毕业论文外文翻译-ERP系统的影响

毕业论文

外文文献翻译院系经济管理学院

专业班级会计0902班

姓名

原文出处 The Effort Of ERP,February,2009 评分

指导教师

华中科技大学武昌分校

2013 年 1 月

ERP系统的影响

约瑟夫·布雷泽尔

广义的会计电算化是指与实际会计工作电算化有关的所有工作，包括会计电算化软件的开发与应用、会计电算化人才的培训、会计电算化的宏观规划、会计电算化制度建设、会计电算化软件市场的培育与发展等。他是一个人机结合的系统，其基本构成包括会计人员、硬件资源、软件资源和信息资源等要素，其核心部分则是功能完善的会计软件资源。

计算机的计算速度非常快，而采用会计电算化后，会计数据都是通过计算机来处理，这样使会计信息更加准确和及时，同时也为发挥会计的职能作用创造了有利条件，如通过财务软件来进行数据的分析、预测，从而更加充分的发回会计的预测、决策职能，不局限于其反应、监督职能。

实现会计电算化后，只有将原始会计数据输入计算机，大量的数据、计算、分类、归集、汇总、分析等工作，全部由计算机完成。这样就将会计人员从繁杂的记账、算账,、报账中解脱出来，减轻了劳动强度，提高了工作效率；而会计软件采用了先进的技术对输入的数据进行校验，防止非法数据的进入，如一张借贷不平的凭证，计算机拒绝接收，从而保证了会计信息的合法性、完整性，促进了会计工作的规范化，提高了会计信息的质量；实现会计电算化后会计不仅有核算，监督这样的基本职能，而且还通过计算机分析、预测并参与经济决策，提高了企业的管理水平，此外大量的信息可以得到共享，促

进和带动其他业务、管理部门的信息沟通，为整个管理现代化奠定基础。

目前，许多企业还未充分认识到会计电算化的意义及重要性。首先，许多企业领导者对会计电算化存在片面认识，认为会计电算化只是会计核算工具的改变，看不到其对会计职能、企业管理方法和管理流程的深刻影响，有的领导甚至认为会计电算化只是用计算机代替账册，仅把会计电算化当作树立企业形象的一种手段。其次，在会计电算化的具体应用中，多数单位缺乏对手工系统进行充分分析的意识，没有针对本企业自身的管理要求和运行模式，对会计信息系统进行相应的设置和调整。在不少财务人员看来，电算化仅仅是代替了手工核算，提高了核算效率，根本未认识到建立完整的会计信息系统对企业的重要性。会计电算化是会计工作的发展方向，是信息时代社会经济发展对会计工作提出的必然要求。我们必须清醒地认识到,会计电算化不仅改变了会计核算方式、数据储存形式、数据处理程序和方法,扩大了会计数据领域,提高了会计信息质量,而且改变了会计内部控制与审计的方法和技术,推动了会计理论与会计技术的进一步发展完善,促进了会计管理制度的改革,是整个会计理论研究与会计实务的一次根本性变革。从表面上看,会计电算化只不过是将电子计算机应用于会计核算工作中,减轻会计人员的劳动强度,提高会计核算的速度和精度,以计算机替代手工记账。而实际上,会计电算化决不仅仅是核算工具和核算方法的改进,而且必然会引起会计工作组织和人员分工的改革,促进会计人员素质和知识结构、会计工作效率和质量的全

面提高,从而节省会计人员的时间和精力,转变会计工作职能,推动会计理论和会计技术的进步,提高整个会计工作的水平,大幅度增加企业的经使会计理论和实务的方方面面都将发生前所未有的深刻变化。比如数据集中存放的“电算化会计”，采用先进的数据库及数据仓库技术，实现了数据分类集中存放，完成明细分类账和对账操作，各种报表数据均能通过数据共享及时而准确地取得。

