Argument模板

开头段（Conclusion－Evidence or Assumption－Flaw）

Merely based on unfounded assumption and dubious (suspicious) evidence, the statement draws a conclusion that_____. To substantiate (support) the conclusion, the arguer points out evidence that_____. In addition, he indicates that_____. Furthermore, he cites the result of a recent survey in support of this recommendation. At first glance, the author’s argument appears to be somewhat convincing, but further reflection reveals that it omits some substantial concerns that should be addressed to substantiate the argument. In my point of view, this argument suffers from N logical flaws.

结尾段

To sum up, this arguer fails to substantiate its claim that_____, because the evidences cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. To make the argument more convincing, the arguer would have to provide more information with regard to_____. Additionally, he would have to demonstrate that_____. Therefore, if the argument had included the given factors discussed above, it would have been more thorough and logically acceptable.

各个逻辑错误的攻击方法和语言

1.Survey/Study调查

(1)Procedure过程

A. Selective sample样本的质量（攻击：是否随机，具有代表性）

B. Quantity of the sample样本的数量（攻击：数量应足够大）

Unless the surveyors sampled a sufficient number of and did so randomly across the entire spectrum, the survey results are not reliable to gauge_____ generally. The number of respondents/samples in itself does not ensure representativeness. For example, if the sample included only , then the results would no doubt suggest . Or if _____, (1200) would account for only a little percentage, which would renders the result of the survey meaningless.

(2)Result of the surve调查的结果

A. Do the statistics make any meaningfullness? 结果是否有意义

B. Are the statistics misleadingly vague? 数据含糊（攻击：比例与数量）

①攻击“无相对比值”The argument tells us that “many” (a number of ) _____. However, the speaker fails to

indicate the percentage of _____, so this evidence is far too vague to be meaningful.

②攻击“无绝对数值”

The author fails to provide information regarding the absolute number of ____.

C. Respondents 回应者（攻击：所有的回应者都无法代表被调查人，更无法代表整体被调查对象）

The respondents must be statistically significant in number and representative of the overall_____.

(3)Who conducted the survey?调查机构（攻击：应中立）

The surveyor should be nonaligned / cross-becher.

(4)When was the survey conducted?调查的时间（攻击：做调查的时间与通过调查得出结论的时间要很近）

A threshold problem is that the editorial neglects to indicate how recently he survey was actually conducted. When samples are used to make general claims about a particular group, the samples should be close enough in time to the generalization. All we know in this editorial is that the survey was recently published. The less recent the survey itself, the less reliable the results to indicate current interest levels.

样本随机、代表性，结果有意义，数据含糊，回应者代表调查人，时间放大、空间放大

2.Sufficient Evidence and Necessary Condition充分条件与必要条件

(1)Sufficient Evidence充分条件（攻击：1是一个因素，但不充分，2还要指出其他因素）

a.The argument assumes too hastily that ____will necessarily result in the behavior that the argument predicts.

Perhaps,_____. Moreover,____.

b.The fact that A is not sufficient for the prediction that B .

(2)Necessary Condition必要条件（攻击：1没有这个条件，同样能发生，2因为其他条件导致他发生）The editor’s recommendation depends on the assumption that no factors other than A caused B . However, common sense informs me that this assumption is a poor one. A myriad of other factors, including ___or ____, might just as likely be the cause of B . To be specific,_____. Without ruling out these and other possible causes, the editor cannot justifiably conclude that only by ____ can____.

3.Cause and Effect Fallacies因果关系

(1) Non sequitur无因果（攻击：1没有因果关系，2有哪些原因引起）

The arguer fails to establish the causal relationship between the fact that ____and the claim that____. This argument is unacceptable unless there is compelling evidence to support the connection between these two events. Perhaps, for example, ____results from_____.

(2) Post hoc, ergo proper hoc (after this, therefore because of this)时序因果（攻击：发生在前面的于发生在后面的无因果关系，还因为其他原因）

Based on the fact that ____ occurred after _____, the editor infers that ____should be responsible for _____. However, the sequence of these events, in itself, does not suffice to prove that earlier development caused the later one. I might have resulted from some other events instead: ____________----to just a few possibilities. Without ruling out scenarios such as these, the editor cannot establish a cause-and-effect relationship between______ and _______ upon which editor’s the recommendation depends.

