国际贸易英语第四章讲义

International Trade Theories

Chapter 4

Arguments for Government Intervention

in International Trade

In this chapter we’ll examine the reasons for government intervention in spite of the fact that some developed countries like the United States pay lip-service to free trade and talk a lot about the benefits of liberal trade.

Arguments for government intervention in western trade experts’views, fall into two categories: political arguments, and economic arguments.

Political Arguments

First of all let’s examine the political arguments. This category of arguments cover a range of issues including; protecting jobs and industries, national security, retaliation, protecting consumers, furthering foreign policy objectives and protecting human rights.

(1) Protecting jobs and industries

Yes, export trade can create more job opportunities. But this is only one side of the coin. On the other hand, increasing imports can also make workers lose their jobs, The very recent US threat of using anti-dumping policy against Chinese exports of color TV sets and textiles to the U.S. is based on such grounds. To protect jobs and industries an importing country can take such measures as VERs and import quotas. VERs means voluntary export restraints, and is regarded as one of the most important of the non tariff trade barriers. From 1981 to 1985 the United States induced Japan to reduce its automobile exports to the US for the reason that growing Japanese auto exports had made the Big Three U.S. auto makers suffer a big loss of $4 billion and nearly 300,000 American auto workers lost their jobs.

Similarly Japan’s quotas on rice imports from China and elsewhere are aimed at protecting jobs in that country’s agricultural sector, and the EU’s CAP was designed to protect the jobs of its politically powerful farmers by restricting imports, guaranteeing price, and granting subsidies in various forms.

Of course, a price must be paid for taking such measures. Such protection costs consumers dearly and creates possibility of retaliation.

(2) National security

Why is the United States trying hard to protect its semi-conductor industry from foreign

competition? The answer is simple: Because many American officials think semi-conductors are now such important components of their defense products that it would be dangerous to rely primarily on foreign producers for them. American restrictions of some high-tech exports are frequently justified on such grounds.

(3) Retaliation

Retaliation means “returning like for like, esp. returning evil for evil or paying back injury for injury.”

Again we’ll take the United States as an example. Previous US governments have often adopted this get-tough approach by threatening to impose punitive trade sanctions to achieve its political purposes.

However, retaliation is a highly risky strategy. If the threatened foreign government refuses to back down, say, by following a tit-for-tat policy, it will lead to a trade war or other conflicts. In the end both the threatening government and the threatened government will suffer a loss.

Other countries’governments also, from time to time, use the threat to intervene in trade policy as a bargaining tool to help open foreign markets and force trading partners to play by the rules of the game for international trade.

(4) Protecting consumers

After the foot-mouth and mad cow diseases had been found and reported over the radio and in the press, countries, one after another, imposed bans on importation of beef from Europe. The purpose of doing so was to protect their consumers from the possible health consequences. By the same token, the EU baned importation of hormone-treated beef and discourage Europeans from buying GM food from the United States.

(5) Furthering foreign policy objectives

Very often governments of various countries use trade to support their foreign policy objectives. The most obvious example in the end of 20th century was Iraq which had labored under the extreme trade sanctions after the UN coalition forces defeated the country in the 1991 Gulf War.

Using trade as an instrument of foreign policy is not without defects. Other countries can take counter-measures to undermine any unilateral trade sanctions. For example, the U.S. sanctions against Cuba had not stopped other western countries from trading with that country.

(6) Protecting human rights

Developed countries or the so-called western democracies, particularly the United States, every now and then, inflict punishments on countries with what they call human rights problems. Before China’s WTO entry there used to be an annual debate in the U.S. over whether or not to

grant MEN treatment to China, in response to what it said human-rights violations.

However, some trade experts are not wholly for limiting trade with countries having human rights problems. Some of them think that such a method makes matters worse, not better. To improve these countries’human rights picture it is better to engage them in international trade. What is more, developed countries including the United States also have their own human rights problems.

Economic Arguments

(1) Protecting infant industry

An infant industry is a new industry that may merit some protection against foreign competition in the short term.

The argument in favor of providing protection, say, in the form of a tariff on imported competitors’goods, is that it would provide a period during which the new industry could streamline its process and make the necessary economies in order for it to become truly competitive with all market producers, especially those in the developed world.

Such argument has appealed to the governments of developing nations during the past 40 years or so. In addition, the infant industry argument has been recognized as a legitimate reason for protectionism by the WTO.