为实现会计电算化人的素质是关键，要进一步改革人才教育培养的相关制度，多方面、多形式、多渠道培养会计电算化所需要的各个层次的人才。首先，相关的大、专院校，根据时代需要，及时调整专业设置和培养方向，把握社会人社会培养既懂计算机知识，又懂会计企业经营管理的复合型人才，重点掌握会计电算化应用软、硬件的开发、改进、维护等问题；其次，对在岗会计人员进行进修和培训，使他们能够比较系统的了解和掌握会计电算化的基本原理和操作方法，持证上岗。好的会计基础工作和规范的业务处理程序，是实现会计电算化的前提条件，这就要求会计人员提高自身素质，更新知识结构，重要的是必须掌握电子计算机的有关知识，提高职业判断能力，确保会计工作规范有序。作为会计，应积极学习会计电算化知识，掌握计算机先进技术，提高操作能力，维护软件正常运行，把自己培养为复合型人才，为本单位尽快建立高效的会计信息系统创造条件。会计电算化，给会计工作增添了新内容，从各方面要求会计人员提高自身素质，更新知识结构，一方面为了参与企业管理，要更多地学习经营管理知识，另一方面还必须掌握电子计算机的有关知识，好的会计基础

工作和规范的业务处理程序，是实现会计电算化的前提条件，所以会计电算化也要求促进会计工作的规范化。

以上这些问题是会计电算化进程中经常遇到而又必须重视和及时解决的问题。这些问题如若不重视或不及时解决，它将严重阻碍会计电算化向更深层次的发展；如若重视并及时解决这些问题，它必然会促进会计电算化向更深层次发展，最大程度地提高会计工作水平和会计信息的质量，更好地为提高各级企、事业单位现代化管理水平和提高经济效益服务。企业在建立了会计电算化系统后，由于计算机的运算速度快、计算精度高、提供信息全面，因而大大提高了会计工作的质量，改变了会计工作的面貌，会计核算和会计管理的环境发生了很大的变化。但是．随着会计电算化的飞速发展，利用电算化系统的弱点进行的贪污、舞弊等违法犯罪活动也有所增加，给企业和社会造成了严重的损失。由于会计电算化系统的特殊性，建立一整套对会计电算化系统舞弊的防范措施和控制制度就显得尤为重要。

Generalized computerized accounting refers to accounting for all the work associated with the actual accounting work, including the development and application of computerized accounting software, computerized accounting personnel training, the accounting computerization in macroscopic planning, computerized accounting system, the accounting computerization software market cultivation and development etc..He is a combination system, the basic composition including accounting personnel, hardware resources, software resources and information resources and other factors, its core part is the function of the accounting software resources.

The calculation speed of computer is very fast, and the use of computerized accounting, the accounting data is processed by computer, so that the accounting information more accurately and timely, but also created favorable conditions for the use of the function of accountant, such as through the financial software to carry on the analysis, according to the forecast, the more sufficient back accounting for the forecast, decision-making functions, not only in the confines of the reaction, the supervision function.

Implementation of computerized accounting, only the original accounting data input computer, large amounts of data, computing,

classification, collection, summary, analysis and so on, are completed by the computer.This accounting personnel from the complicated bookkeeping, accounting, reporting, relief, reducing the labor intensity, improve work efficiency; and the accounting software used to check data of advanced technology to prevent the entry of illegal input, data, such as a loan uneven vouchers, computer rejected, so as to ensure the legality, integrity of accounting information, and promote the accounting work standardization, improved the quality of accounting information; accounting computerization accounting is not only the basic functions of accounting, such supervision, but also through computer analysis, prediction and participation in economic decision-making, improve the management level of enterprises, in addition to a large number of the information can be shared, information communication to promote and drive the other business, management, and lay the foundation for the modernization of management.

At present, many enterprises are not fully aware of the significance and importance of accounting computerization.First of all, many business leaders to computerized accounting have one-sided understanding, think of just accounting tools to change the accounting computerization, can not see its profound influence on accounting function, management methods and management processes, some leaders even think the accounting computerization only replace books by

