《北京理工大学博士研究生入学考试》
北京理工大学博士研究生入学考试
英语模拟试题一
PART ⅠReading Comprehension
Directions: In this part there are four passages for you to read. After each passage there are five questions, below each of whom there are four answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter with a pencil on the Machine-Scoring Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:
Many people believe the glare from snow causes snow blindness. Yet, dark glasses or not they find themselves suffering from headaches and watering eyes, and even snowblindness, when exposed to several hours of "snow light".
The United States Army has now determined that the glare from snow does not cause snow-blindness in troops in a snow-covered country. Rather, a man's eyes frequently find nothing to focus on in a broad expanse of a snow-covered area So his gaze continually shifts and jumps back and forth over the entire landscape in search of something to look at. Finding nothing, hour after hour, the eyes never stop searching and the eyeballs become sore and the eye muscle aches. Nature balances this annoyance by producing more and more liquid which covers the eyeballs. The liquid covers the eyeballs in increasing quantity until vision blurs. And the result is total, even though temporary, snowblindness.
Experiments led the Army to a simple method of overcoming this problem. Scouts ahead of a main body of troops are trained to shake snow from evergreen bushes, creating a dotted line as they cross completely snow-covered landscape. Even the scouts themselves throw lightweight, dark-colored objects ahead on which they too can focus. The men following can then see something. Their gaze is arrested. Their eyes focus on a bush and having found something to see, stop searching through the snow-blanketed landscape. By focusing their attention on one object at a time, the man can cross the snow without becoming hopelessly snowblind or lost. In this way the problem of crossing a solid white area is overcome.
1. The eyeballs become sore and the eye muscles ache because______.
A. tears cover the eyeballs
B. the eyes are annoyed by blinding sunlight
C. the eyes are annoyed by blinding snow
D. there is nothing to focus on
2. When the eyes are sore, tears are produced to______.
A. clear the vision
B. remedy snowblindness
C. ease the annoyance
D. loosen the muscles
3. Snow-blindness may be avoided by______.
A. concentration on the solid white area
B. providing the eyes with something to focus on
C. searching for something to look at in snow-covered areas
D. covering the eyeballs with liquid
4. The first paragraph is mainly concerned with______.
A. snow glare and snow blindness
B. the whiteness from snow
C. headaches, watering eyes and snowb lindness
D. the need for dark glasses
5. A suitable title for this passage would be______.
A. Snowblindness and How to Overcome It
B. Nature' s Cure for Snowblindness
C. Soldiers in the Snow
D. Snow Vision
Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:
There are great careers in which the increasing emphasis is on specialization. You find these careers in engineering, in production, in statistical work, and in teaching. But there is an increasing demand for people who are able to take in a great area at a glance, people who perhaps know too much about any one field. There is, in other words, a demand for people Who are capable of seeing the forest rather than the trees, of making general
judgments. And these "generalists" are particularly needed for positions in administration, where it is their job to see that other people do the work, where they have to plan for other people, to organize other people' s work, to begin it and judge it.
The specialist understands one field; his concern is with technique and tools. He is a "trained" man; and his educational background is properly technical or professional. The generalist-and especially the administrator-deals with people; his concern is with leadership, with planning, and with direction giving. He is an "educated" man; and the humanities are his strongest foundation.
V ery rarely is a specialist capable of being an administrator. And very rarely is a good generalist also a good specialist in a particular field. Any organizations need them in different proportions. It is your task to find out, during your training period, into which of the two kinds of jobs you fit, and to plan your career accordingly.
Your first job may turn out to be the right job for you-but this is a pure accident. Certainly you should not change jobs constantly or people will become suspicious of your ability to hold any job. At the same time you must not look upon the first job as the final job; it is primarily a training job, an opportunity to understand yourself and your fitness for being an employee.
