国际金融英文版课后答案
International Finance 国际金融
Notes to the ans wers:
1、All the terms can be found in the text.
2、The discussions can be attained by reading the original text.
Chapter 1
Answers:
II. T T F F F T T
III. 1. reserve currency 2. appreciate 3. was pegged to 4. deficit 5. fixed exchange rates 6. floating exchange rates 7. depreciate 8. market forces
IV. 1. Confidence in the ability of the U.S. to redeem dollars for gold began to fall as potential claims against the dollar increased and U.S. gold reserves fell.
2.Under the fixed exchange rate system, the value of the dollar was tied to gold through its
convertibility in to gold at the U.S. Treasury, and other nations’ currencies were tied to the dollar by the maintenance of a fixed rate of exchange.
3.IMF has adjusted its role in the exchange rate system in view of the development of the
situation.
4.After the collapse of the Bretton Woods System, the task of ―rigorous monitoring‖the
exchange rate policy of member countries fell on the shoulder of IMF.
5.Under normal conditions the stabilizing operations were sufficient to contain short-run
fluctuations in a currency’s price within the required bounds of 1% of par value and thereby maintain a system of fixed exchange rates.
Chapter 2
Answers:
I. liquid, turnover, due to, hedge, cross trading, electronic broking, outright forwards,
Over-the-counter, futures and options, derivatives, remainder.
II.. 1. The fundamental changes occurred in post-war world economy. The international flow of commodities, capital and labor is intensifying, thus leading to integration of international markets.
1.Often referred to as ―financial institutions with a soul‖, credit unions are member-owned
cooperatives that offer checking accounts, savings accounts, credit cards, and consumer loans.
2.If you think the price of gold will rise, you can buy a most simple kind of financial derivative
which is called ―futures‖. If by that time the price really goes up, then you make a gain. But if you make a wrong guess and the price declines, then you suffer a loss.
3.Financial derivatives are financial commodities deriving from such spot market products as
interest rate or bond, foreign exchange or foreign exchange rate and sto ck or stock indexes.
There are mainly three types of derivatives: futures, options and swaps, each of which involves a mix of financial contracts.
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3c11587820.html,panies and investment funds are using basic currency futures and currency options, ones
that are regarded as traditional hedging products for investors who want to protect their international assets from sharp gains and declines in currency prices.
Chapter 3
Answers：
II. 1. deposit accounts 2. securitization 3. Deregulation 4. consolidation 5. portfolio 6. thrift institutions 7. listing 8. liquidity 9. banking supervision 10. Credit risk
III. 1. Depository institutions 2. commercial banks 3. credit analysis 4. working capital 5. consolidation 6. financing 7. moral hazard 8. Bank supervision and regulation 9. Credit risk 10. Liquidity risk
IV. 1. If a bank’s base rate was below money market rates, a customer could borrow from a bank and lend these funds to the money market, thus making a profit on the deal.
2.Financing of international trade is one of the basic functions of a commercial bank. Not only
does it father deposits (demand, time and savings accounts), but it also grants loans.
3.If you have a credit card, you buy a car, eat a dinner, take a trip,a nd even get a haircut by
charging the cost to your account.
4.As the central bank and under the leadership of the State Council, the People’s Bank of
China will formulate and implement monetary policies, execute supervision and control power over the banking industry.
5.One of major function of the central bank is the supervision of the clearing mechanis m. A
reliable clearing mechanis m which can settle inter-bank transaction with high efficiency is crucial to a well-operated financial system.
Chapter 4 Ans wers:
II. 1．integrity 2. pretext 3. released 4. produce 5. facilities 6. obliged 7. alleging 8. Claims 9. cleared 10. delivery
III. 1. in favor of 2. consignment 3. undertaking, terms and conditions 4. cleared 5. regardless of 6. obliged to 7. undervalue arrangement 8. on the pretext of 9. refrain from 10. hinges on
IV. 1. The objective of documentary credits is to facilitate international payment by making use of the financial expertise and credit worthiness of one or more banks.
2.In compliance with your request, we have effected insurance on your behalf and debited your
account with the premium in the amount of $1000.
3.When an exporter is trading regularly with an importer, he will offer open account terms.
4.Exporters usually insist on payment by cash in advance when they are trading with old
customers.
5.Cash in advance means that the exporter is paid either when the importer places his order or
when the goods are ready for shipment.
Chapter 5.
