中医英语介绍

About Basic Theories of TCM(中医基础理论的主要内容)

1.The basic theories of TCM deal primarily with basic theoretical knowledge such as physiology, pathology, and the treatment and prevention of disease.中医基础理论主要阐述人体的生理、病理及疾病的防治等基本理论知识。

includes yin and yang, the five elements, visceral manifestations, qi, blood, body fluid, vitality, meridians, etiology, pathogenesis, and principles of disease prevention and treatment.内容包括阴阳、五行、藏象、气血津液精神、经络、病因与发病、病机、防治原则等。

Yin-Yang and Five Elements（阴阳五行）

fall in the category of ancient Chinese philosophy with concept of materialism and dialectics. 阴阳五行本属中国古代哲学范畴，具有唯物主义和辩证法思想。

and five elements were introduced in TCM to elucidate the structure, physiology and pathology of the body, and guide the clinical diagnosis and treatment.

中医运用阴阳学说来阐释人体的结构、生理和病理，并用以指导临床

的诊断和治疗。

Explanation Of Five Elements Doctrine in TCM（五行）

1.Five elements are indispensable material in human life inter-promotion and inter-restriction.五要素是人类生活中不可缺少的物质，相互促进、相互制约。

2.in TCM—they can explain physiological and pathological changes in human body.

在中医概念中，它们可以解释人体的生理和病理变化。Explanation Of Yin-Yang Theory in TCM（阴阳学说）

structure of the body (Zang-viscera and fu-viscera)体部结构(脏腑、腑)

of disease—a relative imbalance between Yin and Yang (Yin syndrome or Yang syndrome)treatment of Yin and Yang to restore its relative balance.阴阳相对失衡的疾病诊断（阴证、阳证）治疗疾病，调节阴阳恢复相对平衡

Visceral Manifestation Theory（藏象学说）

1.This theory deals with the physiological functions, and

pathological changes of the viscera, tissues and organs as well as their interrelationship.研究人体各脏腑、组织器官的生理功能、病理变化及其相互关系。

2.It also deal with the mutual relations between the viscera, tissues, organs and the external environment. 以及脏腑、组织器官与外界环境相互关系的学说。

is an important part of TCM’s theoretical system and serves as the theoretical basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment.是中医学理论体系的重要组成部分，也是指导临床各科进行辨证论治的理论基础。

Qi, Blood, Body Fluid and Vitality（气血津液精神）

deal primarily with the generation and actions of qi, blood, body fluid and vitality as well as their interrelationship. 主要阐述气、血、津液、精神的生成、作用及其相互关系

tells us that they are not only the products of zang-viscera and fu-viscera activity, but also the material basis on which both the zang-viscera and the fu-viscera function.

说明气、血、津液和精既是脏腑功能活动的产物，又是脏腑功能活动

的物质基础。

Explanation（解释）

1.Qi—the most essential substance making up the world and that everything in the universe was generated by the motion and change of Qi; the essential substance constituting the body and maintaining the life activities of the body.

气-构成世界最基本的物质，宇宙万物都是由气的运动和变化产生的，是构成身体和维持身体生命活动的基本物质。

fluid—a basic substance constituting the body and plays an important role in maintaining its normal life activities. It include all normal liquid in the body, such as gastric juice, intestinal juice, nasal discharges, tears.体液是构成身体的一种基本物质，在维持其正常的生命活动中起着重要的作用。它包括体内的所有正常液体，如胃液、肠液、鼻分泌物、泪液。

Meridian Theory（经络学说）

theory deals with the physiology and pathology of the meridian system as well as the interrelationship of viscera.研究人体

中医英语词汇汇总.doc

v1.0可编辑可修改Lesson One History of Traditional Chinese Medicine 中医术语 acupunture and moxibusion 针灸 health maintenance 养生 drugs cold and cool 寒凉药 the school of cold and cool 寒凉派 diaphoesis emesis purgation 汗吐下 the school of purgation 攻下派 exagenous pathogenic factors 外邪 reinforcing the earth 补土 internal impairment of spleen and stomach would bring about vorious diseases 内伤脾胃百病由生 yang is usually redundant ,while yin is frequently deficient. 阳常有余阴常不足 nourishing yin滋阴 medicinal herbs草药 blood stagnation淤血 warm and inorgorate the spleen and stomach温养脾胃 中国医药学 : traditional Chinese medicine 中医基础理论 : basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine 临床经验 : clinical experience 辨证论治 : treatment based on syndrome differentiation;pattern identification and treatment 本草 : materia medica 中药 : Chinese materia medica; Chinese medicinals 中草药 : Chinese medicinal herbs 四气五味 : four properties and five tastes