computer, and only a means of as a corporate image in accounting computerization.Secondly, in the specific application of the accounting computerization, the majority of units lack sufficient analysis of consciousness to the manual system, not for the management requirements of the enterprise itself and its operation mode, set and adjust the accounting information system.In the view of many financial personnel, computerization is only instead of manual accounting, improve accounting efficiency, set up did not recognize the integrity of accounting information system to the importance of the enterprise.Accounting computerization is the development direction of the accounting work, is the inevitable requirement of the development of social economy in the information age to the accounting work.We must realise soberly, computerized accounting not only change the accounting methods, forms of data storage, data processing procedures and methods, to expand the field of accounting data, improve the quality of accounting information, but also changes the method and technology of internal accounting control and audit, promote the further development of accounting theory and technique improvement, promote the accounting management system reform, is a fundamental change of the accounting theory and accounting practice.On the surface, accounting computerization is only used in computer accounting work, accounting personnel to reduce labor intensity, improve the speed and accuracy of accounting, computer instead of

manual accounting.In fact, computerized accounting is not only the improvement of accounting and accounting methods, and will cause the reform of accounting work organization and personnel division of labor, promoting the accounting personnel quality and knowledge structure, the efficiency of accounting work and the quality of accounting personnel, thus saving time and energy, change the accounting functions, accounting accounting theory and technical progress, improve the accounting work level, greatly increased the accounting theory and practice aspects have undergone profound changes hitherto unknown enterprise.For example, the data stored in the "computerized accounting", the use of advanced database and data warehouse technology, realizes the data classification and centralized storage, complete the subsidiary ledger and reconciliation operation, all kinds of report data can be obtained accurately through data sharing.

Computerized accounting for the people's quality is the key, the relevant system to further reform of talent education and training, in many aspects, in various forms, multi-channel training of accounting computerization needs all levels of personnel.First of all, the large, colleges, according to the needs of the times, the timely adjustment of professional setting and training direction, grasp the social social culture not only understand the computer knowledge, and to understand the talents of accounting of the enterprise management, master key to

computerized accounting application software, hardware development, improvement, maintenance and other problems; second, to to study and to on-the-job training of accounting personnel, so that they can understand and grasp the system of the accounting basic principle and operating method, certificates.Business process basic accounting work good and standard, is the realization of accounting computerization of the condition, which requires the accounting staff to improve their own quality, update their knowledge structure, it is important for knowledge must master the computer, improve the ability of occupation judgment, to ensure that the accounting work norms and orderly.As the accounting, should actively learn computerized accounting knowledge, master advanced computer technology, enhance the ability to operate, maintain the normal operation of software, to train themselves into talents, for the units to establish effective accounting information system to create the conditions as soon as possible.Accounting computerization, adds new content to the accounting work, accounting personnel in all aspects to improve their own quality, update their knowledge structure, on the one hand in order to participate in the enterprise management, to learn more knowledge of business management, on the other hand, we must master the computer knowledge, business process basic accounting work well and standard, is the realization condition of computerized accounting, so accounting standardization also promote the accounting work.

These problems are the accounting computerization and must pay attention to and solve the problems often encountered in the process of.If these problems are not valued or not resolved, it will seriously hamper China's computerized accounting to the development of a deeper level; if attention and solve these problems in a timely manner, it will definitely promote China's accounting computerization to the deeper, to maximize the accounting standards and improve the quality of accounting information, to better improve at all levels, modern management level of enterprises and institutions to improve economic efficiency and service.Enterprises in the establishment of a computerized accounting system, because the computer operation speed, high accuracy, providing comprehensive information, thus greatly improving the quality of accounting work, change the accounting work face, great changes occurred in the accounting and accounting management of the environment.But with the rapid development of computerized accounting, computerized system weaknesses of corruption, fraud and other illegal and criminal activities has also increased, resulting in serious losses to the enterprise and society.Due to the particularity of computerized accounting system, it is particularly important to establish the system of measure and control against a set of accounting computerization system fraud.