II．1. b 2. c 3. c 4. a 5. b 6. b 7. a 8. c
III. 1. guaranteed 2. without recourse 3. defaults 4. on the buyer’s account 5. is equivalent to 6. in question 7. devaluation 8. validity 9. discrepancy 10. inconsistent with
Chapter 6
Answers:
II. 1. open account, creditworthiness 2. demand 3. draw on, creditor 4. protest 5. schedule, discrepancies 6. acceptance 7. drawee 8. guranteed
III. 1. collecting bank 2. tenor 3. the proceeds 4. protest 5. deferred payment 6. presentation 7. the maturity date 8. a document of title 9. the shipping documents 10. transshipment
IV. 1. Documentary collection is a method by which the exporter authorizes the bank to collect money from the importer.
2.When a draft is duly presented for acceptance or payment but the acceptance or payment
is refused, the draft is said to be dishonored.
3.In the international money market, draft is a circulative and transferable instrument.
Endorsement serves to transfer the title of a draft to the transferee.
4.A clean bill of lading is favored by the buyer and the banks for financial settlement
purposes.
5.Parcel post receipt is issued by the post office for goods sent by parcel post. It is both a
receipt and evidence of dispatch and also the basis for claim and adjustment if there is any damage to or loss of parcels.
Chapter 7
II. financing, discounting, factoring, forfaiting, without recourse, accounts receivable, factor, trade obligations, promissory notes, trade receivables, specialized.
III. 1. a cash flow disadvantage 2. without recourse 3. negotiable instruments 4. promissory notes 5. profit margin 6. at a discount, maturity, credit risk 7. A bill of exchange, A promissory note
IV. 1. When a bill is dishonored by non-acceptance or by non-payment, the holder then has an immediate right of recourse against the drawer and the endorsers.
2.If a bill of lading is made out to bearer, it can be legally transferred without endorsement.
3.The presenting bank should endeavor to ascertain the reasons non-payment or
non-acceptance and advise accordingly to the collecting bank.
4.Any charges and expenses incurred by banks in connection with any action for protection o f
the goods will be for the account of the principal.
5.Anyone who has a current account at a bank can use a cheque.
Chapter Eight
Structure of the Foreign Exchange Market
外汇市场的构成
1. Key Terms
1）foreign exchange：
―Foreign exchange‖ refers t o money denominated in the currency of another nation or group of nations.
2）payment
“payment”is the transmission of an instruction to transfer value that results from a transaction in the economy.
3）settlement
―settlement‖ is the final and uncondit ional transfer of the value specified in a payment instruction.
2. True or False
1) true 2) true 3) true 4) true
1)Tell the reasons why the dollar is the market's most widely traded
currency?
key points: U.S.A economic background; the leadership of USD in the world economy ; the role it plays in investment , trade, etc.
2)What kind of market is the foreign exchange market?
Make reference to the following parts:（8.7 The Market Is Made Up of An International Network of Dealers）
Chapter 9
Instruments
交易工具
1. Key Terms
1) spot transaction
A spot transaction is a straightforward (or ―outright‖) exchange of one currency for another. The spot rate is the current market price, the benchmark price.
Spot transactions do not require immediate settlement, or payment ―on the spot.‖ By convention, the settlement date, or ―value date,‖is the second business day after the ―deal date‖ (or ―trade date‖) on which the transaction is agreed to by the two traders. The two-day period provides ample time for the two parties to confirm the agreement and arrange the clearing and necessary debiting and crediting of bank accounts in various international locations.
2) American terms
The phrase ―American terms‖means a direct quote from the point of view of someone located in the United States. For the dollar, that means that the rate is quoted in variable amounts of U.S. dollars and cents per one unit of foreign currency (e.g., $1.2270 per Euro).
3) outright forward transaction
An outright forward transaction, like a spot transaction, is a straightforward single purchase/ sale of one currency for another. The only difference is that spot is settled, or delivered, on a value date no later than two business days after the deal date, while outright forward is settled on any pre-agreed date three or more business days after the deal date. Dealers use the term ―outright forward‖ to make clear that it is a single purchase or sale on a future date, and not part of an ―FX swap‖.