中医学英文介绍

第一步：介绍中医历史 Traditional Chinese medicine ,abbreviated as TCM ,is a broad range of medicine practices sharing common concepts which have been developed in China and are based on a tradition of more than 2,000 years ，including new and traditional medicine practices such as herbal medicine，acupuncture， massage (Tuina),exercise(qigong)and so on. 第二步：介绍中医学治疗的全面性 Under the guidance of this philosophy, TCM regards balancing, eliminating and transforming pathogens as the main principles to treat diseases and maintain health, rather than confronting and killing as methods to conquer diseases. In the fight against viral diseases, chronic inflammation, functional disorders, endocrine disorders and other diseases, TCM plays a good role. 1、TCM puts the occurrence of diseases with these things together, which are climatic changes, environmental variations, emotional fluctuations, imbalance of diet and life. That is, the so-called Three Pathogens Theory. This etiology doctrine based on the macro methodology is entirely different from that of Western medicine which is on the basis of the microscopic and pathologic anatomy. But it is exactly a biological, psychological, social and advanced medical model. 2、TCM relies upon inspection, listening, smelling, inquiry and pulse-taking to directly experience and study the dynamic information of

最全中医术语英文大全

[学科] 中医①traditional Chinese medicine②traditional Chinese physician ①中医学的简称。 ②本学科专业职业队伍。 中药Chinese materia medica 在中医理论指导下应用的药物。包括中药材、中药饮片和中成药等。 中医学traditional Chinese medicine 以中医药理论与实践经验为主体，研究人类生命活动中健康与疾病转化规律及其预防、诊断、治疗、康复和保健的综合性科学。 中药学Chinese materia medica 中药学科的统称。研究中药基本理论和各种药材饮片、中成药的来源、采制、性能、功效、临床应用等知识的学科。 中医药traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacology 本草：Materia medica 中药：Chinese materia medica，Chinese medicinals(包括植物药、动物药、矿物药等） 中草药：Chinese Herbal Medicine,Chinese medicinal herbs 中药学：Chinese pharmaceutics 药材：Medicinal substance(material) 中西医结合integration of traditional and western medicine 中医基础理论basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine 中医诊断学diagnostics of traditional Chinese medicine 方剂学 prescriptions of Chinese materia medica， Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae/ prescriptions 中医内科学internal medicine of traditional Chinese medicine [阴阳]The Theory of Yin and Yang 阴阳对立：Opposition of yin and yang 阴阳制约：Restriction of /between yin and yang 阴阳互根：Interdependence of yin and yang 阴阳消长：Waxing and waning of yin and yang 阴阳转化：Inter-transformation of yin and yang [五行学说]The Theory of Five Elements 五行：water，fire，wood，metal，soil 生：promote, generate, engender 克：act, restrict, restrain 乘：overact, over-restrict, over-restrain, subjugate, overwhelm 侮：counteract, counter-restrict, counter-restrain, rebel [整体观念] concept of organic wholeness 辩证法dialectics 生长化收藏sprouting, growth，transformation，ripening，storage 内外环境统一性the unity between the internal and external environments 机体自身整体性the integrity of the body itself 古代唯物论和辩证法classic Chinese materialism and dialectics 矛盾统一the contradictory unity 互相联系、相互影响related to each other and influence each other

