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总统演讲分析--里根第二次就职演讲分析

总统演讲分析--里根第二次就职演讲分析
总统演讲分析--里根第二次就职演讲分析

美国总统里根第二次就职演讲分析

Shawn Cheng

摘要:本文为美国总统里根的第二次就职演说,因为其属于总统演讲,所以有其特定的语篇模式,这是由西方的修辞思维与表达模式决定的。完美的英语演讲不仅要求演讲者英语流、而且要求演讲语篇布局合理,突出西方的修辞思维与表达模式的特点。为了有效地用英语进行演讲,我们必须保证开头段落的新颖与独特吸引力,结尾段落做到呼应和强调,主体要点形成合理的布局,段落语句之间衔接自然流畅。本文试图从语篇模式以及一些系统功能的角度对美国总统里根第二次就职演说进行分析,以揭示演讲文体的意义以及其语篇、语言的体现。

关键词:总统演讲;合理布局;语篇模式;

引言

随着英语国际地位的提高与其影响力的与日俱增,英语演讲也逐渐进入到社会生活的方方面面。其作为一种独特的语体,在世界各地经久不衰,表现了顽强的生命力。演讲作为一门艺术,一种交际,一种传播和教育手段在当今社会仍发挥着巨大的作用。但国人用英语演讲时往往受中国固定思维模式的影响,虽然英语讲得漂亮很流利,语句也很通顺,但所表达的意思往往不被西方

人认同和接受。其中一个原因就是国人在用英语表达和演讲时没有遵循英语演讲语篇的模式,而是毫无逻辑地用中式思维模式表达自己的观点。

一、英语演讲语篇的基本模式及其概念

英语演讲的语篇构成有三大部分:Introduction,Body,Conclusion。Introduction 的功能为吸引听众、引起关注、建立演讲者的信誉、简述演讲主体中的要点。Body,即演讲的主体部分。演讲者可以根据演讲的主题按不同的模式组织布局。如可以根据时间、空间顺序可以遵循因果顺序、问题和方式顺序;亦可以将演讲主题细分为几个分点进行阐述。演讲的主体部分将在第二部分详述。同时,演讲的结尾部分也应当是演讲的高潮部分,演讲者需要总结演讲的主旨和意图,并以一种使听众产生共鸣的方式来升华主题,并与introduction相呼应,给听众一种心理上的统一感。本文所研究的就职演说的结尾,美国总统里根就具体化了美国之声,展现给听众的形象就是它充满希望,宽宏大量,富于理想;它勇敢无畏,正派庄重,公平持正。而且这一切都是上帝的恩赐、梦想与召唤,呼吁所有热爱和平自由的美国公民把这一梦想传给一个期待已久并且满怀希望的世界等,将演讲推向高潮。

二、语篇的内容与意图

在Lucas的演讲与艺术中(2004 :113),英语演讲根据演讲的目的可分为三类:介绍性的演讲(informative)、劝说性或劝诱性的演讲(persuasive)、仪式性的演讲(ceremonial)。介绍性的演讲一般是客观地对某一事件、过程、概念或物体进行介绍。仪式性的演讲则见于各种社交、外事场合,或介绍嘉宾、或颁奖致谢等。劝说性的演讲较广泛地应用于各种场合。劝说的目的要求演讲者遵循一定的思维模式。劝说性的演讲根据劝说的内容又可分为三类:事实性问题,价值性问题,政策性问题的劝说。从时间上考虑,就事实性问题的劝说演讲是对已发生的现象予以事实的认定或否定;价值性问题的劝说则是对现状的评论;而政策性劝说演讲则是对未来政策、方针、措施、计划等的取舍讨论。

在里根的就职演说中,三种演讲类型有机且紧密地结合在了一起。首先是介绍性的语言,里根总统客观地陈述了很多事件:第一任总统乔治·华盛顿把手放在《圣经》上庄严地宣誓;美国与俄罗斯的关于核威胁的协议;近几年税收过多和通货膨胀,以及失业现象的增多等等。然后是仪式性的语言,这个最为明显,因为总统就职演讲本身就属于一种政治上的仪式。最后一种形式即本文中的劝说性的语言,因为其分为事实性问题,价值性问题,政策性问题,故将他们逐一分析。事实性问题:里根决定向国会递交一份冻结明年政府项目开支的预算方案。并采取进一步的措施,以便永久控制政府在税收和开支方面的权力,达到减少国债