Nevertheless, many economists remain critical of this argument. They have made two main points in their criticism of this argument. First, protection from foreign competition does no good unless it helps make the infant industry efficient. Secondly, the infant industry argument often relies on an assumption that firms are unable to make efficient long-term investments by borrowing money from domestic or international markets. Consequently, governments have been required to subidize their long-term investments.

(2) Strategic trade policies argument

●Definition

Strategic trade policies refer to those policies that promote exports or discourage imports in particular economic sectors.

●The components to the strategic trade policies argument

There are two components to this argument. First, a government can help raise national income if it can somehow ensure that the firms to be supported by subsidies which have the hope of gaining first-mover advantage in an industry are domestic rather than foreign enterprises; second, strategic trade policies can pay government to intervene in an industry if such policies help domestic firms overcome the barriers to entry erected by foreign firms that have already

reaped first-mover advantage.

●Criteria of strategic trade policies

Three criteria have been especially popular among supporters of strategic trade policies. They are: (1) Industries are desirable if they have high value added per worker; (2) Industries are desirable if they pay high wages; and (3) Industries are desirable if they make use of high technology.

●Case studies of strategic trade policies

A very frequently used example of strategic example is the Airbus case. Airbus is a consortium of European governments that produces large passenger airplanes, competing directly with US counterpart.

Since 1970s, the U.K, France, Germany and Spain have used $ 13.5 billion subsidy to increase Airbus competitiveness. As a result it gained around 40% of the world’s commercial aircraft market, posing a threat to Boeing’s dominance by the late 1990s.

After the mid-1970s, Japan’s strategic trade policy has been aimed at developing its knowledge-intensive or high-tech industries by granting subsidies. Consequently Japan has become a significant producer of some products in which recent strategic trade policy has played a key role. The most famous and most significant of these are semi-conductor chips, digital color TV sets and video movie cameras and other high-tech products.

New Words

1. to further 促进，推进

2. retaliation 报复

3. anti-dumping 反倾销（的）

4. to induce 劝使

5. to design 事先计划好，事先制定

6. semi-conductor 半导体（的）

7. high-tech 高技术（的）

8. get-tough 强硬的

9. punitive 惩罚性的

10. sanction 制裁

11. tit-for-tat 针锋相对

12. conflict 冲突

13. ban 禁令（当动词用时表示“禁止”）

14. hormone-treated 经激素处理过的

15. to labour 苦苦挣扎

16. sanction 制裁

17. instrument 工具（= tool）

18. counter-measures 对策，反对手段

19. to merit 应受

20. picture 状况

21. to streamline 使现代化，使合理化，精减使效率变高

22. legitimate 合法化

23. to subsidize 对……进行补贴

24. strategic 战略上的，战略的

25. desirable 值得想望的

26. chip (s) 集成电路块，芯片

27. digital 数字的

28. critical 对……表示谴责的，对……表示不满的

Useful Phrases and Idiomatic Expressions

1. to fall into 分成，分为（to be divided into）

2. a range of 一系列，一连串

3. one side of coin 问题的一个侧面或方面

4. to be based on such grounds 基于这些因素

5. to cost sb. dearly 使某人付出高昂的代价

6. to back down 让步，改变原来的态度或立场(to yield in argument, point of view, or claim,

美国人常用“to back off”表示同样的意思)

7. to impose bans on sth. 对….实行禁令

8. every now and then 时而，不时

9. to engage sb. in 使某人卷入或参与

10. to appeal to （文中）对……有吸引力（有时也表示“向……上诉”）

11. to be critical of sth. 对……表示不满，对……表示谴责

12. to pose a threat to sb. 对某人形成威胁

13. in the press 在报刊上

14. to pay lip service to sth. 对……口头上说好听的话

Supplementary Reading for Chapter 4

U.S. Won’t Push Japan on Moves to Weaken the Yen,

Snow Says

By G. THOMAS SIMS

FRANKFURT — In a slap to U.S. manufacturers, Treasury Secretary John Snow said Friday that the U.S. won’t press the Japanese to stop its efforts to weaken the yen—a tactic that gives that nation’s exporters a competitive advantage.

The comments are likely to anger U.S. manufactures, which have been pressing the administration hard to stop the Japanese from intervening in foreign exchange markets to weaken the yen. They first pushed the Treasury Department to abandon the rhetoric of a strong dollar, which Mr. Snow has effectively done. Now they want the administration to strong-arm the

Japanese and Chinese to let their currencies rise.