中医英语术语

第一课 1.中国中医药traditional Chinese medicine; TCM 中医基础理论basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine 临床经验clinical experience辨证论治treatment based on syndrome differentiation 杂病miscellaneous diseases中药学Chinese pharmacy 四气五味four properties and five tastes 针灸acupuncture and moxibustion; acumox古代中国哲学classical Chinese philosophy汗法sweating therapy; diaphoresis 下法purgation吐法vomiting therapy; emetic therapy补土派the School of Reinforcing the Earth方剂prescription; formula 医疗实践medical practice治疗原则therapeutic principles寒凉药herbs cold and cool in nature滋阴降火nourishing yin and reducing fire瘀血致病diseases caused by blood stagnation 第二课 1 ve zang-organs; five zang-viscera五脏six fu-organs六腑system of meridians and collaterals经络系统holism整体观念organic wholenss有机整体social attribute社会属性(of the five zang-organs) open into开窍sprout, grow, transform, ripen and store生长化收藏diagnostics诊断学relationship between pathogenic factors and healthy qi邪正关系therapeutics治疗学common cold due to wind and cold风寒感冒different therapeutic methods used to treat the same disease同病异治the same therapeutic method used to treat different diseases异病同治balance of water metabolism水液代谢平衡clearing away heart fire清心火nature of disease疾病本质treating the left side for curing diseases located on the right side以左治右drawing yang from yin从阴引阳treating the lower part for curing diseases located on the upper part病在上者下取之 第三课 1 philosophical concept哲学概念mutual transformation相互转化balance of yin and yang阴平阳秘transformation between yin and yang阴阳转化extreme cold turning into heat寒极生热 pathological changes病理变化absolute predominance 绝对偏盛 general rule of pathogenesis病机总纲supplementing what it lacks of补其不足eliminating wind and dispersing cold祛风散寒mutually inhibiting and promoting相互消长mutually inhibiting and restraining相互制约interdependence相互依存excess of yin leading to decline of yang阴胜则阳病contrary and supplementary to each other相反相成organic whole有机整体impairment of yang involving yin阳损及阴deficiency of both yin and yang阴阳两虚deficiency cold syndrome虚寒证suppressing yang and eliminating wind熄风潜阳 第四课 1.the doctrine of five elements; the theory of five phases五行学说free development 条达舒畅to be generated and to generate生我我生restraint in generation生中有制Wood is characterized by growing freely and peripherally.木曰曲直Earth is characterized by cultivation and reaping.土元稼穑 Water is characterized by moistening and downward flowing.水曰润下over restriction and counter-restriction相乘相侮Wood over restricts earth because it is deficient.土虚木乘promotion, restriction, inhibition and transformation生克制化disorder of a mother-organ involving its child-organ母病及子insufficiency of essence and blood in the liver and kidney肝肾精血不足blood deficiency in the heart and liver心肝血虚exuberant fire in the heart心火亢盛insufficiency of liver yin肝肾不足declination of kidney yang肾阳衰微weakness of the spleen and stomach脾胃虚弱soothing the liver and harmonizing the stomach平肝和胃insufficiency of kidney yin肾阴不足balance between water and fire水火不济 第五课 doctrine of visceral manifestations脏象学说five zang-organs and six fu-organs五脏六腑extraordinary fu-organs齐桓之府nutrients of water and food水谷精微ransmitting and transforming water and food传化水谷storing essence贮藏精气internal and external relationship表里关系therapeutic effects治疗效应 clinical practice临床实践storage without discharge藏而不写discharge without storage泻而不藏physical build and various orifices形体诸窍(of five zang-organs) open into开窍spirit and emotions精神情志the heart storing spirit心藏神the lung storing corporeal soul肺藏魄the liver storing ethereal soul肝藏魂the spleen storing consciousness 脾藏意the kidney storing will肾藏志the luster manifesting upon the face其华在面 第六课 the heart governing blood and vessels心主血脉sufficiency of heart qi心气充沛rosy complexion面色红润sufficiency of blood血液充盈unsmooth vessels脉道不利lusterless complexion面色无华thin and weak pulse脉象细弱the heart storing