4) FX swap
An FX swap has two separate legs settling on two different value dates, even though it is arranged as a single transaction and is recorded in the turnover statistics as a single transaction. The two counterparties agree to exchange two currencies at a particular rate on one date (the ―near date‖) and to reverse payments, almost always at a different rate, on a specified sub sequent date (the ―far date‖). Effectively, it is a spot transaction and an outright forward transaction going in opposite directions, or else two outright forwards with different settlement dates, and going in opposite directions. If both dates are less than one month from the deal date, it is a ―short-dated swap‖; if one or both dates are one month or more from the deal date, it is a ―forward swap.‖
5) put-call parity
―Put-call parity‖says that the price of a European put (or call) option can be deduced from the price of a European call (or put) option on the same currency, with the same strike price and expiration. When the strike price is the same as the forward rate (an ―at-the-money‖forward), the put and the call will be equal in value. When the strike price is not the same as the forward price, the difference between the value of the put and the value of the call will equal the difference in the present values of the two currencies.
2. True or False
1) true 2) true 3) true
3. Cloze
1) Traders in the market thus know that for any currency pair, if the base
currency earns a higher interest rate than the terms currency, the currency will trade at a forward discount, or below the spot rate; and if the base currency earns a lower interest rate than the terms currency, the base currency will trade at a forward premium, or above the spot rate. Whichever side of the transaction the trader is on, the trader won't gain (or lose) from both the interest rate differential and the forward premium/discount. A trader who loses on the interest rate will earn the forward premium, and vice versa.
2) A call option is the right, but not the obligation, to buy the underlying
currency, and a put option is the right, but not the obligation, to sell
the underlying currency. All currency option trades involve two sides—the purchase of one currency and the sale of another—so that a put to sell pounds sterling for dollars at a certain price is also a call to buy dollars for pounds sterling at that price. The purchased currency is the call side of the trade, and the sold currency is the put side of the trade. The party who purchases the option is the holder or buyer, and the party who creates the option is the seller or writer. The price at which the underlying currency may be bought or sold is the exercise , or strike, price. The option premium is the price of the option that the buyer pays to the writer. In exchange for paying the option premium up front, the buyer gains insurance against adverse movements in the underlying spot exchange rate while retaining the opportunity to benefit from favorable movements. The option writer, on the other hand, is exposed to unbounded risk—although the writer can (and typically does) seek to protect himself through hedging or offsetting transactions.
4. Discussions
1)What is a derivate financial instrument? Why is traded?
2)Discuss the differences between forward and futures markets in foreign
currency.
3)What advantages do foreign currency futures have over foreign
currency options?
4)What is meant if an option is ―in the money‖, ―out of the money‖,or ―at
the money‖?
5)What major international contracts are traded on the Chicago
Mercantile Exchange ? Philadelphia Stock Exchange?
Chapter 10
Managing Risk in Foreign Exchange Trading
外汇市场交易的风险管理
1. Key Terms
1) Market risk
Market risk, in simplest terms, is price risk, or ―exposure to (adverse)price change.‖ For a dealer in foreign exchange, two major elements of market risk are exchange rate risk and interest rate risk—that is, risks of adverse change in a currency rate or in an interest rate.
2) VAR
VAR estimates the potential loss from market risk across an entire portfolio, using probability concepts. It seeks to identify the fundamental risks that the portfolio contains, so that the portfolio can be decomposed into underlying risk factors that can be quantified and managed. Employing standard statistical techniques widely used in other fields, and based in part on past experience, VAR can be used to estimate the daily statistical variance, or standard deviation, or volatility, of the entire portfolio. On the basis of that estimate of variance, it is possible to estimate the expected loss from adverse price movements with a specified probability over a particular period of time (usually a day).
3) credit risk
Credit risk, inherent in all banking activities, arises from the possibility that the counterparty to a contract cannot or will not make the agreed payment at maturity. When an institution provides credit, whatever the form, it expects to be repaid. When a bank or other dealing institution enters a foreign exchange contract, it faces a risk that the counterparty will not perform according to the provisions of the contract. Between the time of the deal and the time of the
settlement, be it a matter of hours, days, or months, there is an extension of credit by both parties and an acceptance of credit risk by the banks or other financial institutions involved. As in the case of market risk, credit risk is one of the fundamental risks to be monitored and controlled in foreign exchange trading.
4) legal risks
There are legal risks, or the risk of loss that a contract cannot be enforced, which may occur, for example, because the counterparty is not legally capable of making the binding agreement, or because of insufficient documentation or a contract in conflict with statutes or regulatory policy.