6. There is an increasing demand for______.
A. all-round people in their own fields
B. people whose job is to organize other people' s work
C. generalists whose educational background is either technical or professional
D. specialists whose chief concern is to provide administrative guidance to others
7. The specialist is______.
A. a man whose job is to train other people
B. a man who has been trained in more than one field
C. a man who can see the forest rather that the trees
D. a man whose concern is mainly with technical or professional matters
8. The administrator is______.
A. a "trained" man who is more a specialist than a generalist
B. a man who sees the tress as well as the forest
C. a man who is very strong in the humanities
D. a man who is an "educated" specialist
9. During your training period it is important______.
A. to try to be a generalist
B. to choose a profitable job
C. to find an organization which fits you
D. to decide whether you are fit to be a specialist or a generalist
10. A man's first job______.
A. is never the right job for him
B. should not be regarded as his final job
C. should not be changed or people will become suspicious of his ability to hold any job
D. is primarily an opportunity to fit himself for his final job
Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:
The world's population continues to grow. There now are about 4 billion of us on earth. That could reach 6 billion by the end of the century and 11 billion in another 75 years. Experts long have been concerned about such growth Where will we find the food, water, jobs, houses, schools and health care for all these people?
A major new study shows that the situation may be changing. A large and rapid drop in the world's birth rate has taken place during the past 10 years. Families generally are smaller now than they were a few years ago. It is happening in both developing and industrial nations,
Researchers said they found a number of reasons for this. More men and women are waiting longer to get married and are using birth control devices and methods to prevent or delay pregnancy. More women are going to school or working at jobs away from their homes instead of having children. And more governments, especially in developing nations, now support family planning programs to reduce population growth. China is one of the nations that has made great progress in reducing its population growth.
China has already cut its rate of population growth by about one half since 1970. China now urges each family to have no more than one child. And it hopes to reach zero population growth, the number of births equaling the number of deaths, by the year 2000.
Several nations in Europe already have fewer births than deaths. Experts said that these nations could face a serious shortage of workers in the future. And the persons who are working could face much higher taxes to help support the growing number of retired people.
11. In Paragraph one, the sentence "Experts Dong have been concerned about such growth", the phrase "concerned about" is similar in meaning to______.
A. worried about
B. related to
C. engaged in
D. made a study of
12. "Family planning programs" means______.
A. birth control policy in a country
B. economic policy in a family
C. TV programs designed for a family
D. economic policy in a country
13. The world's birth rate has dropped because______.
A. people marry at a much later time
B. more birth control devices and methods have been used
C. women would rather go to study or work than have children
D. all the above reasons are true
14. By the year 2000, the number of births and the number of deaths in China will______.
A. be greatly different
B. be equal to each other
C. drop a great deal
D. become much larger
15. Some time in the future, the people who are working in Europe would have to pay much higher taxes because______.
A. more and more children will be born
B. fewer and fewer children will be born
C. they will be making a lot of money
D. the number of retired people will become ever linger
Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:
When I was walking down the street the other day, I happened to notice a small brown leather wallet lying on the sidewalk. I picked it up and opened it to see if I could find out the owner's name. There was nothing inside it except some change and an old photograph-a picture of a woman and a young gift about twelve years old, who looked like the woman's daughter. I put the photograph back and took the wallet to the police station, where I handed it to the desk sergeant. Before I left, the sergeant took down my name and address in case the owner might want to write and thank me.
That evening I went to have dinner with my aunt and uncle. They had also invited a young woman so that there would be four people at the table. Her face was familiar. I was quite sure that we had not met before, but I couldn' t remember where I had seen her. In the course of conversation, however, the young woman happened to mention that she had lost her wallet that afternoon. All at once I realized where I had seen her. She was the young girl in the photograph, although she was now much older. She was very surprised, of course, when I was able to describe her wallet to her. Then I explained that I had recognized her from the photograph I had found in the wallet. My uncle insisted on going to the police station immediately to claim the wallet. As the police sergeant handed it over, he said that it was amazing that I had not only found the wallet, but also the person who had lost it.
