quickly, you won′t be well prepared. Better to go a bit more slowly, build up a substantial background, and present yourself a bit later as a person with more and broader experience.

Publish Regularly, But Not Too Much.

The pressure to publish has corroded the quality of journals and the quality of intellectual life. It is far better to have published a few papers of high quality that are widely read than it is to have published a long string of minor articles that are quickly forgotten. You do have to be realistic. You will need publications to get a post-doc, and you will need more to get a faculty position and then tenure. However, to the extent that you can gather your work together in substantial packages of real quality, you will be doing both yourself and your field a favor.

Most people publish only a few papers that make any difference. Most papers are cited little or not at all. About 10% of the articles published receive 90% of the citations. A paper that is not cited is time and effort wasted.Go for quality, not for quantity. This will take courage and stubbornness, but you won't regret it. If you are publishing one or two carefully considered, substantial papers in good, refereed journals each year, you're doing very well - and you've taken time to do the job right.

Acknowledgements Thanks to Frank Pitelka for providing an opportunity, to Ray Huey for being a co-conspirator and sounding board and for providing a number of the comments presented here, to the various unknown graduate students who kept these ideas in circulation, and to Pete Morin for suggesting that I write them up for publication.

Some Useful References.

Day, R.A. 1983. How to write and publish a scientific paper. 2nd ed. iSi Press, Philadephia. 181 pp. wise and witty.

Smith, R.V. 1984. Graduate research - a guide for students in the sciences. iSi Press, Philadelphia. 182 pp. complete and practical.

Strunk, W. Jr, and E.B. White.1979. The elements of style. 3rd Ed. Macmillan, New York. 92 pp. the paradigm of concision.

耶鲁大学的著名校友

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/393832002.html, 立思辰留学360介绍，耶鲁为美国演艺圈输送了大批光彩照人的明星和艺术家，有戏言说“耶鲁培养出的奥斯卡奖比诺贝尔还多”。中最为中国观众熟悉的是以主演《苏菲的选择》和《克莱默夫妇》而两度夺取奥斯卡奖的梅里尔·斯特里普，以及曾凭借《暴劫梨花》《沉默的羔羊》分别荣获第六十一届、第六十四届奥斯卡最佳女演员的朱迪福斯特，还有曾主演《美国X档案》和《搏击俱乐部》的爱德华·诺顿，以及《X档案》中的男主角大卫·杜楚尼，和克莱尔·丹丝、朱丽叶·哈里斯、保罗·纽曼、山姆·沃特斯顿、亨利·温克勒、Jennifer Beals、等。此外，耶鲁1929级毕业生保罗·梅隆出于对艺术的无比崇尚和热爱，成立了耶鲁英国艺术中心，捐赠他本人多年收藏的名画及其他珍品，使该中心成为美国最大的英国艺术博物馆。剧作家伊莱亚·卡赞是美国著名导演和作家，毕业于耶鲁戏剧学院。他以导演《推销员之死》、《欲望号街车》赢得声誉，影片《绅士们的商议》和《滨水区》为他赢得奥斯卡奖。立思辰留学介绍，耶鲁曾培养出一大批杰出的中国留学生，包括容闳、詹天佑、颜福庆、马寅初、晏阳初、李继侗、杨石先、施汝为、陈嘉、王家楫、高尚荫、唐耀、杨遵仪、应开识、封诚、林璎、沈南鹏等等。其中，容闳是第一位取得美国大学学士学位的中国人，更是中国历史上第一位留学生。在美国历史上，有5位总统毕业于耶鲁：威廉·霍华德·塔夫脱、杰拉尔德·鲁道夫·福特，乔治·布什、比尔·克林顿、乔治·W·布什。所以，耶鲁素有“总统摇篮”之称。教员之间经常开的玩笑就是：“一不小心，你就会教出一个总统来。” 除了总统之外，它还培养了众多美国政坛众多璀璨夺目的领袖人物：如美国国务卿希拉里·克林顿、美国副总统切尼（虽然辍学，但也出身耶鲁）、民主党总统候选人克里和利伯曼、美国司法部长约翰·戴

耶鲁大学介绍(英文版)

Yale University Yale University comprises three major academic components: Yale College (the undergraduate program), the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and the professional schools. In addition, Yale encompasses a wide array of centers and programs, libraries, museums, and administrative support offices. Approximately 11,250 students attend Yale. You are invited to view an illustrated timeline of Yale’s history in addition to reading the brief overview on this page Yale’s roots c an be traced back to the 1640s, when colonial clergymen led an effort to establish a college in New Haven to preserve the tradition of European liberal education in the New World. This vision was fulfilled in 1701, when the charter was granted for a school “wherein Youth may be instructed in the Arts and Sciences [and] through the blessing of Almighty God may be fitted for Publick employment both in Church and Civil State.” In 1718 the school was renamed “Yale College” in gratitude to the Welsh merchant Elihu Yale, who had donated the proceeds from the sale of nine bales of goods together with 417 books and a portrait of King George I. Yale College survived the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) intact and, by the end of its first hundred years, had grown rapidly. The nineteenth and twentieth centuries brought the establishment of the graduate and professional schools that would make Yale a true university. The Yale School of Medicine was chartered in 1810, followed by the Divinity School in 1822, the Law School in 1824, and the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in 1847 (which, in 1861, awarded the first Ph.D. in the United States), followed by the schools of Art in 1869, Music in 1894, Forestry & Environmental Studies in 1900, Nursing in 1923, Drama in 1955, Architecture in 1972, and Management in 1974. International students have made their way to Yale since the 1830s, when the first Latin American student enrolled. The first Chinese citizen to earn a degree at a Western college or university came to Yale in 1850. Today, international students make up nearly 9 percent of the undergraduate student body, and 16 percent of all students at the University. Yale’s distinguished faculty includes many who have been trained or educated abroad and many whose fields of research have a global emphasis; and international studies and exchanges play an increasingly important role in the Yale College curriculum. The University began admitting women students at the graduate level in 1869, and as undergraduates in 1969.