“Interventions in our view shoul d be kept to a minimum, but at the same time, Japan is going through a tough set of things they are trying to deal with,” Mr. Snow told journalists in Frank fury. “As they deal with those things, we are not going to be critical of them at all for their act ions. They need a strong export sector to be able to finance their ability to get the reforms done and strengthen the domestic sector.”

The Treasury Secretary continued to say that he hoped that Japan would eventually become less heavy-handed in markets on ce it gets over its problems. “I hope in longer term they too will move in the direction of a more freely fluctuating exchange rate, letting markets set value,” Mr. Snow said, “That’s the right long-term regime to move to, but there are often obstacles to getting to that.”

The statements also fueled speculation that the Bank of Japan would become even more active in its dollar purchases since it received what seemed like a bit of a green light from Washington. On Friday, the dollar sank against the yen to a global session low at 118.25 yen before finding support and heading up toward 118.38 yen late in the day in New York, also well of its session high of 119.21 yen and down from 118.71 yen late Thursday.

Mr. Snow was speaking with reporters after a four-day tour through Europe. He was meeting European finance ministers, central bankers and business leaders to urge them to pursue policies that promote growth.

After the press conference, a Treasury spokesman played down the comments by suggesting that Mr. Snow might have talked to the Japanese in private. Tony Fratto, the spokesman, told reporters that Mr. Snow has said “many times that the best way to set relative currency values is in open competitive markets.”

“Anything Secretary Snow has to say to the Japanese on currencies he will say directly,” Mr. Fratto said. Mr. Snow plans to travel to Japan later this year.

Japan’s massive dollar purchases — it has spent roughly seven trillion yen ($59.1 billion) so far this year buying dollars for yen — helps the U.S. financial system given that Japan’s Ministry of Finance often puts the proceeds back into U.S. securities, in particular Treasury and agency debt. This helps support these markets and finance the U.S.’s growing current-account deficit —the broadest form of the trade balance.

The fact that Mr. Snow spoke so frankly in public about Japan’s practices astounded many in the currency markets, particularly as the same official has publicly urged China to move down the road toward exchange-rate flexibility.

“I wouldn’t imagine the administration wants to get into the game of condoning one country’s intervention and condemning another’s,” said Lara Rhame, senior economist at Brown Brothers Harriman in New York.

The remarks once again underscore the difficulty the Bush administration has had more broadly with the strong-dollar policy it inherited from the Clinton years that it has never felt

comfortable with and has had difficulty articulating.

A strong dollar and a weak yen make U.S. goods relatively more expensive in foreign markets, putting manufactures in the U.S. at a disadvantage.

The Wall Street journal, July 1, 2003

国际贸易中常用英语

国际贸易中常用英语 A: Mr. White, we have discussed the quotation. This is our rock-bottom price. Here you are. A:怀特先生，我们已经讨论了报价。这是我方的最低价格，给你。 B: I have studied it. I think your price is still a little high.我已经看过了。我认为你们的价格还是有点高。 A: This is our rock-bottom price, Mr. White. We can't make any further concessions. A:这已经是我方的最低价格了，怀特先生，不可能再降了。 B: If that's the case, there's no much point in further discussion. We might as well as call the whole deal off.如果是这样的话，那就没有什么必要再谈下去了，我们是不是干脆放弃这笔生意算了。 A: What I mean is that we'll never be able to come down to your price. A:我的意思是说我们的价格永远不可能降到你们提出的水平。 B:I think it unwise for either of us to insist on his own price. How about meeting each other half way and each makes a further concession so that business can be concluded? B:我想我们双方都坚持自己的价格是不明智的，能不能互相做出让步？双方都让一半，生意就能成交了。 A: What is your proposal? 你的建议是？ B: Could you make 7% reduction of each item? 你们能不能降7%？ A: That’s impossible.不可能。 B: What would you suggest? 你的意思呢？ A: The best we can do will be a reduction of 4%. That’s definitely being rock-bottom. 我们最多降4%，这可真是最低价了。 B: But I think it's a little higher. 但还是有点高。 A: You know that our products have good quality. Considering the quality, I should say the price is reasonable. 你知道我们的产品质量很高。就质量而言，我敢说我们提出的价格是合理的。 B: No doubt that yours is of high quality, but still, there is keen competition in the hardware market. 毫无疑问，你们的产品质量很好，但小五金市场的竞争也很激烈。 A: So far our products have stood competition well. The very fact other clients keep on buying speaks for itself.直到现在，我们的产品能够经得起竞争。别的顾客不断地向我们购买，这一事实本身就说明了问题。 B: Ok, could you make 4% reduction?你们能降4%吗？ A: Well, in order to close the deal, I accept.好吧，为了达成交易，我接受了。 B: I'm glad that we have settled the price.很高兴我们就价格达成了协议。 A: Mr. White, could you tell me the quantity that you need?