和增强社会救济事务效果的目的;价值性问题:里根在其就职演讲中曾多次提及苏联问题,核武器问题。这是一种现状,同时也是对未来的一种预测与估计,里根对此的回应是政府正在积极采取措施应对,研发安全防卫措施,并寄予希望在两国的和平建交与谈判上;政策性问题:里根总统在本次演说中,提出了很多相关政策,方针,措施,计划等,除了之前提到的与苏联的和平协议,控制政府的税收和开支权利,还有国家民主权力的维护,部分地区经济障碍的解决,减少国债和解放生产力提倡创业等等。里根总统所举的都是当时美国民众所关心的问题,每一个问题他都一一提出了自己的计划和目标,使听众们信服。

三、语篇的连结

在演讲中除了有恰当的谋篇布局之外,各段落和语句之间也必须有自然的衔接。英语的语篇注重形合手段的使用,在演讲中尤其要选择使用恰当的、有效的衔接手段。Lucas在其所著的“The Art of public Speaking”一书中,归纳总结了常用的关连词语,主要有四类。(1)Transition承上启下的词语

例如:But in another sense, our new beginning is a continuation of that beginning created two centuries ago when, for the first time in history, government, the people said, was not our master, it is our servant; its only power that which we the people allow it to have.本句中第一个短语即起到了承上启下的作用。

I will shortly submit a budget to the Congress aimed at freezing

government program spending for the next year. Beyond that, we must take further steps to permanently control Government's power to tax and spend. We must act now to protect future generations from Government's desire to spend its citizens' money and tax them into servitude when the bills come due. 这段中的”Beyond that”起到了补充说明的作用。

(2)Internal preview段内预示要点。

演讲者在Introduction里或其他段落中的结尾部分以句子的形式向听众陈述下文将要讨论的要点。

At the heart of our efforts is one idea vindicated by 25 straight months of economic growth: Freedom and incentives unleash the drive and entrepreneurial genius that is the core of human progress. We have begun to increase the rewards for work, savings, and investment; reduce the increase in the cost and size of government and its interference in people's lives.该段的最后一局所总结的,正是下文将要讨论的政府税收和人民处于通货膨胀下的生活等问题。

(3)Internal Summary段内总结

段内总结常用于复杂的重点论述之后。例如,We have made progress in restoring our defense capability. But much remains to be done. There must be no wavering by us, nor any doubts by others, that America will meet her responsibilities to remain free, secure,

and at peace.

(4)Sing—post 路标型词语。

包括序数词,first,second和next等,也包括起承上启下作用的问句。此外,英语语篇中还有一种常用的承上启下的模式“Summary+ introduction”。

例如Let us resolve that we the people will build an American opportunity society in which all of us—white and black, rich and poor, young and old—will go forward together arm in arm. Again, let us remember that though our heritage is one of blood lines from every corner of the Earth, we are all Americans pledged to carry on this last, best hope of man on Earth.这一段中,作者先提出了建设一个充满机会的美国社会的向往,然后在逐一论述了每一个步骤。

It is the American sound. It is hopeful, big-hearted, idealistic, daring, decent, and fair. That's our heritage; that is our song. We sing it still. For all our problems, our differences, we are together as of old, as we raise our voices to the God who is the Author of this most tender music. And may He continue to hold us close as we fill the world with our sound—sound in unity, affection, and love—one people under God, dedicated to the dream of freedom that He has placed in the human heart, called upon now to pass that dream on to a waiting and hopeful world.这一段为就职演说的最后也是最精彩

的一段,作者形象化了美国之声,展现给听众的形象就是它充满希望,宽宏大量,富于理想;它勇敢无畏,正派庄重,公平持正。接着演讲者有说这既是美国人的遗产,也是美国人的歌,并鼓励大家团结一致,互相友爱,让整个世界都能听到美国之音

四、言语的使用

本文在言语上使用了很多手法。言语功能是由语气系统体现的.根据Eggins (1994 :153)的观点,语气系统中,用于体现陈述的是陈述语气,体现命令的是祈使语气,体现提问的是疑问语气,而提供则由含有意态成分的疑问语气体现.根据以上言语功能理论,可以来分析“讲话”的言语功能及其人际意义.“讲话”涉及两种言语功能,即陈述功能(给予信息) 和命令功能 (求取服务).

一方面,演讲者向听众提供某种信息,表明自己的态度和主张;另一方面,要求和呼吁听众采取行动,按照演讲者的意图去做事.里根通过这次演讲,向美国民众传递了很多信息,诸如美国与苏联的和平协议,控制政府的税收和开支权利,还有国家民主权力的维护,部分地区经济障碍的解决,减少国债和解放生产力提倡创业等等。随即也声明了其态度:政府正在积极采取措施应对,研发安全防卫措施,并寄予希望在两国的和平建交与谈判上。同时呼吁所有的民众,一起维护自己的权利,建设美好的家园,让美国之声传遍世界的每个角落。