2. True or False
1)True 2) true
3. Translation
1) Broadly speaking, the risks in trading foreign exchange are the same as
those in marketing other financial products. These risks can be categorized and subdivided in any number of ways, depending on the particular focus desired and the degree of detail sought. Here, the focus is on two of the basic categories of risk—market risk and credit risk (including settlement risk and sovereign risk)—as they apply to foreign exchange trading. Note is also taken of some other important risks in foreign exchange trading—liquidity risk, legal risk, and operational risk
2) It was noted that foreign exchange trading is subject to a particular form of
credit risk known as settlement risk or Herstatt risk, which stems in part from the fact that the two legs of a foreign exchange transaction are often settled in two different time zones, with different business hours. Also noted was the fact that market participants and central banks have undertaken considerable initiatives in recent years to reduce Herstatt risk.
4. Discussions
2)Discuss the way how V AR works in measuring and managing market
risk?
3)Why are banks so interested in political or country risk?
4)Discuss other forms of risks which you know in foreign exchange. Chapter 11
The Determination of Exchange Rates
汇率的决定
1. Key Terms
1) PPP
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) theory holds that in the long run, exchange rates will adjust to equalize the relative purchasing power of currencies. This concept follows from the law of one price, which holds that in competitive markets, identical goods will sell for identical prices when valued in the same currency.
2) the law of one price
The law of one price relates to an individual product. A generalization of that law is the absolute version of PPP, the proposition that exchange rates will equate nations' overall price levels.
3) FEER
―fundamental equilibrium exchange rate,‖ or FEER,envisaged as the equilibrium exchange rate that would reconcile a nation's internal and external balance. In that system, each country would commit itself to a macroeconomic
strategy designed to lead, in the medium term, to ―internal balance‖—defined as unemployment at the natural rate and minimal inflation—and to ―external balance‖—defined as achieving the targeted current account balance. Each country would be committed to holding its exchange rate within a band or target zone around the FEER, or the level needed to reconcile internal and external balance during the intervening adjustment period.
4) monetary approach
The monetary approach to exchange rate determination is based on the proposition that exchange rates are established through the process of balancing the total supply of, and the total demand for, the national money in each nation. The premise is that the supply of money can be controlled by the nation's monetary authorities, and that the demand for money has a stable and predictable linkage to a few key variables, including an inverse relationship to the interest rate—that is, the higher the interest rate, the smaller the demand for money.
5) portfolio balance approach
The portfolio balance approach takes a shorter-term view of exchange rates and broadens the focus from the demand and supply conditions for money to take account of the demand and supply conditions for other financial assets as well. Unlike the monetary approach, the portfolio balance approach assumes that domestic and foreign bonds are not perfect substitutes. According to the portfolio balance theory in its simplest form, firms and individuals balance their portfolios among domestic money, domestic bonds, and foreign currency bonds, and they modify their portfolios as conditions change. It is the process of equilibrating the total demand for, and supply of, financial assets in each country that determines the exchange rate.
2. True or False
1) true 2) true
3. Cloze
1）PPP is based in part on some unrealistic assumptions: that goods are identical; that all goods are tradable; that there are no transportation
costs, information gaps, taxes, tariffs, or restrictions of trade; and
—implicitly and importantly—that exchange rates are influenced only by
relative inflation rates. But contrary to the implicit PPP assumption,
exchange rates also can change for reasons other than differences in
inflation rates. Real exchange rates can and do change significantly over
time, because of such things as major shifts in productivity
growth, advances in technology, shifts in factor supplies, changes in
market structure, commodity shocks, shortage, and booms.
2）Each individual and firm chooses a portfolio to suit its needs, based on a variety of considerations—the holder's wealth and tastes, the level of
domestic and foreign interest rates, expectations of future inflation,
interest rates, and so on. Any significant change in the underlying factors
will cause the holder to adjust his portfolio and seek a new equilibrium.
These actions to balance portfolios will influence exchange rates.
4. Discussions
1）How does the purchasing power parity work?
2）Describe and discuss one model for forecasting foreign exchange rates.
3）Make commends on how good are the various approaches mentioned in the chapter.
4）Central banks occasionally intervene in foreign exchange markets. Discuss the purpose of such intervention. How effective is intervention?
Chapter 12
The Financial Markets
金融市场
1. Key Terms
1）money market
The money market is really a market for short-term credit, or the option to use someone else's money for a period of time in return for the payment of interest. The money market helps the participants in the economic process cope with routine financial uncertainties. It assists in bridging the differences in the timing of payments and receipts that arise in a market economy.