介绍日本的英语作文

Japan was deeply influenced by our culture as our neighboring country, but Japan left indelible scar to our country. We can't forget the history, but i still like Japanese people and their local customs and practices, beside the country have so many famous scenery spot and very beautiful girls. I think war is only politician's track, the Japanese citizen is still our friends, We should put aside prejudices and communicate more with them. So if I had to choose a country to go to living in a year, I would choose Japan for a deeper understanding of the culture and customs of the country. One of my high school classmates work in Japan now and one of my university teacher studied abroad in Japan ever. They give me some suggestion that Japan have various delavicacy, comfortable environment and beautiful sakura, those make me to expect the Japan travel. I’ve done a lot of preparation for this journey, I taught myself Japanese, I also brought many Japan novel, for example 《Thousand Origami Cranes》, 《Grief grocery store》and《1Q84》. I very like to read those book because they can help me to raise my Japanese writing and communication ability. I very like Japanese literature and art, because lacquer painting is most special and beautiful in there, and Japan has the world's largest animation industry and best cartoon. beside they have two winner of the Nobel Prize of literature, I like many author in Japan. Of course, Japanese adult vedio is also ‘popular in the world’ Although Japan is island country and little land area, but it has a population of more than 100 million, therefore Japan’s population density is greater than in china, maybe human is not only consumer but also creator about resource because Japan is most advanced state in Asia, maybe we should change our traditional thought through the instance. Above all, Japan have many experience is worthy of us to reference include protection of environment, reduce the poverty population, development of economic and culture and so on. If one day I’m going to Japan, I will experience all the thing but not writing on paper.

中医专业英语

Professional English for Traditional Chinese Medicine Chinese medicine is to study the relationship between human and nature. It is a natural science which has a long history and rich contents, including basic theory, diagnostics, medicine, clinical medicine, acupuncture, massage, and health rehabilitation. The theoretical system is based on syndrome differentiation, concept of holism and constant dynamic. Nowadays, the significance of TCM has become more obvious. Channel Meridia经络 Acupoint穴位Massage推拿 Moxibustion艾灸moxa艾条Cupping拔罐 The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic 《黄帝内经》 The Classic of Difficult Issues 《内经》 Treatise on Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Diseases 《伤寒杂病论》 Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica 《神农本草经》 The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic: The Spiritual Pivot 黄帝内经灵枢 The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic: Basic Questions 黄帝内经素问 Essentials from the Golden Cabinet 金匮要略 Yin-yang and Five-element Theory（阴阳五行） Conception of Yin-yang Theory Yin-yang theory holds that the natural world is made up of material, and the material world is generated, developed and constantly changed under the interaction between yin and yang. yin yang cold heat downside upside night day dark bright water fire movement stillness Interaction between Yin and Yang 1.Opposition of Yin and Yang 阴阳对立制约 2.Mutual Rooting of Yin and Yang 阴阳互根互用 3.Waxing and Waning of Yin and Yang 阴阳消长 yin waning with yang waxing 阴消阳长yang waning with yin waxing 阳消阴长4.Yin-yang Conversion 阴阳转化 Excess of yin or yang 阴阳偏盛 Excess of yang——excess-heat syndrome Excess of yin ——excess-cole syndrome Excess of yang Excess of yin yang pathogen yin pathogen excess-heat syndrome excess-cold syndrome high fever cold dysphoria whitish complexion red complexion local cold and pain rapid pulse clear and cold secretion or excretion consume yin-fluid damage yang excess of yang damages yin excess of yin damages yang

中医英语词汇

heat 清肺热clear away lung-heat 相互制约mutual restraint, mutual restriction/interaction 湿邪犯肺pathogenic dampness invading the lung 动态平衡dynamic equilibrium 清热泻火clearing away heat and reducing fire 阴平阳秘yin and yang in equilibrium 腠理muscular interstices, striae, interstitial space 阴阳得互根互用interdependence of yin and yang 水湿停滞retention of water and dampness, water retention 相互依存interdependence 癃闭retention of urine 阴阳离绝separation of yin and yang 气血运行circulation/flow of qi and blood 相反相成opposite and supplementary to each 阴阳转化transformation between yin and yang 生理功能physiological functions 阳消阴长yang waning and yin waxing 病理变化pathological changes 阴胜则阳病predominance of yin leading to disorder of yang 临床诊断clinical diagnosis 阴胜则阳病an excess of yin leads to deficiency of yang 阳胜生外热exuberance of yang leading to exterior heat 阳胜则热predominance of yang generating heat 阳中求阴obtaining yang from yin 寒极生热extreme cold generating heat 绝对偏盛absolute predominance 热极生寒extreme heat generating cold 阳虚则寒yang deficiency leading to cold 阳损及阴impairment of yang involving yin 阴阳俱损simultaneous consumption of yin and yang 阴液不足insufficiency of yin-fluid 阴阳两虚simultaneous deficiency of both yin and yang 病机总纲general principle of pathogenesis 阳虚发热fever due to yang deficiency 病机pathomechanism, pathological mechanism 阴阳自与natural harmony between yin and yang 阴阳胜复alternative predominance of yin and yang 木乘土the wood over-restrains the earth 虚寒证deficiency-cold syndrome 木火刑金wood-fire impairs the metal 扶阳退阴strengthening yang to reduce yin 金水相生generation between the metal and water 祛风散寒expelling/eliminating wind to dispersing cold 生克制化interrelationship between generation and restriction 消导积滞promoting digestion and removing food retention 制则生化restriction ensuring generation 潜阳熄风suppressing yang to quench wind 母病及子disease of the mother-organ affecting the child-organ 五行学说theory of five elements 传变transmission of disease, progress of disease