域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。

具体操作过程如下：

1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献；

2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了；

3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。

另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。

四大工具：

1、Google翻译：https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3819065309.html,/language_tools

google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。我利用它是这样的。一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。回到我自己说的翻译上来。下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧

比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译，

首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。

在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。大家应该都

有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google 里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索，你能看到许多相

关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。

2、CNKI翻译：https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3819065309.html,

CNKI翻译助手，这个网站不需要介绍太多，可能有些人也知道的。主要说说它的有点，你进去看看就能发现：搜索的肯定是专业词汇，而且它翻译结果下面有文章与之对应（因为它是CNKI检索提供的，它的翻译是从文献里抽出来的），很实用的一个网站。估计别的写文章的人不是傻子吧，它们的东西我们可以直接拿来用，当然省事了。网址告诉大家，有兴趣的进去看看，你们就会发现其乐无穷！还是很值得用的。https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3819065309.html,

3、网路版金山词霸（不到1M）：

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3819065309.html,/6946901637944806

4、有道在线翻译：https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3819065309.html,/?keyfrom=fanyi.logo

翻译时的速度：

这里我谈的是电子版和打印版的翻译速度，按个人翻译速度看，打印版的快些，因为看电子版本一是费眼睛，二是如果我们用电脑，可能还经常时不时玩点游戏，或者整点别的，导致最终SPPEED变慢，再之电脑上一些词典（金山词霸等）在专业翻译方面也不是特别好，所以翻译效果不佳。在此本人建议大家购买清华大学编写的好像是国防工业出版社的那本《英汉科学技术词典》，基本上挺好用。再加上网站如：google CNKI翻译助手，这样我们的翻译速度会提高不少。具体翻译时的一些技巧（主要是写论文和看论文方面）

大家大概都应预先清楚明白自己专业方向的国内牛人，在这里我

强烈建议大家仔细看完这些头上长角的人物的中英文文章，这对你在专业方向的英文和中文互译水平提高有很大帮助。

我们大家最蹩脚的实质上是写英文论文，而非看英文论文，但话说回来我们最终提高还是要从下大工夫看英文论文开始。提到会看，我想它是有窍门的，个人总结如下：

1、把不同方面的论文分夹存放，在看论文时，对论文必须做到看完后完全明白（你重视的论文）；懂得其某部分讲了什么（你需要参考的部分论文），在看明白这些论文的情况下，我们大家还得紧接着做的工作就是把论文中你觉得非常巧妙的表达写下来，或者是你论文或许能用到的表达摘记成本。这个本将是你以后的财富。你写论文时再也不会为了一些表达不符合西方表达模式而烦恼。你的论文也降低了被SCI或大牛刊物退稿的几率。不信，你可以试一试

2、把摘记的内容自己编写成检索，这个过程是我们对文章再回顾，而且是对你摘抄的经典妙笔进行梳理的重要阶段。你有了这个过程。写英文论文时，将会有一种信手拈来的感觉。许多文笔我们不需要自己再翻译了。当然前提是你梳理的非常细，而且中英文对照写的比较详细。

3、最后一点就是我们往大成修炼的阶段了，万事不是说成的，它是做出来的。写英文论文也就像我们小学时开始学写作文一样，你不练笔是肯定写不出好作品来的。所以在此我鼓励大家有时尝试着把自己的论文强迫自己写成英文的，一遍不行，可以再修改。最起码到最后你会很满意。呵呵，我想我是这么觉得的。

毕业论文外文翻译模版

吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title（Times New Roman ，三号） 学生学号：08810219 学生姓名：袁庚文 专业班级：信息与计算科学0802 指导教师：赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期：2012.2.27～2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology

1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献（学术期刊网上的），译成中文，与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前，同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为：上边距：3.5厘米，下边距：2.5厘米，左边距：3.5厘米，右边距：2厘米，页眉：2.5厘米，页脚：2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”，每段落首行缩进2字；或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字，字体：宋体，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距1.3，间距：前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意：各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1．第一级标题（如：第1章绪论）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：三号，1.5倍行距，段后11磅，段前为11磅。 2．第二级标题（如：1.2 摘要与关键词）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：四号，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 3．第三级标题（如：1.2.1 摘要）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：小四，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格（半角）。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书（论文）撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。