2）capital market
Markets dealing in instruments with maturities that exceed one year are often referred to as capital markets.
3）primary market
The term ―primary market‖ applies to the original issuance of a credit market instrument. There are a variety of techniques for such sales, including auctions, posting of rates, direct placement, and active customer contacts by a salesperson specializing in the instrument
4） secondary market
Once a debt instrument has been issued, the purchaser may be able to resell it before maturity in a ―secondary market.‖ Again, a number of techniques are available for bringing together potential buyers and sellers of existing debt instruments. They include various types of formal exchanges, informal telephone dealer markets, and electronic trading through bids and offers on computer screens. Often, the same firms that provide primary marketing services help to create or ―make‖ secondary markets.
5）RPs
In addition to making outright purchases and sales in the secondary market, entities with money to invest for a brief period can acquire a security temporarily, and holders of debt instruments can borrow short term by selling securities temporarily. These two types of transactions are repurchase agree-ments (RPs) and reverse RPs,respectively. In the wholesale market, banks and government securities dealers offer RPs at competitive rates of return by selling securities under contracts providing for their repurchase from one day to several months later
6）BAs 7）CDs (reference to 13.1)
8） Eurodollar
Eurodollars are U.S. dollar deposits at banking offices in a country other than the United States.
9） Eurobank
Eurobanks—banks dealing in Eurodollar or some other nonlocal currency deposits, including foreign branches of U.S. banks— originally held deposits almost exclusively in Europe, primarily London. While most such deposits are still held in Europe, they are also held in such places as the Bahamas, Bahrain, Canada, the Cayman Islands, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Tokyo, as well as other parts of the world.
10）LIBOR (reference to 13.2.2 Certificates of Deposit)
London inter-bank offer rate
11）mortgage-backed securities
12）Eurobond market (details make reference to13.3.3 )
The Eurobond market, centered in London, is an offshore market in intermediate- and long-term debt issues. It serves as a source of capital for multinational corporations and for foreign governments. It developed after the United States instituted the interest equalization tax in 1963 to stem capital outflows inspired by relatively low U.S. interest rates.
2. True or False
1) true 2) true 3) true
3. Discussions
1) Describe the characteristics of Interest Rate Swap and the role of it in the
bank-related financial market.
2) What risks are encountered in the swaps markets?
3) Discuss one or two specific examples of derivative products and their use.
4. Translations
1) Markets dealing in instruments with maturities that exceed one year are often referred to as capital markets, since credit to finance investments in new capital would generally be needed for more than one year. The time division is arbitrary. A long-term project can be started with short-term credit, with additional instruments may need to be renewed before a project is completed. Debt instruments that differ in maturity share other characteristics. Hence, the term ―capital market‖ could be –and occasionally is applied to some shorter maturity transactions.
2) The secondary market for Treasure securities consists of a network of dealers, brokers, and investors who effect transactions either by telephone or electronically. Telephone trades are generally between dealers and their customers. Electronics trading is arranged through screen-based systems provided by some of the dealers to their customers. It allows selected trades to take place without a conversation. When dealers trade with each other, they generally use brokers. Brokers provide information on screen, but the final trades are made by
telephone.
Chapter 13
Concepts of Financial Assets Value
金融资产价值的概念
1. Key Terms
1) absolute measure of value
An absolute measure of value is used when one must compare it to a nominal amount: purchase price, amount to invest, target sum of money to raise
2) relative measure of value
A relative measure of rate of return is more convenient to use when one wishes to compare one financial asset to a set of numerous alternative assets. A rate of return is the most commonly used relative measure of value.
3) discounting
Future benefits must be discounted (or converted) to their present (or today's) value, before they are summed. Discounting is part of the study of time value of money, or actuarial mathematics, and a complete treatment of it can be found in specialized textbook.
4) time value of money
Time value of money studies how amounts of money are made equivalent over time. Converting amounts today into their future equivalent consists in adding interest to principal, i.e. compounding. Converting amounts in the future into today's equivalent consists of charging an interest, i.e. discounting. Thus, discounting is the exact inverse of compounding.
5) FV 6) PV 7) annuity
8) short term securities
Short term securities (i.e. securities with maturity less than one year) are sold at a discount (i.e. nominal value less the interest to be earned over the remaining number of days to maturity). There is no coupon, and no additional benefits such as conversion right, but there may be a penalty for early redemption in the case of some bank certificates of deposit.