16. The wallet which the writer found______.
A. was empty
B. had some money in it
C. had a few coins and a photograph in it
D. had an old photograph in it
17. The writer opened the wallet because he wanted to ______ in it.
A. find some money
B. find some gold
C. find the owner' s name
D. find the owner' s photograph
18. The writer recognized the young woman because______.
A. he had met her somewhere before
B. she was the old woman in the photograph
C. she often had dinner with his aunt and uncle
D. she looked like the young girl in the photograph
19. The young woman told of her loss of the wallet______.
A. at the beginning of the dinner
B. during the conversation
C. as soon as she saw the writer
D. after the dinner
20. The story was amazing because______.
A. the writer found both the wallet and its owner
B. the finder and the loser of the wallet were old friends
C. the finder and the loser of the wallet met at the police station
D. the woman knew the writer and his uncle
PART ⅡTranslation
Section A: Translate the following short paragraphs into Chinese.
21. Opinion polls are now beginning to show an unwilling general agreement that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have to find ways of sharing the available employment widely.
22. But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions about the future work. Should we continue to treat employment as the norm? Should we not rather encourage many other ways for self respecting? Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employer? Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood, as well as the factory and the office as centers of production and work?
23. The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most people's work has taken the form of jobs. The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a discouraging thought. But, in fact, it could offer the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment, as its history shows has not meant economic freedom.
24. Employment became widespread when the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from people's homes. Later, as transport improved, first by rail and then by road, people traveled longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many people's work lost all connection with their home lives and the places in which they lived.
Section B :Translate the following paragraph into English.
现在，成千上万的美国人沉湎于对身材苗条的追求之中。他们着迷于节食和锻炼，这不仅仅是因为他们对年轻外表的追求，最近的一项研究表明节食和体育锻炼对身体健康的具有极端重要性。如同在许多工业技术发达的国家中一样，北美人的生活方式发生了显著的变化。现代化的机器完成了人们曾被迫用手工来完成的体力劳动。小汽车、公共汽车运载着我们飞快地从一地来到另—地。由于无所事事，人们的身体变得十分虚弱并易于生病。为了避免这种状况的发生，成千上万的美国人把更多的时间投入到体育锻炼之中。这种对体育锻炼重要性的认识所产生的结果是显而易见的：公园里到处都是散步和骑自行车的人，体育节目又重新树立了威望，许多公司都为自己的员工提供特殊的运动器材供他们在工作日当中锻炼身体。
PART ⅢWriting
Directions: Write a composition of at least 250 words based on the title "Can Money Buy Happiness?"
参考答案与解析
1．D [解析] 本题问眼珠及眼部肌肉酸痛的原因。从第二段第二句和第四句可以确定D为正确选项。
2．C [解析] 从第二段第五句可知C为正确选项。
3．B [解析] 从第三段最后两句可知B为正确答案。
4．A [解析] 雪的强光(snow glare)以及雪盲(snowblindness)是这篇谈论的重点，因此选择A答案。
5．A [解析] 雪盲及如何避免雪盲是文章的主题，A为正确答案。
6．B [解析] 从第一段的第二句至第五句可知B是正确答案。
7．D [解析] 从第二段第一句知选项中D最符合本句的含义。
8．C [解析] 从第二段第四句知应选择C选项。
9．D [解析] 本题问在训练期间重要的事情是什么，重要的是找出自己适合做“specialist”还是“generalist”，D选项是正确答案。
10．B [解析] 从第四段最后一句可知B答案正确。
11．A [解析] 选项worded about表示“担心”；B选项related to表示“有联系”；C选项engaged in 意思为“参与”；D选项made a study of意思为“做调查”。因此A为正确答案。