中医英语词汇.doc

中医英语词汇 下面是整理的中医英语词汇，以供大家学习参考。 中医①traditional Chinese medicine②traditional Chinese physician ①中医学的简称。②本学科专业职业队伍。 中医学traditional Chinese medicine 以中医药理论与实践经验为主体，研究人类生命活动中健康与疾病转化规律及其预防、诊断、治疗、康复和保健的综合性科学。 中医药traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacology 中医与中药的合称。 中医药学traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacology 中医学与中药学的合称，侧重反映中医与中药两者共同发展，密不可分。 中药Chinese materia medica 在中医理论指导下应用的药物。包括中药材、中药饮片和中成药等。 中药学Chinese materia medica 中药学科的统称。研究中药基本理论和各种药材饮片、中成药的来源、采制、性能、功效、临床应用等知识的学科。 中西医结合integration of traditional and western medicine 现代医学等现代科学知识及手段来继承和发展中医药，中西医学相互补充，取长补短，诊治疾病的医学形式。 中医基础理论basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine 研究和阐明中医学的基本概念、基本理论、基本规律、基本原则的学科。 中医诊断学diagnostics of traditional Chinese medicine 根据中医学的理论体系，研究诊察病情、判断病种、辨别证候的基础理论、基本知识和基本技能的学科。 方剂学prescriptions of Chinese materia medica 研究治法与

中医专业英语课后短语及句子翻译

Unit1 Test A 1.differentiating syndromes and treatment 辨证论治 2.syndrome differentiation with eight principles 八纲辨证 3.location of diseases 病变部位 4.tendency of pathological changes 病势 5.external disease factors 外感病邪 6.duration of a disease 病程 7.aversion to cold 恶寒 8.nasal congestion 鼻塞 9.sore,itchy throat 喉痒咽痛 10.penetrate from the superficial layers to the interior of the body 由表传里 11.changes in tongue coating 舌苔变化 12.cold limbs 四肢厥冷 13.pallor/pale face 面色苍白 14.clear and copious urine 小便清长 15.absence of thirst 口不渴 16.primary disease 原发病 17.pale tongue with white coating 舌淡苔白 18.malar flush 颧红 19.struggle between the anti-pathogenic factors and pathogenic factors 正邪相争 20.yang/yin depletion/collapse 亡阳/亡阴 21.reduced appetite 食欲减退 22.abdominal distention 腹部胀满 23.qi transformation 气化 24.pseudo-cold and real heat 真寒假热 二句子翻译 1.The clinical manifestations of diseases, though intricate, can be analyzed with the eight principles according to the category, location and nature of disease as well as the conflict between the anti-pathogenic factors and pathogenic factors. 疾病的临床表现尽管错综复杂，但基本上都可以用八纲从疾病的类别、病性、邪正盛衰方面进行分析。 2.The differentiation of the exterior/interior syndromes is a relatively simple one preliminary to the other principles. 与别的辩证原则相比，辨别表里是第一步，而且比较简单。 3.Interior syndromes are often associated with chronic diseases.They are characterized by high fever, aversion to heat, restlessness, thirst, scanty and brownish urine, constipation, reddish tongue with yellowish fur and rapid pulse. 里证常与慢性疾病有关，通常表现为以下症状：高烧、恶热、烦躁不安、口渴、小便短赤、大便秘结、舌红苔黄、脉数等。 4.A clear understanding of the cold and heat syndromes is of great significance for identifying the nature of a disease and guiding the treatment. 辨别寒证与热证，对于认识疾病的性质和指导治疗有着重要的意义 5.Excess refers to excessive pathogenic factors and deficiency refers to deficient