9) P/E ratio (make reference to 15.5.3 --Earnings Multiple or P/E Ratio)
Another approach which is used as a short-cut by a large number of investors, is the earnings multiple. It is sometimes referred to as earnings
multiplier, and it is most commonly known as price-to-earnings or P/E ratio. In many instances, the approach, rather than being an oversimplification, can be an improvement over the previous format. In its most common presentation, the idea is that the price P of a share should be a multiple m of its earnings per share E. The multiple m is an industry average because it is assumed that all companies in an industry face similar marketing, technological and resource challenges, and thus, should have similar organizational and production patterns.
10) intrinsic value
intrinsic value, or difference between market price of the underlying stock and strike price (which is also known as exercise price because it is the price at which an option holder can buy from or sell to the option writer the underlying stock through the options exchange)。
11) NPV
Any financial decision can be looked upon as a determination of whether what is put in today (i.e. purchase price of a stock, amount of loan applied for or initial outlay of a project) is greater or smaller than what is received back (i.e. discounted value of future benefits). This approach is known as net present value (NPV) calculation. Net present value is most specifically used for selecting capital projects. The format for NPV formula is a mere extension of the general formula of value, and its logic is appropriate for all financial decisions. NPV of a project is given by the formula
NPV = Sum(PV(C t) )- I0
12) IRR
An alternative capital budgeting approach is to calculate the total rate of return earned from the project. This return is called internal rate of return (IRR). It is the same concept as yield to maturity of bonds. IRR is that specific discount rate for which the combined discounted benefits equal initial outlay; in other words, NPV is zero.
13) cost-benefit analysis
A cost-benefit analysis is a ratio of costs divided by benefits. The traditional cost-benefit analysis, which does not involve discounting, used to be the most common method in capital budgeting. A modern version, where costs and benefits are discounted, is exactly the inverse of profitability index.
14) cost of capital (make reference to15.7.1 Rate of Return to Be Used in Mergers and Acquisitions)
15) PI
The profitability index PI is calculated as a ratio of the sum of present values of cash flows, divided by the initial outlay.
PI = Sum(PV(C t) )/ I0
Chapter 14
Analytical Tools
分析工具
1. Key Terms
1．Time-series analysis
Time-series analysis is a special but important type of nonlinear regression analysis. What is special is that the exogenous variable is the endogenous variable itself. In other words, what was previously called autocorrelation and looked upon as a disturbance that must be removed, is analyzed here as the source of an informative signal.
2．Delphi process
Another technique consists in informing survey participants about partial results obtained from other participants. This encourages convergence toward a consensus forecast. To avoid stubborn outliers, the median rather than mean is chosen as the resulting forecast. This is called the Delphi process.
3．Monte Carlo s imulation（make reference to notes 11）
4．market research
Market research is naturally not a finance or economics procedure, but a marketing one. It is included here in tools of the trade of a financial analyst because understanding product sales patterns and being able to anticipate changes in such patterns is the most important investigation. And to do that, nothing is more informative than getting answers directly from customers.
5．chartist
Those engaged in this approach are sometimes called chartist s because they study charts (i.e. graphs) of stock prices and/or indexes over time. Their view is that fundamental analysis is a waste of time because it is not possible to measure the value of a stock: it changes all the time in response to economic and market forces. What is more important than any ―true‖ value is the direction and size of price changes: that is what is called price momentum. Their answer to modern portfolio theorists is that they do not only use past price changes but also many other techniques. It is from this use of techniques that the name of technical analysis originated.
2. Discussions
1) Which two sets of data must be studied by a financial analyst?
2) What is the purpose of the expert opinion approach?
3) Why is market research important for financial analysis?
4) What is the common tool of market research?
5) Who are the major users of technical analysis?
