雅思高频阅读READING PASSAGE 11

READING PASSAGE 11

Serendipity:The Accidental Scientists

A A paradox lies close to the heart of scientific discovery. If you know just what

you are looking for, finding it can hardly count as a discovery, since it was fully anticipated But if, on the other hand, you have no notion of what you are looking for, you cannot know when you have found it, and discovery, as such, is out of the question. In the philosophy of science, these extremes map onto the purist forms of deductivism and inductivism: In the former, the outcome is supposed to be logically contained in the premises you start with; in the latter, you are recommended to start with no expectations whatsoever and see what turns up.

B As in so many things, the ideal position is widely supposed to reside somewhere

in between these two impossible-to-realize extremes. You want to have a good enough idea of what you are looking for to be surprised when you find something else of value, and you want to be ignorant enough of your end point that you can entertain alternative outcomes. Scientific discovery should, therefore, have an accidental aspect, but not too much of one. Serendipity is a word that expresses a position something like that. It's a fascinating word, and the late Robert King Merton–‘the father of the sociology of science’–liked it well enough to compose its biography, assisted by the French cultural historian Elinor Barber.

C Serendipity means a ‘happy accident’ or ‘pleasant surprise’; specifically, the

accident of finding something good or useful without looking for it. The first noted use of ‘serendipity’ in the English language was by Horace Walpole (1717–1792). In a letter to Horace Mann (dated 28 January 1754) he said he formed it from the Persian fairy tale The Three Princes of Serendip, whose heroes ‘were always making discoveries, by accidents and sagacity, of things they were not in quest of’. The name stems from Serendip, an old name for Sri Lanka.

D Besides antiquarians, the other community that came to dwell on serendipity to

say something important about their practice was that of scientists. Many scientists, including the Harvard physiologist Walter Cannon and, later, the British immunologist Peter Medawar, liked to emphasize how much of scientific discovery was unplanned and even accidental. One of Cannon's favorite examples of such serendipity is Luigi Galvani's observation of the twitching of dissected frogs' legs, hanging from a copper wire, when they accidentally touched an iron railing, leading to the discovery of ‘galvanism’; another is Hans Christian Orsted's discovery of electromagnetism when he unintentionally brought a current-carrying wire parallel to a magnetic needle. The context in which scientific serendipity was most contested and had its greatest resonance was that connected with the idea of planned science. The serendipitists were not all inhabitants of academic ivory towers. Two of the great early-20th-century American pioneers of industrial research–Willis Whitney and Irving Langmuir, both of General Electric–made much play of serendipity, in the course of arguing against overly rigid research planning.

E Yet what Cannon and Medawar took as a benign method, other scientists found

incendiary To say that science had a significant serendipitous aspect was taken by some as dangerous denigration.If scientific discovery were really accidental, then what was the special basis of expert authority?

F In this connection, the aphorism of choice came from no less an authority on

scientific discovery than Louis Pasteur:"Chance favors the prepared mind."

Accidents may happen, and things may turn up unplanned and unforeseen, as one is looking for something else, but the ability to notice such events, to see their potential bearing and meaning, to exploit their occurrence and make constructive use of them–these are the results of systematic mental preparation. What seems like an accident is just another form of expertise. On closer inspection, it is insisted, accident dissolves into sagacity.

G In 1936, as a very young man, Merton wrote a seminal essay on "The

Unanticipated Consequences of Purposive Social Action." It is , he argued, the nature of social action that what one intends is rarely what one gets: Intending to provide resources for buttressing Christian religion, the natural philosophers of the Scientific Revolution laid the groundwork for secularism; people wanting to be alone with nature in Yosemite Valley wind up crowding one another. We just don't know enough–and we can never know enough–to ensure that the past is an adequate guide to the future: Uncertainty about outcomes, even of our best-laid plans, is endemic. All social action, including that undertaken with the best evidence and formulated according to the most rational criteria, is uncertain in its consequences.

You should spend about 20 minutes on question 28-40, which are based on reading passage 3 on the following pages.

Questions 28-33

Reading passage 3 has seven paragraphs, A-G

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-F from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 28-33 on your answer sheet.

28Paragraph A

29Paragraph B

30Paragraph C

31Paragraph D

32Paragraph E

33Paragraph F

Questions 34-36

Complete the summary below, using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.

Write your answer in boxes 34-36 on your answer sheet.

The word ‘serendipity’ w as coined in the writing of 34________ to Horace Mann. He derived it from a 35________, the characters of which were always making fortunate discovery by accident. The stem Serendip was a former name for 36________. Questions 37-40

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.

37What does ‘inductivism’ mean in paragraph A?

A Observation without anticipation at the beginning.