中医英语阅读教学大纲

中医英语阅读02 课程代码：13200061 适用专业（方向）：中医七年制，针推外向，英语专业学生 总学时数：32 学分数：2 一、课程的性质、目的和要求 本课程是基础医学院、中药学院的中医七年制专业、针推学院针推英语专业、外国语学院英语专业的必修课程之一，授课对象为结束大学基础英语课程的七年制、外向型学生和英语专业学生，属于基础课，在培养计划中属于必修考查课程，是国家英语教学大纲中明确要开设的专业英语课程。 其目的和要求在于使学生通过学习该课程后，使学生逐步具备运用英语进行本专业的学习、研究与国际交流的能力。专业术语：掌握本课程所涉及的约200个中医基本专业术语的英语表达法；语法：能将所学的语法知识自觉地、较熟练地运用于中医英语的阅读及翻译实践中；阅读能力：掌握并能运用各项阅读技能（如概括中心思想，猜词悟意，预见，推理和推论等），具有语篇水平上的分析能力。能顺利地阅读与课文深浅程度相当的中医英语文章，理解正确，阅读速度达到60-70词/分钟；翻译能力：笔译句子或短文：在1小时内将200字左右的与课程内容相关的中文句子译成基本合乎中医英语翻译规范、无重大语言错误的英文；能借助词典将本专业的资料进行翻译：汉译英，一般难度的材料，速度每小时为200个左右汉字，要求正确表达思想，无重大语言错误；能借助词典用英文书写论文摘要；听说能力：随着本学科的发展，将逐步增加对听力、口语表达能力的要求。 二、课程教学内容和课时安排 Unit 1 A History of TCM 3 period 【目的要求】 to master the brief history of TCM in English and English name of TCM classics 【教学内容】 1. an overview of TCM history 2. key achievements of development of TCM in history. 3. remarkable works in TCM history

中医英语词汇

中医常用词汇Terms Commonly Used in TCM 中国医药学Traditional Chinese Medicine治未病prevention of disease 脏腑zang-organs and fu-organs, viscera 中医基础理论Basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine 临床经验clinical experience功能活动functional activities 形神统一unity of the body and spirit 辨证论治treatment based on syndrome differentiation 本草materia medica, herbs阴阳失调imbalance of yin and yang 中药Chinese materia medica, Chinese medicinal 条达舒畅free development herbs 四气五味four properties and five tastes延年益寿prolonging life, promising longevity 针灸acupuncture and moxibustion, acumox养生防病cultivating health to prevent disease 各家学说theories of different schools正气healthy qi, vital qi 汗法diaphoresis, sweating therapy病邪pathogenic factor 下法purgative therapy, purgation整体观念concept of holism 吐法emetic therapy, vomiting therapy疾病的本质与现象nature and manifestations of disease 补土派school of invigorating the earth阴阳的相对平衡relative balance between yin and yang 病因学说etiology疾病的发生与发展occurrence and development of disease 养生health-cultivation, 同病异治treating the same disease with different therapies 医疗实践medical practice异病同治treating different diseases with the same therapy 治疗原则therapeutic principles五脏five zang-organs, five zang-viscera 寒凉药物herbs of cold and cool nature, 六腑six fu-organs, six fu-viscera cold-natured herbs 滋阴降火nourishing yin to lower/reduce fire经络系统system of meridians and collaterals 滋水涵木enriching water to nourish wood余热未尽incomplete abatement of heat 瘀血致泻disease caused by blood stasis有机整体organic wholeness/integrity 先天之精congenital essence表里关系exterior and interior relation 形与神俱inseparability of the body and spirit开窍opening into 开胃promoting appetite自然现象natural phenomena 脉象pulse conditions, pulse pattern哲学概念philosophical concept 邪正关系states of pathogenic factors and 对立统一unity of opposites healthy qi 发热恶寒fever and aversion to cold相互消长mutual waning and waxing 头身疼痛headache and body pain相互转化mutual transformation 久痢脱肛proctoptosis due to prolonged 阴阳属性nature of yin and yang