国际贸易专业英语词汇

国际经济与贸易专业英语词汇手册 商学院 2009年1月

economist 经济学家 socialist economy 社会主义经济 capitalist economy 资本主义经济 collective economy 集体经济 planned economy 计划经济 controlled economy 管制经济 rural economics 农村经济 liberal economy 经济 mixed economy 混合经济 political economy 政治经济学 protectionism 保护主义 autarchy 闭关自守 primary sector 初级成分 private sector 私营成分,私营部门 public sector 公共部门,公共成分 economic channels 经济渠道 economic balance 经济平衡 economic fluctuation 经济波动 economic depression 经济衰退 economic stability 经济稳定 economic policy 经济政策 economic recovery 经济复原 understanding 约定 concentration 集中 holding company 控股公司 trust 托拉斯 cartel 卡特尔 rate of growth 增长 economic trend 经济趋势 economic situation 经济形势 infrastructure 基本建设 standard of living 生活，标准,生活水平purchasing power, buying power 购买力 scarcity 短缺 stagnation 停滞,萧条,不景气underdevelopment 不发达 underdeveloped 不发达的 developing 发展中的 initial capital 创办资本 frozen capital 冻结资金 frozen assets 冻结资产 fixed assets 固定资产 real estate 不动产,房地产 circulating capital, working capital 流动资本

国际贸易实务英文名词解释(英to英)

国际贸易实务英文名词解释（英to英） What’s International Trade? The international trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. EXPORTING Exporting is the process of earning money by providing the right product at the right price at the right time in the right place beyond your home boundary. The ultimate goal is to make sure that the exporter is to be paid for the goods he sells. EXW EXW means the seller delivers when he places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller’s premises (法定地址) or another named place. The seller doesn’t not declare the goods for export and he needn’t load goods on any collecting vehicle. FAS Free alongside ship means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel at named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of the goods from that moment. FOB Free on Board means the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all the costs and risks from that point. The FOB terms require the seller to clear the goods for export. CFR Cost and freight means that the seller delivers when the goods pass ship’s rail at the named port of shipment CIF CIF means that the seller bears the same obligations as under CFR. In additional that he has to procure marine insurance against the buyer’s risk of loss or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pay the insurance premium. FCA, Free carrier (…Named place) It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has handed over the goods, cleared for export, into the custody of the carrier named by the buyer at the named place or point. If no precise point is indicated by the buyer, the seller may choose within the place or range stipulated where the carrier shall take charge of the goods. When, according to commercial practices, the seller’s assistance is required in making the contract with the carrie r, the seller may act at the buyer’s risk and expenses.

外贸流程中常用英语集锦

外贸流程中常用英语集锦 　外贸流程中常用英语有哪些?这是很多做外贸的朋友经常问到的问题，为了有助于大家更好地记这些单词，世界工厂网小编对外贸流程中常用英语进行了汇总，可供参考，希望对大家能有所帮助。 一般来说，外贸流程中常用英语如下： 一、General Terms 1. establishing business relation-建立业务关系 2. inquiry-询盘 3. offer-报盘 4. counter offer-还盘 5. quantity-数量 6. packing-包装 7. time of shipment-装运期 8. price-价格 9. discount-折扣 10. terms of payment-支付条款 11. insurance-保险 12. commodity inspection-商品检验 13. acceptance-接受 14. signing a contract-签订合同 15. claim-索赔 16. agency-agent 17. commission-佣金 18. exclusive sales-包销 19. joint venture-合资企业 20. compensation trade-补偿贸易 21. processing and assembling trade-加工装配贸易 22. the terms of international trade-国际贸易术语 二、Establishing business relation 建立业务关系 1. recommendation 推荐、介绍 2. inform 通知 3. enter into business relations 建立业务关系 4. catalogue 目录 5. for your reference 供您参考 6. specific inquiry 具体询价 7. promptly 立即