B Looking for what you want in the premise

C The expected discovery

D The map we pursued

38Scientific discovery should

A be much of accidental aspect

B be full of value

C be between the two extremes

D be sceptical

39The writer mentions Luigi Galvani's observation to illustrate

A the cruelty of frog's dissection

B the happy accident in scientific discovery

C the practice of scientists

D the rigid research planning

40Why does the writer mention the example in Yosemite Valley in paragraph?

A To illustrate the importance of a systematic plan

B To illustrate the conflict between reality and expectation

C To illustrate the original anticipation

D To illustrate the intention of social action

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1. Fair adj. 合理的 >

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mo month 月 coll college 大专(学历) nec necessary 必要的 comm commission 佣金 oppty opportunity 机会 corp cororation (有限)公司 ot overtime 超时 data pro data processing 数据处理perm permanent 永久性的 dept department 部 pls please 请 dir director 董事 pos position 职位 div division 分工、部门 pref preference (有经验者)优先eqpt equipment 装备 prev previous 有先前(经验) etc and so on 等等 P/T part time 非全日制 eves evenings 晚上 refs references 推荐信 exc excellent 很好的

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雅思阅读超高频词汇及相关衍生词汇总

雅思阅读超高频词汇及相关衍生词汇总

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雅思阅读超高频词汇及相关衍生词总结 Sam Huang 20160816 1.state n. 情形, 状态, 国家, 政府, 州vt.声明, 陈述, 规定 2.For the century before Johnson’s Dictionary was published in 1775, there had been concern about the state of the English language. statement n.声明, 陈述, 综述 3.special adj.特别的, 特殊的, 专门的 4.especially adv.尤其，特别 5.specialization n.特殊化, 专门化 6.specialise v.专业化，专门研究 7.specialised adj. 专门的, 专科的 8.In the 19th century, new, specialised, professional societies were instituted to promote and publish in the new disciplines. specialist n. 专家 speciality n.特性, 特质, 专业 specify vt.指定, 详细说明 specific adj.详细而精确的, 明确的 An early scientific journal fostered a new kind of writing based on short descriptions of specific experiments. specifically adv.特定的, 明确的 species n.种类 Extinct species are being replaced by new species. 9.differ vi.不同 10.In both cases the critical day length differ s from species to species. 11.difference n.差异, 差别 12.different adj.不同的 13.Different group s of researchers attacked different problem s, from speech recognition to chess playing, in different way s. differentiate v.区别, 区分 14.appropriate adj.适当的 15.inappropriate adj.不适当的 16.staff n. 全体职员 17.contradict vt.同...矛盾 18.contradiction n.反驳, 矛盾 19.contrary adj.相反的, 逆的 20.contrast vt.使与...对比n.对比, 对照 21.claim n.(根据权利提出)要求, 主张vt.(根据权利)要求, 主张 22.claimant n.（根据权利）提出要求者 23.reclaim vt.要求归还，开垦

剑桥雅思9阅读解析test2

剑桥雅思9阅读解析test2

Passage1 Question 1 答案： H 关键词： national policy 定位原文: H段第1句“The New Zealand Government…” 解题思路: 这一段的首句就以一种叙事口吻向考生交代了新西兰全国上下正在开展的一场为残疾人服务 的战略，该句含义为“新西兰政府已经制定出一项‘新西兰残疾人事业发展战略’，并开始进入广泛咨 询意见的阶段。”另外，在该段其它语句中也提到the strategy recognises..., Objective 3...is to provide...等信息，非常符合题干中account一词的含义。 Question 2 答案： C 关键词： global team 定位原文： C段最后一句“The International Institute of…” 解题思路：这句含义为“在世界卫生组织的建议下，国际噪声控制工程学会(I-INCE)成立了一个国际工作小组来”，这句话中international能够对应题干中的global, 而working party能够对应team。这是对应关系非常明显的一道题目。 Question 3 答案： B 关键词： hypothesis, reason, growth in classroom noise 定位原文： B段第3句“Nelson and Soil have also suggested...” 解题思路：在该段首句中就出现了classroom noise这个词，因此该段有可能就是本题的对应段落。在接下来的叙述Nelson and Soil have also suggested...中，suggest一词能够对应题干中的hypothesis 后一句中的This all amounts to heightened activity and noise levels，与题干中的one reason相对应 Question 4