毕业论文英文参考文献与译文

Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of

概率论毕业论文外文翻译

Statistical hypothesis testing Adriana Albu，Loredana Ungureanu Politehnica University Timisoara,adrianaa@aut.utt.ro Politehnica University Timisoara,loredanau@aut.utt.ro Abstract In this article,we present a Bayesian statistical hypothesis testing inspection, testing theory and the process Mentioned hypothesis testing in the real world and the importance of, and successful test of the Notes. Key words Bayesian hypothesis testing; Bayesian inference;Test of significance Introduction A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether from a controlled experiment or an observational study (not controlled). In statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to a pre-determined threshold probability, the significance level. The phrase "test of significance" was coined by Ronald Fisher: "Critical tests of this kind may be called tests of significance, and when such tests are available we may discover whether a second sample is or is not significantly different from the first."[1] Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, in contrast to exploratory data analysis. In frequency probability,these decisions are almost always made using null-hypothesis tests. These are tests that answer the question Assuming that the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability of observing a value for the test statistic that is at [] least as extreme as the value that was actually observed?) 2 More formally, they represent answers to the question, posed before undertaking an experiment,of what outcomes of the experiment would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified probability of an incorrect rejection. One use of hypothesis testing is deciding whether experimental results contain enough information to cast doubt on conventional wisdom. Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of frequentist statistical inference. The Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing is to base rejection of the hypothesis on the posterior probability.[3][4]Other approaches to reaching a decision based on data are available via decision theory and optimal decisions. The critical region of a hypothesis test is the set of all outcomes which cause the null hypothesis to be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The critical region is usually denoted by the letter C. One-sample tests are appropriate when a sample is being compared to the population from a hypothesis. The population characteristics are known from theory or are calculated from the population.

毕业论文 外文翻译#(精选.)

毕业论文（设计）外文翻译 题目：中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 系部名称：经济管理系专业班级:会计082班 学生姓名：任民学号： 200880444228 指导教师：冯银波教师职称:讲师 年月日

译文： 中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 国际商业管理杂志 2009.10 摘要：本文把重点集中于中国上市公司的融资活动，运用西方融资理论，从非制度性因素方面，如融资成本、企业资产类型和质量、盈利能力、行业因素、股权结构因素、财务管理水平和社会文化，分析了中国上市公司倾向于股权融资的原因，并得出结论，股权融资偏好是上市公司根据中国融资环境的一种合理的选择。最后，针对公司的股权融资偏好提出了一些简明的建议。 关键词：股权融资，非制度性因素，融资成本 一、前言 中国上市公司偏好于股权融资，根据中国证券报的数据显示，1997年上市公司在资本市场的融资金额为95.87亿美元，其中股票融资的比例是72.5％，，在1998年和1999年比例分别为72.6％和72.3％，另一方面，债券融资的比例分别是17.8％，24.9％和25.1％。在这三年，股票融资的比例，在比中国发达的资本市场中却在下跌。以美国为例，当美国企业需要的资金在资本市场上，于股权融资相比他们宁愿选择债券融资。统计数据显示，从1970年到1985年，美日企业债券融资占了境外融资的91.7％，比股权融资高很多。阎达五等发现，大约中国3/4的上市公司偏好于股权融资。许多研究的学者认为，上市公司按以下顺序进行外部融资：第一个是股票基金，第二个是可转换债券，三是短期债务，最后一个是长期负债。许多研究人员通常分析我国上市公司偏好股权是由于我们国家的经济改革所带来的制度性因素。他们认为，上市公司的融资活动违背了西方古典融资理论只是因为那些制度性原因。例如，优序融资理论认为，当企业需要资金时，他们首先应该转向内部资金（折旧和留存收益），然后再进行债权融资，最后的选择是股票融资。在这篇文章中，笔者认为，这是因为具体的金融环境激活了企业的这种偏好，并结合了非制度性因素和西方金融理论，尝试解释股权融资偏好的原因。