国际贸易专业英语整理

可能出翻译 (1) FOB: Free on Board (…named port of shipment) 装运港船上交货（……指定装运港）“Free on Board” means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have passed over the ship’s rail at the named port of shipment. （2）CFR: Cost and Freight(…named port of destination) 成本加运费（……指定目的港） “Cost and Freight” means that the seller is responsible for chartering a liner and loading the goods on the liner at the stipulated time in the contract. （3）CIF: Cost Insurance and Freight(…named port of destination) 成本、保险加 运费（……指定目的港） “Cost Insurance and Freight” means that the seller has the obligations to procure marine insurance against the risks of losses of, or damage to the goods during the carriage. 1. The theory of comparative advantage Although Smith’s work was instrumental in the development of economic theories ab out trade and production, it did not answer a question like if a country did not posses s absolute advantage in any product, could it (or would it ) trade ? 尽管斯密的著作在贸易和生产相关的经济理论上有指导意义，但他没有回答类似于一 个国家若没有绝对优势能否贸易这样的问题。 David Ricardo (1772- 1823) , in his 1819 work entitled On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, sought to take the basis ideas set down by Smith a few steps further. Ricardo noted that even if a country possessed absolute advantage in the production of two produ cts, it still must be relatively more efficient than the other country in the production o f one commodity than the other. Ricardo termed this the Comparative Advantage. 大卫.李嘉图在1819年的作品《政治经济学及赋税原理》，试图在斯密观点基础上进 行更深一步挖掘，李嘉图表示即使一个国家在生产两种产品时有绝对优势，但相对另 一个国家生产同类产品它依然有相对较高效率的产品，李嘉图把这称之为比较优势。 2.Definition a. According to the theory of comparative advantage, it makes sense for a country to specialize in the production of those goods it produces most efficiently and to buy th e goods from other countries that it produces less efficiently, even i f this means buyi ng goods from other countries that it could produce more efficiently itself.

《国际贸易实务》(英文版) 词汇

《国际贸易实务》（英文版）词汇 Chapter 1 Introduction to International Trade Trade Frictions 贸易摩擦 Portfolio Investment 间接投资 Chapter 2 International Trade Policy Acquisitions 购并 Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States（HTS）美国协调关税明细表 Harmonized System 商品名称及编码协调制度 International Harmonized Commodity Coding and Classification System 商品名称及编码协调制度 World Customs Organization 世界海关组织 Customs Tariff of Import/Export of the People’s Republic of China 中华人民共和国进出口关税条例 Voluntary Export Restaint（VER）自动出口限制 Multi-Fiber Arrangement 多种纤维协定 Domestic Content Requirements 国内成分要求 Government Procurement Policies 政府采购政策 Buy America Act of 1933 1933年购买美国货法案 Red-tape Barriers Export Enhancement Program（EEP）美国的出口促进计划 Dairy Export Incentive Program（DEIP）奶制品出口激励项目 Chapter 3 Trade Bloc and Trade Block

国际贸易常用单词

国际贸易常用单词 1.trade terms 贸易术语 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/379497293.html,IC china chamber of international commerce 中国国际商会 3.FOB free on board 离岸价,目的港船上交货 4.FOB under tackle FOB吊钩下交货 5.FOB liner terms FOB班轮条件 6.FOB stowed FOB包括理仓 7.FOB trimmed FOB包括平仓 8.CFR COST AND FREIGHT 成本加运费 9.CIF COST INSURANCE AND FREIGHT 成本、保险费加运费，又称到岸价 10.FCA FREE CARRIER 货交承运人 11.CPT Carriage paid to 运费付至 12.FAS free alongside ship 船边交货 13.DAF delivered at frontier 边境交货 14.DES delivered EX ship 目的刚船上交货 15.DEQ delivered EX QUAY 目的港码头交货 16.DDU delivered duty unpaid 未完税交货 17.DDP delivered duty paid 完税后交货 18.EXW EX WORKS 工厂交货 19.point of delivery 装货港 20.deliver on board 交到船舷上 21.without delay 毫不迟疑的 22.sufficient notice 充分的通知 23.freight forwarder 货运代理人 24.actual carrier 实际承运人 25.not unloaded 未卸下的 26.carriage and insurance paid to 运费、保费付至 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/379497293.html,mission佣金 28.discount 折扣 29.price including commission 含佣价 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/379497293.html, 净价净的 31.delivery 交货 32.shipment 装运 33.time of delivery 交货时间/交货期 34.time of shipment 装运时间 35.loading on board vessel 装船 36.dispatch 发运 37.prompt shipment 迅速装运 38.immediate shipment 立即装运 39.port of shipment 装货港 40.partial shipment 分批装运 41.transhipment 转运 42.sea transport/ocean transport 海洋运输 43.liner transhort 班轮运输 44.sailing schedule 航行时间表 45.voyage /trip charter 定程租船 46.time charter 定期租船 47.weight ton 重量吨