(3) Concurrence (with, under, as, meanwhile, at the same time) 同时性因果（攻击：同一时期发生的没有因果关系）

The argument observes a correlation between A and B , then concludes that the former is the cause of the latter. However, the argument fails to rule out other possible explanations for A or B . For example, _____. Any of these factors might lead to B . Without ruling out all other factors it is unfair to conclude that A is responsible for B.

(4) Confuse the cause and effect 混淆因果（让步，B发生未必是A导致的，可能其他原因，即便AB有关系，也可能是A导致B的发生）

It is possible that the has confused cause with effect respecting _____________. Perhaps A was a response to B. Since the ______ has failed to account for this possibility, the claim that _____ is completely unwarranted.

4.Changing Scope Fallacies范围变化

(1)Different concepts差异概念

A threshold problem involves the definition of A . The arguer fails to define this critical term. If A is defined as

B , then how

C , is irrelevant to whether____. In short, without a clear definition of A , it is impossible to assess the strength of the argument.

(2)What is true for a member is also true for the group 个体成立对于整体也成立

The argument resets on the assumption that 个体案例typify nationwide 整体情况. If this is not the case, then it is entirely possible that 在另一个地方，上述个案的结果不会发生相同的情况Thus, lacking more marketing

information about ____ nationwide, it is difficult to assess the merit of the memo’s recommendation.

(3)Assuming that characteristics of a group apply to each group member 整体成立对于个体也成立

One problem with the argument is that it assumes that the nationwide (characteristics of a group apply to every member of that group) statistics about _____ applies equally to 个体成员，Yet this might not be the case, for a variety of possible reasons. Perhaps ______; or perhaps ______ . Without ruling out such possibilities, the author cannot justifiably conclude that _____.

National,nationwide,statewide,throughout,overall

5.Incomplete Thought考虑问题不全面

(1)Failing to weigh the advantage and disadvantage thoroughly忽略正负得失（只考虑到了利没有考虑弊，反之亦然）

In addition, the author fails to consider the possible negative impacts brought about by .

(2)Profit利润（利润=收入-成本，某一做法会增加收入，但错误假设会增加利润）

The author’ conclusion that _____ is unwarranted. Profit is factor of not only revenue, but also costs. It’s entirely possible that the costs of_________ , or other costs associated with ________, will offset, even outweigh the revenue. Besides, a myriad of other possible occurrence, such as unfavorable economic conditions, might prevent ______ from being as profitable in the foreseeable futures as the argument predicts.

6.All things remain unchanged over time外推类错误

(1)Past conditions remain unchanged in the present and future（last yeat,ten years ago,trend,tendence）过去的情况会延续到现在和将来

(2)Present Conditions will remain unchanged into the future 现在的情况会延续到将来

The author claims that ______, because _____ . The author assumes without justification that the background conditions have remained the same at different time. The assumption is unwarranted because things rarely remain the same over extended periods of time. There are likely all kinds of difference between A and B . For example, A_______; however, B______. Any of these scenarios, if true, would serve to undermine the claim that ______

7.Vague evidence 论据含糊（虽未事实但不能反映作者要反映的结论）

8. False analogy 错误类比（攻击：A和B存在差异，诸多不同是同样做法未必取得成功）

The arguer’s recommendation relies on what might be a poor analogy between A and B. The analogy falsely depends on the assumption that ______ in both A and B are similar. However, it is entirely possible that A与B存在很大的不同. In short, without accounting for important possible differences between A and B, the arguer cannot reasonably prove the proposed method will help A_____ .

9.False dilemma 非此即彼（either…or…,A或B导致事情发生，但有可能是C、D、F等原因，比一定是A或B）

Even assuming A is not the reason for the B , the author falsely assumes that the B must be attributable to C. This “either-or ” argument is fallacious in that it ignores other possible causes of the B . For example, perhaps 其他可能原因, or perhaps 其他可能原因

10.Unwarranted Assumption 无理假设

The author falsely depends on gratuitous assumption that ______. However, no evidence is stated in the argument to support this assumption. For example, it is most likely that ______. Therefore, the argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibility.