毕业论文外文翻译模板

农村社会养老保险的现状、问题与对策研究社会保障对国家安定和经济发展具有重要作用，“城乡二元经济”现象日益凸现，农村社会保障问题客观上成为社会保障体系中极为重要的部分。建立和完善农村社会保障制度关系到农村乃至整个社会的经济发展，并且对我国和谐社会的构建至关重要。我国农村社会保障制度尚不完善，因此有必要加强对农村独立社会保障制度的构建，尤其对农村养老制度的改革，建立健全我国社会保障体系。从户籍制度上看，我国居民养老问题可分为城市居民养老和农村居民养老两部分。对于城市居民我国政府已有比较充足的政策与资金投人，使他们在物质和精神方面都能得到较好地照顾，基本实现了社会化养老。而农村居民的养老问题却日益突出，成为摆在我国政府面前的一个紧迫而又棘手的问题。 一、我国农村社会养老保险的现状 关于农村养老，许多地区还没有建立农村社会养老体系，已建立的地区也存在很多缺陷，运行中出现了很多问题，所以完善农村社会养老保险体系的必要性与紧迫性日益体现出来。 （一）人口老龄化加快 随着城市化步伐的加快和农村劳动力的输出，越来越多的农村青壮年人口进入城市，年龄结构出现“两头大，中间小”的局面。中国农村进入老龄社会的步伐日渐加快。第五次人口普查显示：中国65岁以上的人中农村为5938万，占老龄总人口的67.4%.在这种严峻的现实面前，农村社会养老保险的徘徊显得极其不协调。 （二）农村社会养老保险覆盖面太小 中国拥有世界上数量最多的老年人口，且大多在农村。据统计，未纳入社会保障的农村人口还很多，截止2000年底，全国7400多万农村居民参加了保险，占全部农村居民的11.18%，占成年农村居民的11.59%.另外，据国家统计局统计，我国进城务工者已从改革开放之初的不到200万人增加到2003年的1.14亿人。而基本方案中没有体现出对留在农村的农民和进城务工的农民给予区别对待。进城务工的农民既没被纳入到农村养老保险体系中，也没被纳入到城市养老保险体系中，处于法律保护的空白地带。所以很有必要考虑这个特殊群体的养老保险问题。

大学毕业论文---软件专业外文文献中英文翻译

软件专业毕业论文外文文献中英文翻译 Object landscapes and lifetimes Tech nically, OOP is just about abstract data typing, in herita nee, and polymorphism, but other issues can be at least as importa nt. The rema in der of this sect ion will cover these issues. One of the most importa nt factors is the way objects are created and destroyed. Where is the data for an object and how is the lifetime of the object con trolled? There are differe nt philosophies at work here. C++ takes the approach that con trol of efficie ncy is the most importa nt issue, so it gives the programmer a choice. For maximum run-time speed, the storage and lifetime can be determined while the program is being written, by placing the objects on the stack (these are sometimes called automatic or scoped variables) or in the static storage area. This places a priority on the speed of storage allocatio n and release, and con trol of these can be very valuable in some situati ons. However, you sacrifice flexibility because you must know the exact qua ntity, lifetime, and type of objects while you're writing the program. If you are trying to solve a more general problem such as computer-aided desig n, warehouse man ageme nt, or air-traffic con trol, this is too restrictive. The sec ond approach is to create objects dyn amically in a pool of memory called the heap. In this approach, you don't know un til run-time how many objects you n eed, what their lifetime is, or what their exact type is. Those are determined at the spur of the moment while the program is runnin g. If you n eed a new object, you simply make it on the heap at the point that you n eed it. Because the storage is man aged dyn amically, at run-time, the amount of time required to allocate storage on the heap is sig ni fica ntly Ion ger tha n the time to create storage on the stack. (Creat ing storage on the stack is ofte n a si ngle assembly in structio n to move the stack poin ter dow n, and ano ther to move it back up.) The dyn amic approach makes the gen erally logical assumpti on that objects tend to be complicated, so the extra overhead of finding storage and releas ing that storage will not have an importa nt impact on the creati on of an object .In additi on, the greater flexibility is esse ntial to solve the gen eral program ming problem. Java uses the sec ond approach, exclusive". Every time you want to create an object, you use the new keyword to build a dyn amic in sta nee of that object. There's ano ther issue, however, and that's the lifetime of an object. With Ian guages that allow objects to be created on the stack, the compiler determines how long the object lasts and can automatically destroy it. However, if you create it on the heap the compiler has no kno wledge of its lifetime. In a Ianguage like C++, you must determine programmatically when to destroy the

电子信息工程专业毕业论文外文翻译中英文对照翻译

本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译 院（系部）电气工程与自动化 专业名称电子信息工程 年级班级 04级7班 学生姓名 指导老师