国际贸易专业英语单词

国际贸易专业英语 Unit 1 mercantilism重商主义；export出口；import进口；precious metal贵金属；restrain import限制进口；encourage export鼓励出口； early（late）mercantilism早期（晚期）重商主义；bullionism重金主义； favorable balance of trade; positive trade balance; trade surplus贸易顺差； trade deficit; unfavorable balance of trade; negative trade balance贸易逆差； balance of bargains贸易差额论 barter; barter trade易货贸易； hard currency硬通货； physiocrat重农主义者；physiocracy重农主义；laissez-faire自由主义； monopoly垄断；tariff关税；quota配额； prohibition禁令；skilled labor熟练劳动力；manufactured goods制成品 port duty入港税； country of origin原产地； The wealth of Nations国富论； positive-sum game正和游戏；

zero-sum game零和游戏； specialization专业化；economies of scale规模经济； welfare福利； 1 free-market economics自由市场经济 classical economist古典经济学家； oversupply供大于求；过度供给； inflation通货膨胀；Industrial Revolution工业革命； free trade policy自由贸易政策； protectionism保护贸易主义； international monetary system国际货币体系； gold standard金本位；exchange rate汇率； international price国际价格；devaluation贬值； depreciation贬值；appreciation升值； revaluation升值；the Great Depression大萧条； Keynesian凯恩斯主义者； countercyclical policy反周期政策； centrally planned system中央计划体制； economic affair经济事务； bilateral trading agreement双边贸易协定； foreign exchange外汇； foreign exchange control外汇管制； The Marshall Plan马歇尔计划； The Bretton Woods agreement布雷顿森林协定；

国际贸易常用英语

stocks 存货，库存量 cash sale 现货purchase 购买，进货bulk sale 整批销售，趸售 distribution channels 销售渠道 wholesale 批发 retail trade 零售业hire-purchase 分期付款购买 fluctuate in line with market conditions 随行就市 unfair competition 不合理竞争 dumping 商品倾销dumping profit margin 倾销差价，倾销幅度antidumping 反倾销customs bond 海关担保chain debts 三角债freight forwarder 货运代理 trade consultation 贸易磋商 mediation of dispute 商业纠纷调解 partial shipment 分批装运 restraint of trade 贸易管制 RTA (Regional Trade Arrangements) 区域贸易安排 favorable balance of trade 贸易顺差unfavorable balance of trade 贸易逆差special preferences 优惠关税 bonded warehouse 保税仓库 transit trade 转口贸易tariff barrier 关税壁垒tax rebate 出口退税TBT (Technical Barriers to Trade) 技术性贸易壁垒 贸易伙伴术语 trade partner 贸易伙伴manufacturer 制造商，制造厂middleman 中间商，经纪人 dealer 经销商wholesaler 批发商retailer, tradesman 零售商 merchant 商人，批发商，零售商concessionaire, licensed dealer 受让人，特许权获得者 consumer 消费者，用户client, customer 顾客，客户 buyer 买主，买方carrier 承运人consignee 收货人 进出口贸易词汇commerce, trade, trading 贸易 inland trade, home trade, domestic trade 国内贸易international trade 国际贸易 foreign trade, external trade 对外贸易，外贸import,