六级作文超经典模板 开头主体结尾 稳拿高分 范文

一、开头万能公式一：名人名言 有人问了，“我没有记住名言，怎么办？尤其是英语名言？”，很好办：编！ 原理：我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的，包括我们欣赏的文章也是，所以尽管编，但是一定要听起来很有道理呦！而且没准将来我们就是名人呢！对吧？ 经典句型： A proverb says, “ You are only young once.” （适用于已记住的名言） It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever. （适用于自编名言） 更多经典句型： As everyone knows, No one can deny that… 二、开头万能公式二：数字统计 原理：要想更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。 原则上在议论文当中十不应该出现虚假数字的，可是在考试的时候哪管那三七二十一，但编无妨，只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。所以不妨试用下面的句型： According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation. 看起来这个数字文邹邹的，其实都是编造出来的，下面随便几个题目我们都可以这样编造： Honesty 根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。 Travel by Bike 根据最近的一项统计调查显示，85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工具是自行车。 Youth 根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某个大学，学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。

argument英语写作范文

Free-ingoing of People, Not Good For China Do you know what is “Immigration Wave”? Have you heard about “Ireland’s Great Famine”? It’s one of the greatest event of immigration in history that a big movement of people into America from Europe because of the poor agriculture and economic crisis happened in 1840s. 1Movement of population can not be avoided. However, free migration is not good for every country, especially China, as it has limited resources but with overpopulated problem and illegal immigrants influencing public security is another problem, too. In the first place, the contradiction between people and resources even environment will be exacerbated because of the flood of ingoing people. China, a country with large area and tremendous capacity of resources, is the most populous nation in the world at the same time. It was predicted that the population of China will rise to 1.46 billion by 2020. 2 If all foreigners entering China are allowed, it will not only weaken the carrying capacity of the environment but also cause a lack of resources relatively. In addition, illegal immigrants, as a part of the ingoing people, will threaten the public security if all foreigners are allowed to enter China. Most of the illegal immigrants come to China for living, some of whom can do nothing but the unlawful jobs, and some of whom may even not have one. As a result, they will not create any value for the society and more importantly, the society problems on welfare, economy even crime will be unavoidable because of their unlawful identity. It may be claimed that free-ingoing of people do good to China because it will

Argument写作模板

In this argument, the arguer concludes that . The arguer bases the argument on . The arguer claims despite this that, . This argument is unconvincing because the arguer ignores several possible reasons other than for these discrepancies. First of all, the survey only . It is possible that . For example, perhaps . A survey that covers only is hardly convincing that.原因Secondly, it is entirely possible that . If . Ignoring further weakens the argument. Simply does not necessarily mean that .时间Furthermore, it is possible that . Failing to address this possibility further weakens the argument.地点In summary, this argument is based on a very narrow study of only . To strengthen the argument, the arguer needs to directly before jumping to the conclusion that . must supply clear and direct evidence other than other factors that ------ was responsible for must also provide evidence that unadvised imprudent indiscreet unconvincing unpersuasive be not convincing unsubstantiated unsound( unwarranted无根据的) ignore fail to overlook base on rely on(upon) dependent on according to It is possible(probable) that It is possible for sb to do sth there are some possibilities that there is some possibilities that It is likely that sb is likely to do sth be less inclined to do be bound to be certain to do definitely be sure of for certain must be mean to be equivalent to+n represent the same as A does not necessarily indicate that B take into account consider think about account for(对…做出解释) moreover what’s more besides, furthermore make sure that(确认) however，whereas（然而，反之）nonetheless(尽管如此；但是)， support strengthen reinforce bolster(支持) prove testify attest(证明)

(完整word版)英语六级作文万能模板

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新GRE写作Argument范文

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六级作文万能模板.doc

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新GRE 北美范文精析 Argument 12 范文精析

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