12．A [解析] 从第三段最后一句可知计划生育是减少人口增长的手段，A为正确选项。
13．D [解析] 本题问世界人口增长率降低的原因。从第三段可知D为正确答案。
14．D [解析] 本题问2000年时中国的出生率和死亡率将会怎样。从第四段最后一句可知D为正确答案。
15．D [解析] 本题问将来在欧洲工作的人们会交纳更多的税的原因。从第五段最后一句可知D为正确答案。
16．C [解析] 本题问作者捡到的钱包里有什么。从第一段第三句可知C项为正确答案。
17．C [解析] 本题问作者打开钱包的原因。从第一段第二句可知作者打开钱包的目的是寻找失主的姓名，所以C项为正确答案。
18．D [解析] 本题问作者是如何认出那位年轻妇女的。D项是正确的。
19．B [解析] 本题问年轻妇女何时告诉作者她丢失了钱包。从第二段第五句可知B项是正确的。
20．A [解析] 作者不仅找到了钱包还找到了失主，因此A项为正确答案。
PART ⅡTranslation
Section A：Translate the following short paragraphs into Chinese．
21．民意测验显示着人们的一种无奈的共识，那就是，无论归咎于谁还是从现在起发生什么事情，高失业率不可避免。这就意味着我们要千方百计去广泛寻找就业岗位。
22．但我们不应该就此打住，应该对未来的工作问一些实质性的问题。我们还继续要用老眼光看待就业这个问题吗?是否可以鼓励其他的自立方式?是否应该多创造条件，让我们自己给自己当老板而不是给别人打工?是否应该把眼光投向家人、邻居，激活各方资源，包括工厂、单位，来多寻找生产和工作的机会?
23．工业化时代是人类历史上唯一的大部分人以上岗就业为主的时代。工业化时代现在可能已日落西山，它带来的就业模式也变得丰富多彩。这可能让人丧气，但是给就业的前景开创了更好的未来。历史表明，全部就业不等同于经济自由。
24．17、18世纪，很多人被从土地上赶了出来，不得不依赖丁资生存，这时就业范围很广泛。工厂体系打破了家庭作坊体系，并把工作从家庭里独立出来。之后，交通业大大发展，先是铁路然后大修公路，人们的工作场地离家越来越远，直到最后人们的工作都变得跟家庭生活和居住地毫无关系了。
Section B: Translate the following paragraph into English.
Now, millions of Americans have become obsessed with staying slim and "in shape". The pursuit of a youthful physical appearance is not, however, the sole reason for America's fascination with diet and exercise. Recent research has shown the critical importance of diet and exercise for personal health. As in most technologically developed nations, the life-style of North Americans has changed dramatically during the course of the last century. Modem machines do all the physical labor that people were once forced to do by band. Cars and buses transport us quickly from point to point. As a result of inactivity and disuse, people's bodies can easily
become weak and vulnerable to disease. In an effort to avoid such a fate, millions of Americans are spending more of their time exercising. The effect of this new appreciation of the importance of exercise is evident: parks are filled with joggers and bicyclists, physical education programs are enjoying a newly found prestige, and many companies are providing special exercise facilities for their employees to use during the work day.
PART ⅢWriting
Can Money Buy Happiness?
Whether money can buy happiness is a controversial issue for a long time. Different people hold different ideas.
People who uphold it believe that money is the source of happiness. When one owns money, he can buy anything he likes, do whatever he is willing to do. Therefore they draw the conclusion that money can bring comfort, security, and so on. It is the source of happiness.
Yet a lot of others who disagree with it believe that money is an evil thing. Once people have strong desire for more and more money, they will lose their reason and try to obtain money by all means. Such phenomenon can be seen in our daily life. For money, people would rather fight, die, or even sell their souls to the Devil.
As far as I am concerned, although money is fundamental to life and perhaps it can bring happiness to you, it is not the sole purpose we live for. Happiness can be gained without money. For instance, love that is the real source of happiness can't be bought with money; self-esteem that is another crucial factor that produces happiness can't win with money. So it is unwise to reckon only on money to achieve happiness. What money will bring to you depends on whether you utilize it correctly.