外贸中常见英文缩写

［实用英 语］： 外贸中常见英文缩略词 1C&F(cost&freight)成本加运费价 2T/T(telegraphic tran sfer)电汇 3D/P(docume nt aga inst payme nt)付款交单 4D/A (docume nt aga inst accepta nee承兑交单 5 C.O (certificate of origi n)—般原产地证 6G.S.P.(ge neralized system of prefere nee普惠制7CTN/CTNS(carto n/carto ns纸箱 8PCE/PCS(piece/piece只、个、支等 9DL/DLS(dollar/dollars)美元 10DOZ/DZ(doze n 一打 11PKG(package一包，一捆，一扎，一件等 12WT(weight)重量 13G.W.(gross weight)毛重 15 C/D (customs declarati on报关单 16EA(each每个，各 17W (with)具有 18w/o(without) 没有

19FAC(facsimile 传真20IMP(import)进口

21EXP(export) 出口 22MAX (maximum)最大的、最大限度的23MIN (mi nimum)最小的，最低限度 24M或MED (medium冲等，中级的 25M/V (merchant vessel商船 26S.S(steamship船运 27MT 或M/T(metric ton)公吨 28DOC (docume nt文件、单据 29INT (international) 国际的 30P/L (pack ing list)装箱单、明细表31INV (in voice发票 32PCT (perce nt百分比 33REF( refere nee)参考、查价 34EMS( express mail special特快传递35STL.(style式样、款式、类型 36T 或LTX或TX(telex)电传 37RMB( renminbi)人民币 38S/M (shipping marks)装船标记 39PR或PRC(price价格 40PUR (purchase购买、购货

进出口专业英语

1．Trade-related Terms 贸易相关术语 A．贸易 Foreign Trade 对外贸易 Entrepot Trade F。）转口贸易 Home （Domestic）Trade 内贸 Coastal Trade 沿海贸易 Cross-border Trade 边境贸易 Barter Trade 易货贸易 Compensation Trade 补偿（互补）贸易 Bilateral trade （between China and the US）（中美）双边贸易Multilateral Trade ( Multilaterism ) 多边贸易 Trading House/Corporation/Firm/Company 贸易公司 Liner Trade 集装箱班轮运输 B．合同 Contract 合同 Active service contracts on file 在备有效服务合同 Sales Contract 销售合同 Sales Confirmation 销售确认书 Agreement 协议 Vessel sharing Agreement 共用舱位协议 Slot-sharing Agreement 共用箱位协议 Slot Exchange Agreement 箱位互换协议 Amendment 修正合同 Appendix 附录 Quota 配额 C．服务合同 Service Contract as provided in the Shipping Act of 1984，a contract between a shipper （or a shippers association）and an ocean carrier （or conference）in which the shipper makes a commitment to provide a certain minimum quantity of cargo or freight revenue over a fixed time period，and the ocean common carrier or conference commits to a certain rate or rate schedules as well as a defined service level （such as assured space，transit time， port rotation or similar service features）。The contract may also specify provisions in the event of non-performance on the part of either party 服务合同

国际贸易常用术语(中英)

国际贸易（International Trade） 国际贸易惯例（International Trade Practice） 《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》（INCOTERM 2000） FOB ( Free On Board ) https://www.sodocs.net/doc/379497293.html,d port of shipment FOB 也称“离岸价”，实践中的使用通常为“FOB……港（出发地）按FOB成交，由买方负责派船接运货物，卖方应在合同规定的装运港和规定的期限内，将货物装上买方指定的船只，并及时通知买方。货物在装船时越过船舷，风险即由卖方转移至买方。 成员图片(4张) FAS ( Free Alongside Ship ) https://www.sodocs.net/doc/379497293.html,d port of shipment FAS(Free Alongside Ship)是国际贸易术语之一，《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》（INCOTERMS2000）对其规定如下：“船边交货（……指定装运港）”是指卖方在指定的装运港将货物交到船边，即完成交货。买方必须承担自那时起货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。 FCA ( Free Carrier ) https://www.sodocs.net/doc/379497293.html,d place FCA是国际贸易术语之一，《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》（INCOTERMS 2000）free carrier“货交承运人对其规定如下：需要说明的是，交货地点的选择对于在该地点装货和卸货的义务会产生影响。若卖方在其所在地交货，则卖方应负责装货，若卖方在任何其他地点交货，卖方不负责卸货。 该术语可用于各种运输方式，包括多式联运。 “承运人”指任何人在运输合同中，承诺通过铁路、公路、空运、海运、内河运输或上述运输的联合方式履行运输或由他人履行运输。若买方指定承运人以外的人领取货物，则当卖方将货物交给此人时，即视为已履行了交货义务。 CFR ( Cost and Freight ) https://www.sodocs.net/doc/379497293.html,d port of destination 在《2000年通则》中，明确规定CFR术语只能适用于海运和内河航运。如合同当事人不采用越过船舷交货，则应使用CPT术语。 CIF ( Cost Insurance and Freight ) https://www.sodocs.net/doc/379497293.html,d port of destination CIF到岸价即"成本、保险费加运费"是指在目的港当货物越过船舷时卖方即完成交货。 FOB、CFR和CIF三种术语的换算： 1.FOB价换算为其他价CFR价=FOB价+国外运费CIF价=(FOB价+国外运费)/(1-投保加成×保险费率) 2.CFR价换算为其他价FOB价=CFR价－国外运费CIF价=CFR价/(1-投保加成×保险费率) 3.CIF价换算为其他价FOB价=CIF价×(1-投保加成×保险费率)－国外运费CFR价=C IF价×(1-投保加成×保险费率) 4. CFR计算报价 1．净价CFR=FOB+F 2．含佣价CFRC=CFR/(1-Rc)=FOB+F/(1-Rc）