除此之外,我们同时也发现了本就职演说大量使用了以“名物化”形式出现的语法隐喻。例如:

revolutio(revolute) hesitation(hesitate) representation(representative) expansion(expand) reduction(reduce) encouragement(encourage) presence(present) elimination(eliminate) oppression(oppress) declaration (declare) determination (determinate) limitation(limit)negotiation(negotiate) interference(interfer) 通过名物化,一致式中,在小句里发挥功能的由动词表达的过程或者由形容词表达的属性,在隐喻式中转化成由名词表达,这时名词作为事件在词组中发挥功能. Haliday (1994/ 2000 : 352)在分析科学语篇的名物化时发现,名物化降低了原有的阶、级,却便于语篇的展开.名物化还具有囊括和浓缩的功能.它可以使意思在语篇中的表达符合正式文体关于客观、严密、紧凑、合理、简练等行文的要求.同时,名物化也是政治性演讲体中的一个重要特征。

另外,通过用软件ANTCONC的分析,我们得到了更具体的数据。如下2图

根据这两个表格,可以看出,本文一共有2583个字,字符类型为921个。排名第6,7的“our”“we”可以看出,演讲者的语言对听众的号召呼吁较多,他的演讲稿很有鼓动性。其中排名29,30位的“I”

“MUST”可以看出,这里利用第一人称语句较多,可以看出这篇演讲的个人风格很强硬,语势很坚决。排名第18,19的“people”“world”可以看出,演讲者很注重人民和世界的关系,具有大局观。排名28“freedom”也是本文的关键词之一,从这可以看出美国的立国之本以及他们对于自由的渴望和追求的思想形态意识。

五、结论

通过以上对语篇、语段、语句的分析可以看出,总统演讲比日常英语会话、交际广告用语等更加正式、严肃和庄重。从语言结构和成份上看,句式上也更加复杂多变,语言上有更多的内涵和深意。演讲者通过运用各种语言形式和手段使演讲更加生动,并使演讲文体的意义以及其语篇、语言的特点得到完全的体现。

参考文献:

[1] Eggins, s. An introduction to functional systemic linguistics [M] London :

Printer Publishers , 1994.

[2] Halliday , M. A. K. An introduction to Functional Grammar[M] .London :

Edward Arnold / Beijing : Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press ,

1994/ 2000.

[3] Stephen E,Lucas.The Art of Public Speaking (5th)[M].Hill Compan ies

Higher Education,2004.

[4] Halliday , M. A. K. , and Hasan , R. Language , Context and Text : Aspects of

Language in a Social2semiotic Perspective [M] . Geelong , Vic : Deakin

University Press/ Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1985/ 1989.

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书-新知三联书店,2004.

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[7]胡曙中.英语语篇语言学研究[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2005.

美国历届总统就职演说词(George Bush)

Inaugural Address of George Bush FRIDAY, JANUARY 20, 1989 Mr. Chief Justice, Mr. President, Vice President Quayle, Senator Mitchell, Speaker Wright, Senator Dole, Congressman Michel, and fellow citizens, neighbors, and friends: There is a man here who has earned a lasting place in our hearts and in our history. President Reagan, on behalf of our Nation, I thank you for the wonderful things that you have done for America. I have just repeated word for word the oath taken by George Washington 200 years ago, and the Bible on which I placed my hand is the Bible on which he placed his. It is right that the memory of Washington be with us today, not only because this is our Bicentennial Inauguration, but because Washington remains the Father of our Country. And he would, I think, be gladdened by this day; for today is the concrete expression of a stunning fact: our continuity these 200 years since our government began. We meet on democracy's front porch, a good place to talk as neighbors and as friends. For this is a day when our nation is made whole, when our differences, for a moment, are suspended. And my first act as President is a prayer. I ask you to bow your heads: Heavenly Father, we bow our heads and thank You for Your love. Accept our thanks for the peace that yields this day and the shared faith that makes its continuance likely. Make us strong to do Your work, willing to heed and hear Your will, and write on our hearts these words: "Use power to help people." For we are given power not to advance our own purposes, nor to make a great show in the world, nor a name. There is but one just use of power, and it is to serve people. Help us to remember it, Lord. Amen. I come before you and assume the Presidency at a moment rich with promise. We live in a peaceful, prosperous time, but we can make it better. For a new breeze is blowing, and a world refreshed by freedom seems reborn; for in man's heart, if not in fact, the day of the dictator is over. The totalitarian era is passing, its old ideas blown away like leaves from an ancient, lifeless tree. A new breeze is blowing, and a nation refreshed by freedom stands ready to push on. There is new ground to be broken, and new action to be taken. There are times when the future seems thick as a fog; you sit and wait, hoping the mists will lift and reveal the right