Infrared Remote Control System Abstract Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique,drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos etc.characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage.Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application. The purpose that design this system is transmit cu stomer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit. It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal. The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272. Both chips are made in Taiwan. Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard. The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power. The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information. The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish

毕业论文外文资料翻译

毕业论文外文资料翻译题目(宋体三号，居中) 学院(全称，宋体三号，居中) 专业(全称，宋体三号，居中) 班级(宋体三号，居中) 学生(宋体三号，居中) 学号(宋体三号，居中) 指导教师(宋体三号，居中) 二〇一〇年月日(宋体三号，居中，时间与开题时间一致)

（英文原文装订在前）

Journal of American Chemical Society, 2006, 128(7): 2421-2425. (文献翻译必须在中文译文第一页标明文献出处：即文章是何期刊上发表的，X年X 卷X期，格式如上例所示，四号，右对齐，杂志名加粗。) [点击输入译文题目-标题1，黑体小二] [点击输入作者，宋体小四] [点击输入作者单位，宋体五号] 摘要[点击输入，宋体五号] 关键词[点击输入，宋体五号] 1[点击输入一级标题-标题2，黑体四号] [点击输入正文，宋体小四号，1.25倍行距] 1.1[点击输入二级标题-标题3，黑体小四] [点击输入正文，宋体小四，1.25倍行距] 1.1.1[点击输入三级标题-标题4，黑体小四] [点击输入正文，宋体小四，1.25倍行距] 说明： 1.外文文章必须是正规期刊发表的。 2.翻译后的中文文章必须达到2000字以上，并且是一篇完整文章。 3.必须要有外文翻译的封面，使用学校统一的封面； 封面上的翻译题目要写翻译过来的中文题目； 封面上时间与开题时间一致。 4.外文原文在前，中文翻译在后； 5.中文翻译中要包含题目、摘要、关键词、前言、全文以及参考文献，翻译要条理

清晰，中文翻译要与英文一一对应。 6.翻译中的中文文章字体为小四，所有字母、数字均为英文格式下的，中文为宋体， 标准字符间距。 7.原文中的图片和表格可以直接剪切、粘贴，但是表头与图示必须翻译成中文。 8.图表必须居中，文章段落应两端对齐、首行缩进2个汉字字符、1.25倍行距。 例如： 图1. 蛋白质样品的PCA图谱与8-卟啉识别排列分析(a)或16-卟啉识别排列分析(b)。为了得到b 的 数据矩阵，样品用16-卟啉识别排列分析来检测，而a 是通过捕获首八卟啉接收器数据矩阵从 b 中 萃取的。

本科毕业设计外文翻译(原文)