祁连山剑桥雅思1-5阅读超高频词汇(最终版)

state n. 情形, 状态, 国家, 政府, 州vt.声明, 陈述, 规定statement n.声明, 陈述 2 special adj.特别的, 特殊的, 专门的 especially adv.尤其，特别 specialization n.特殊化, 专门化 specialise v.专业化，专门研究 specialised adj. 专门的, 专科的 specialist n. 专家 speciality n.特性, 特质, 专业 specify vt.指定, 详细说明 specific adj.详细而精确的, 明确的 specifically adv.特定的, 明确的 species n.种类 3 differ vi.不同 difference n.差异, 差别 different adj.不同的 differentiate v.区别, 区分 4 appropriate adj.适当的 inappropriate adj.不适当的 5 staff n. 全体职员 6 contradict vt.同...矛盾 contradiction n.反驳, 矛盾 contrary adj.相反的, 逆的 contrast vt.使与...对比n.对比, 对照 7 claim n.(根据权利提出)要求, 主张 vt.(根据权利)要求, 主张claimant n.（根据权利）提出要求者 reclaim vt.要求归还，开垦 reclamation n.收回，开垦 8 similar adj.相似的, 类似的 similarly adv.同样地, 类似于 similarity n.类似, 类似处 assimilation n.同化 9 evidence n.明显, 显著，证据 evident adj.明显的, 显然的 10 major n. 主修课adj.主修的，主要的 vi.主修 majority n.多数, 大半

剑5 test4 剑桥雅思阅读超高频词汇 精心整理版

Remote 遥远的 Promote 促进，提拔Fragile 脆弱的 Ecology 生态学 Prevail 流行 Output 产量 Culprit 犯人 Undermine 破坏 Dilemma 困境Degradation 降级，退化Integrate 结合Renaissance 复兴 Exploit 开拓 Pottery 陶器 Penetrate 穿透，渗入Demonstrate 示范，证明Fragment 碎片 Issue 问题，论点Consultant 顾问 Exert 运用，发挥Compression压榨，浓缩Contamination 污染、污染物Organism 生物体，有机体Fluctuate 波动 Neutral 中性的Offspring 子孙，后代Simultaneous同事的Variation 变化 Evolve 进化 Scan 扫描Complicated 复杂的Committee 委员会Solidify 凝固，巩固Propagate 宣传Resistant 抵抗的Impurity 杂志，不纯Initial 最初的Vulnerable 脆弱的Inhabitant 居民Currency 货币 External 外部的Community 社区，团体Handcraft 手工艺Critical 关键的，评论的

Ecology Prevail Output Remote Promote Culprit Undermine Dilemma Vulnerable Inhabitant Currency External Community Degradation Penetrate Demonstrate Fragment Variation Evolve Scan Complicated Committee Solidify Contamination Organism Fragile Propagate Resistant Impurity Initial Handcraft Fluctuate Neutral Offspring Critical Integrate Renaissance Exploit Pottery Issue Consultant Exert Compression Simultaneous

雅思考试高频词汇汇总下载

雅思考试高频词汇汇总下载 雅思高频同义词 synthetic, fabricated, contrived, fake, mock, bogus, counterfeit, pseudo ☆conventional traditional, historical, past; accepted, common, regular, routine, mainstream, ordinary ☆demand request, claim, need, order, require, call for ☆decline decrease, degeneration, drop, fall, recession, depression, reduction, slump, worsening ☆develop evolve, advance, grow, improve, progress, flourish ☆difficulty handicap, hardship, adversity, challenge, complication, dilemma, perplexity, plight, trouble ☆early first, old, ancient, primitive, previous, former, remote ☆find discover, come across, encounter, hit on, expose, notice, note, observe, recognize, spot, uncover ☆future what's next, prospect, approaching, expected, destined, forthcoming

剑6test3 剑桥雅思阅读高频词汇 精心整理版

Stunned 惊到的 Thrilled 兴奋的 Routine 常规的 Initial 最初的 Dynamic 充满活力的Panic 恐慌 Crush 粉碎 Confusion 困惑Embrace 拥抱 Objective 客观的Capture 捕捉Overwhelmingly 压倒性地Intimately 很熟悉地Preceding 先前的Consequence 结果Magnified 扩大的Legacy 遗产 Novelty 新颖 Wear off 消退 Scarce 稀少的 Narrative 叙述Convention 惯例Motivate 激励Optimism 乐观 Be prone to 易于Option 选择Redundant 冗余的Moderate 温和的，适中的Feedback 反馈Incongruous 不协调的Appraisal 评估Contingent on 取决于Allocate 分配 Equity 公平 Molecular 分子的Intervention 干预Prolong 延长 Intake 摄入 Mortal 凡人的Postpone 延迟 Retain 保留 Hormone 荷尔蒙 Toxic 有毒的 Emission 释放

Stunned Thrilled Routine Initial Dynamic Panic Crush Confusion Embrace Objective Capture Overwhelmingly Intimately Preceding Consequence Magnified Legacy Novelty Wear off Scarce Narrative Convention Motivate Optimism Be prone to Option Redundant Moderate Feedback Incongruous Appraisal Contingent on Allocate Equity Molecular Intervention Prolong Intake Mortal Postpone Retain Hormone Toxic Emission