里根柏林墙英文演讲稿

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视频参考 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/387883725.html,/p/news/w/v/2013-01-22/052261982905.html Vice President Biden, Mr. Chief Justice, Members of the United States Congress, distinguished guests, and fellow citizens: Each time we gather to inaugurate a president, we bear witness to the enduring strength of our Constitution. We affirm the promise of our democracy. We recall that what binds this nation together is not the colors of our skin or the tenets of our faith or the origins of our names. What makes us exceptional – what makes us American – is our allegiance to an idea, articulated in a declaration made more than two centuries ago: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable r ights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.” Today we continue a never-ending journey, to bridge the meaning of those words with the realities of our time. For history tells us that while these truths may be self-evident, they have never been self-executing; that while freedom is a gift from God, it must be secured by His people here on Earth. The patriots of 1776 did not fight to replace the tyranny of a king with the privileges of a few or the rule of a mob. They gave to us a Republic, a government of, and by, and for the people, entrusting each generation to keep safe our founding creed. For more than two hundred years, we have. Through blood drawn by lash and blood drawn by sword, we learned that no union founded on the principles of liberty and equality could survive half-slave and half-free. We made ourselves anew, and vowed to move forward together. Together, we determined that a modern economy requires railroads and highways to speed travel and commerce; schools and colleges to train our workers。 Together, we discovered that a free market only thrives when there are rules to ensure competition and fair play. Together, we resolved that a great nation must care for the vulnerable, and protect its people from life’s worst hazards and misfortune. Through it all, we have never relinquished our skepticism of central authority, nor have we succumbed to the fiction that all society’s ills can be cured through government alone. Our celebration of initiative and enterprise; our insistence on hard work and personal responsibility, these are constants in our character.

里根总统演讲稿解析

January 20, 1981 Senator Hatfield, Mr. Chief Justice, Mr. President, Vice president Bush, Vice President Mondale, Senator Baker, Speaker O'Neill, Reverend Moomaw, and my fellow citizens: 议员海特菲尔德先生、法官先生、总统先生、副总统布什、蒙代尔先生、议员贝克先生、发言人奥尼尔先生、尊敬的摩麦先生,以及广大支持我的美国同胞们: To a few of us here today, this is a solemn and most momentous occasion; and yet, in the history of our Nation, it is a commonplace occurrence. The orderly transfer of authority as called for in the Constitution routinely takes place as it has for almost two centuries and few of us stop to think how unique we really are. In the eyes of many in the world, this every-4-year ceremony we accept as normal is nothing less than a miracle. 今天对于我们中间的一些人来说,是一个非常庄严隆重的时刻。当然,对于这个国家的历史来说,却是一件普通的事情。按照宪法要求,政府权利正在有序地移交,我们已经如此“例行公事”了两个世纪,很少有人觉得这有什么特别的。但在世界上更多人看来,这个我们已经习以为常的四年一次的仪式,却实在是一个奇迹。 Mr. President, I want our fellow citizens to know how much you did to carry on this tradition. By your gracious cooperation in the transition process, you have shown a watching world that we are a united people pledged to maintaining a political system which guarantees individual liberty to a greater degree than any other, and I thank you and your people for all your help in maintaining the continuity which is the bulwark of our Republic. 总统先生,我希望我们同胞们都能知道你为了这个传承而付出的努力。通过移交程序中的通力合作,你向观察者展示了这么一个事实:我们是发誓要团结起来维护这样一个政治体制的团体,这样的体制保证了我们能够得到比其他政体更为广泛的个人自由。同时我也要感谢你和你的伙伴们的帮助,因为你们坚持了这样的传承,而这恰恰是我们共和国的根基。 1The business of our nation goes forward. These United States are confronted with an economic affliction of great proportions. We suffer from the longest and one of the worst sustained inflations in our national history. It distorts our economic decisions, penalizes thrift, and crushes the struggling young and the fixed- income elderly alike. It threatens to shatter the lives of millions of our people. 我们国家的事业在继续前进。合众国正面临巨大的经济困难。我们遭遇到我国历史上历时最长、最严重之一的通货膨胀,它扰乱着我们的经济决策,打击着节俭的风气,压迫着正在挣扎谋生的青年人和收入固定的中年人,威胁着要摧毁我国千百万人民的生计。 Idle industries have cast workers into unemployment, human misery and personal indignity. Those who do work are denied a fair return for their labor by a tax system which penalizes successful achievement and keeps us from maintaining full productivity. 停滞的工业使工人失业、蒙受痛苦并失去了个人尊严。即使那些有工作的人,也因税收制度的缘故而得不到公正的劳动报酬,因为这种税收制度使我们无法在事业上取得成就,使我们无法保持充分的生产力。 But great as our tax burden is, it has not kept pace with public spending. For decades, we have piled deficit upon deficit, mortgaging our future and our children's future for the temporary convenience of the present. To

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