Real-time interactive optical micromanipulation of a mixture of high- and low-index particles Peter John Rodrigo, Vincent Ricardo Daria and Jesper Glückstad Optics and Plasma Research Department, Ris? National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark jesper.gluckstad@risoe.dk http://www.risoe.dk/ofd/competence/ppo.htm Abstract: We demonstrate real-time interactive optical micromanipulation of a colloidal mixture consisting of particles with both lower (n L < n0) and higher (n H > n0) refractive indices than that of the suspending medium (n0). Spherical high- and low-index particles are trapped in the transverse plane by an array of confining optical potentials created by trapping beams with top-hat and annular cross-sectional intensity profiles, respectively. The applied method offers extensive reconfigurability in the spatial distribution and individual geometry of the optical traps. We experimentally demonstrate this unique feature by simultaneously trapping and independently manipulating various sizes of spherical soda lime micro- shells (n L≈ 1.2) and polystyrene micro-beads (n H = 1.57) suspended in water (n0 = 1.33). ?2004 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (140.7010) Trapping, (170.4520) Optical confinement and manipulation and (230.6120) Spatial Light Modulators. References and links 1. A. Ashkin, “Optical trapping and manipulation of neutral particles using lasers,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 4853-4860 (1997). 2. K. Svoboda and S. M. Block, “Biological applications of optical forces,” Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 23, 247-285 (1994). 3. D. G. Grier, “A revolution in optical manipulation,” Nature 424, 810-816 (2003). 4. M. P. MacDonald, G. C. Spalding and K. Dholakia, “Microfluidic sorting in an optical lattice,” Nature 426, 421-424 (2003). 5. J. Glückstad, “Microfluidics: Sorting particles with light,” Nature Materials 3, 9-10 (2004). 6. A. Ashkin, “Acceleration and trapping of particles by radiation-pressure,”Phys. Rev. Lett. 24, 156-159 (1970). 7. A. Ashkin, J. M. Dziedzic, J. E. Bjorkholm and S. Chu, “Observation of a single-beam gradient force optical trap for dielectric particles,” Opt. Lett. 11, 288-290 (1986). 8. K. Sasaki, M. Koshioka, H. Misawa, N. Kitamura, and H. Masuhara, “Optical trapping of a metal particle and a water droplet by a scanning laser beam,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 807-809 (1992). 9. K. T. Gahagan and G. A. Swartzlander, “Trapping of low-index microparticles in an optical vortex,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 15, 524-533 (1998). 10. K. T. Gahagan and G. A. Swartzlander, “Simultaneous trapping of low-index and high-index microparticles observed with an optical-vortex trap,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 16, 533 (1999). 11. M. P. MacDonald, L. Paterson, W. Sibbett, K. Dholakia, P. Bryant, “Trapping and manipulation of low-index particles in a two-dimensional interferometric optical trap,” Opt. Lett. 26, 863-865 (2001). 12. R. L. Eriksen, V. R. Daria and J. Glückstad, “Fully dynamic multiple-beam optical tweezers,” Opt. Express 10, 597-602 (2002), https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3819065309.html,/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-14-597. 13. P. J. Rodrigo, R. L. Eriksen, V. R. Daria and J. Glückstad, “Interactive light-driven and parallel manipulation of inhomogeneous particles,” Opt. Express 10, 1550-1556 (2002), https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3819065309.html,/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-26-1550. 14. V. Daria, P. J. Rodrigo and J. Glückstad, “Dynamic array of dark optical traps,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 323-325 (2004). 15. J. Glückstad and P. C. Mogensen, “Optimal phase contrast in common-path interferometry,” Appl. Opt. 40, 268-282 (2001). 16. S. Maruo, K. Ikuta and H. Korogi, “Submicron manipulation tools driven by light in a liquid,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 133-135 (2003). #3781 - $15.00 US Received 4 February 2004; revised 29 March 2004; accepted 29 March 2004 (C) 2004 OSA 5 April 2004 / Vol. 12, No. 7 / OPTICS EXPRESS 1417

电气专业毕业论文外文翻译分析解析

本科毕业设计 外文文献及译文 文献、资料题目：Designing Stable Control Loops 文献、资料来源：期刊 文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2010.3.25 院（部）：信息与电气工程学院 专班姓学业：电气工程与自动化级： 名： 号： 指导教师：翻译日期：2011.3.10

外文文献： Designing Stable Control Loops The objective of this topic is to provide the designer with a practical review of loop compensation techniques applied to switching power supply feedback control. A top-down system approach is taken starting with basic feedback control concepts and leading to step-by-step design procedures,initially applied to a simple buck regulator and then expanded to other topologies and control algorithms. Sample designs are demonstrated with Math cad simulations to illustrate gain and phase margins and their impact on performance analysis. I. I NTRODUCTION Insuring stability of a proposed power supply solution is often one of the more challenging aspects of the design process. Nothing is more disconcerting than to have your lovingly crafted breadboard break into wild oscillations just as its being demonstrated to the boss or customer, but insuring against this unfortunate event takes some analysis which many designers view as formidable. Paths taken by design engineers often emphasize either cut-and-try empirical testing in the laboratory or computer simulations looking for numerical solutions based on complex mathematical models.While both of these approach a basic understanding of feedback theory will usually allow the definition of an acceptable compensation network with a minimum of computational effort. II. S TABILITY D EFINED Fig. 1.Definition of stability Fig. 1 gives a quick illustration of at least one definition of stability. In its simplest terms, a system is stable if, when subjected to a perturbation from some source, its response to that