国际贸易实务英文名词解释英to英

国际贸易实务英文名词解释（英t o英） What’s International Trade? The international trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. EXPORTING Exporting is the process of earning money by providing the right product at the right price at the right time in the right place beyond your home boundary. The ultimate goal is to make sure that the exporter is to be paid for the goods he sells. EXW EXW means the seller delivers when he places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller’s premises (法定地址) or another named place. The seller doesn’t not declare the goods for export and he needn’t load goods on any collecting vehicle. FAS Free alongside ship means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel at named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of the goods from that moment. FOB Free on Board means the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all the costs and risks from that point. The FOB terms require the seller to clear the goods for export. CFR Cost and freight means that the seller delivers when the goods pass ship’s rail at the named port of shipment CIF CIF means that the seller bears the same obligations as under CFR. In additional that he has to procure marine insurance against the buyer’s risk of loss or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pay the insurance premium. FCA, Free carrier (…Named place) It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has handed over the goods, cleared for export, into the custody of the carrier named by the buyer at the named place or point. If no precise point is indicated by the

国际贸易英语词汇集锦

国际贸易英语词汇集锦 贸易价格术语 ?trａde tｅrm / priｃｅtｅrm价格术语??woｒld/ iｎterｎａtｉonal market pricｅ国际市场价格? FＯＢ（free oｎｂｏａｒｄ）离岸价 ?C&Ｆ（cost ａnd ｆreigｈｔ）成本加运费价? CＩF （ｃosｔ, insurａnce and frｅiｇhｔ）到岸价 ?freｉght运费 ?wｈaｒfage 码头费? landing chａrgeｓ卸货费? cuｓtomｓｄｕty 关税? portｄues 港口税 imｐort suｒchargｅ进口附加税 ?imｐoｒｔvaｒiaｂlｅｄuties进口差价税??ｍisｓiｏｎ佣金? reｔurｎmission回佣,回扣 ?price including misｓion 含佣价 ?neｔprice 净价 wholeｓale pricｅ批发价? ｄiscount / aｌｌowance 折扣? retaｉl pｒiｃe零售价 ?spot price现货价格 curｒent priｃｅ现行价格／时价 ?inｄiｃative price参考价格? custoｍs vａluatioｎ海关估价??ｐｒiceｌist 价目表??toｔalｖalｕe 总值??贸易保险术语 All Risｋｓ一切险 ?F、P、A、（Free from PａｒtｉculａｒＡverage）平安险 ?Ｗ、Ａ、/ Ｗ、P、A（With Aｖeragｅor With Pａｒticular Averａｇｅ)水渍险? Ｗar Rｉsk 战争险 F、W、R、D、(Ｆｒｅsh Watｅr Rａin Ｄａmａｇe）淡水雨淋险??Risk oｆIntermｉxtｕre ａnd Cｏntamｉnａtioｎ混杂、玷污险 Risk oｆLeakaｇe 渗漏险??Rｉsｋof Odor 串味险 ?Riｓｋof Ruｓt 锈蚀险 ShortａｇｅRｉsk 短缺险? T、P、Ｎ、D、（Tｈeft，Ｐilferagｅ＆Ｎon—dｅliverｙ) 偷窃提货不着险 ?Ｓtｒikｅs Risk 罢工险 ?贸易机构词汇