二〇一〇届本科生获得推荐免试攻读硕士学位研究生资格...

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前40%内的具体排名方式由院（系）自行制定，并公布实施。专项计划的推免方案由相关部门或定向委培的单位制定。二、推荐程序学校成立推荐工作领导小组，由学校有关领导任组长，教务处、研究生院、纪检监察室、学生处、校团委、教授代表等为小组成员。各院系推荐小组负责组织本单位的推荐工作。 1.院系制定推免实施细则（包括院系遴选领导小组、遴选条件、专业分配指标和排名方法及优先推免项目、各项目优先等次等），推免实施细则公示，并报学校审核通过后执行。 2.院系公布学生排名。 3.符合推荐条件的学生先向院、系提出申请；各院、系推荐小组（由院长或系主任、主管教学院长或系主任、本科生导师，书记和辅导员等人员组成，凡与被考核者有直系亲属关系者，必须回避）依据公布的排名等额确定推荐名单、公示名单，并报学校。 3.学校公示，并报教育主管部门推荐名单经校推免生遴选工作领导小组审核通过后公示。公示时间不少于教育主管部门的要求。 4.获得推免资格的同学按教育主管部门规定进行报名、志愿填报等工作。三、推荐的名额学校推荐的名额不得超过国家教育部下达的限额数，各院系具体分配名额见当年的推荐文件。专项计划名额按专项要求进行分配或选拔。 2

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美国耶鲁大学和哥伦比亚大学环境绩效指数（EPI）在环境可持续发展指标体系(ESI）的基础上，2006年，研究者们发布了环境绩效指数（EPI）。环境绩效指数的两个总体目标是环境健康和生态系统活力，环境健康评估人类免于自然环境危害的绩效，生态系统活力评估生态系统保护和自然资源管理的绩效。两个总目标被进一步分为9个大类（环境政策优先解决问题），包括空气质量、森林、渔业、和气候和能源等，9个大类下面是20个由国家层面的数据通过计算和统计形成的指标指标。

关于做好2020年推荐优秀应届本科毕业生免试攻读硕士研究生

关于做好2019年推荐优秀应届本科毕业生免试攻读硕士研究生工作的通知按照《教育部办公厅关于做好2019年推荐优秀应届本科毕业生免试攻读研究生工作的通知》（教学厅〔2018〕10号）文件要求，根据《上海理工大学推荐优秀应届本科毕业生免试攻读硕士研究生实施办法》（上理工〔2015〕77号文）的有关规定，为做好我校2019年应届本科毕业生推荐免试为硕士研究生（以下简称为“推免生”）工作，现就有关事项通知如下：一、推荐对象凡属于国家普通全日制本科招生计划录取的2019年应届毕业生（不含第二学士学位、专升本学生、委培生、定向生）并符合以下条件者均可成为推荐对象： 1.具有高尚的爱国主义情怀和集体主义精神，社会责任感强，遵纪守法，诚实守信，模范遵守校纪校规，在校期间未受任何处分； 2．学习成绩优秀，学术研究兴趣浓厚，创新意识、创新能力较强，专业素养良好。第一至第六学期修读课程的累计平均绩点在3.00及以上；成绩排名原则上在专业前50%。 3．英语国家六级（CET6）等级考试成绩达到425分及以上，外语专业学生通过国家专业外语四级及以上考试； 4．身体健康。二、推荐遴选原则 1文档收集于互联网，已整理，word版本可编辑.

1.各学院在推荐时要牢固树立质量意识，进一步完善全面考查、综合评价、择优选拔的推免生评价体系和工作机制。坚持德智体全面衡量，以德为先，把考生思想品德考核作为推免生遴选的重要内容和录取的重要依据，思想品德考核不合格者不予推荐录取；突出科研创新能力考核，既要注重学生学习成绩、一贯表现，也要加强对考生科研创新潜质和专业素质能力的考核，考查学生综合分析能力、实验动手能力、科研创新潜质、专业能力、组织协调能力和合作精神。原则上学业成绩占综合考评分的比例不低于75%。 2.在数学、物理、电子、机械设计竞赛和全国大学生挑战杯大赛中获得全国、市级奖项者，根据获奖情况，可适当放宽基本推荐条件；本科阶段入伍并荣立三等功及以上者，按学校相关文件执行。学院要将学生在本校就读期间有服兵役情况、参加志愿服务、到国际组织实习等情况纳入推免生遴选指标体系。三、推荐名额教育部下达给我校的2019年推荐免试生名额共190名。依据教育部主动对接国家发展战略，对一流学科、前沿学科、基础学科及国家发展急需的相关学科给予重点支持的文件精神，按照各学院2015级学生数和我校以工科为主，理学、经济学、管理学、文学协调均衡发展、特色显著的办学目标，各学院向学校推荐免试生的计划名额如下：能源与动力工程学院16名，光电信息与计算机工程学院33名，管理学院36名，机械学院17名， 2文档收集于互联网，已整理，word版本可编辑.