国际金融学课后题答案
Chapter 1: Keeping Up With a Changing World-Trade Flows, Capital Flows, and the Balance Of Payments I. Chapter Overview The chapter begins by discussing on the importance of international economic integration, citing recent current events that demonstrate the widely varying opinions of the advantages and disadvantages of international trade and finance. The chapter sets the stage to logically examine these opinions and stresses the need to begin by understanding how international transactions are measured. The second section of the chapter defines the broad concept of globalization which includes increased market integration, the expansion of world governance, and the increased mobility of people and information; and the narrow focus of economic integration, which refers to the strengthening of existing and creation of new international linkages. The chapter then proceeds to distinguish the real and financial sectors that link the world's economies. Historical data are presented to give a sense of the growth of world trade and transactions in global financial markets during the past few decades. In the third section of the chapter, international balance of payments accounting is described in terms of a double entry bookkeeping system. The components of each of the three major accounts, (1) the current account, (2) the private capital account, and (3) the official settlements balance, are discussed in detail. The usage of the terms balance of payments deficit and balance of payments surplus are equated to a positive official settlements balance and a negative official settlements balance respectively, as distinct from the term overall balance of payments which must be zero by construction. The next section provides a series of concrete examples of international transactions and the ways that these impact the balance of payments accounts. The examples used are: (1) The importation of an automobile, which registers as a debit under current account merchandise and a credit under capital flows in the category of foreign assets in the U.S. (2) The services consumed by a student who travels abroad, which registers as a debit under current account services, and a credit under capital flows in the category of foreign assets in the U.S. (3) The purchase of a domestic treasury bill by a foreign resident, which registers as a credit under capital flows as a foreign asset in the U.S., and as a debit under capital flows as a U.S. asset abroad. (4) The payment of interest by the U.S. on a foreign-held asset, which registers as debit under current account income and a credit under capital inflows in the foreign assets in the U.S. category. (5) The provision of humanitarian aid abroad by a U.S. charitable organizations in the form of a donation of wheat, which registers as a credit in the current account merchandise category, and a debit in the unilateral transfers category.
国际金融习题答案(全)
第一章 三、名词解释 1、国际收支：在一定时期内，一国居民与非居民之间经济交易的系统记录。 2、国际收支平衡表：一国将其一定时期内的全部国际经济交易，根据交易的内容与范围，按照经济分析的需要设置账户或项目编制出来的统计报表。 3、居民是指一个国家的经济领土内具有经济利益的经济单位。在国际收支统计中判断一项交易是否应当包括在国际收支的范围内，所依据的不是交易双方的国籍，而是依据交易双方是否有一方是该国居民。 4、一国的经济领土：一般包括一个政府所管辖的地理领土，还包括该国天空、水域和邻近水域下的大陆架，以及该国在世界其他地方的飞地。依照这一标准，一国的大使馆等驻外机构是所在国的非居民，而国际组织是任何国家的非居民。 5、经常账户：是指对实际资源在国际间的流动行为进行记录的账户，它包括以下项目：货物、服务、收入和经常转移。反映进口实际资源的记人经常项目借方；反映出口实际资源的记人经常项目贷方。 6、经常转移包括各级政府的转移(如政府间经常性的国际合作、对收入和财政支付的经常性税收等)和其他转移(如工人汇款)。当一个经济体的居民实体向另一个非居民实体无偿提供了实际资源或金融产品时，按照复式记账法原理，需要在另一方进行抵消性记录以达到平衡，也就是需要建立转移账户作为平衡项目。 7、贸易收支：又称有形贸易收支，是国际收支中的一个项目，指由商品输出入所引起的收支。出口记为贷方，进口记为借方。IMF规定，在国际收支的统计工作中，进出口商品都以离岸价格(FOB)计算。若进口商品以到岸价格(CIF)计算时，应把货价中的运费、保险费等贸易的从属费用减除，然后列入劳务收支项目中。 8、服务交易：是经常账户的第二个大项目，它包括运输、旅游以及在国际贸易中的地位越来越重要的其他项目，如通讯、金融、计算机服务、专有权征用和特许以及其他商业服务。将服务交易同收入交易明确区分开来是《国际收支手册》第五版的重要特征。 9、收入交易：包括居民和非居民之间的两大类交易：①支付给非居民工人(例如季节性的短期工人)的职工报酬；②投资收入项下有关对外金融资产和负债的收入和支出。第二大类包括有关直接投资、证券投资和其他投资的收入和支出以及储备资产的收入。最常见的投资收入是股本收入(红利)和债务收入(利息)。应注意的是，资本损益是不作为投资收入记载的，所有由交易引起的现已实现的资本损益都包括在金融账户下面。将收入作为经常账户的独立组成部分，这种处理方法与国际收支账户体系保持了一致，加强了收入与金融账户流量、收入与国际收支和国际投资头寸之间的联系，提高了国际收支账户的分析价值。 10、资本账户：包括资本转移和非生产、非金融资产的收买和放弃。资本转移包括：①固定资产所有权的资产转移；②同固定资产收买或放弃相联系的或以其为条件的资产转移；③债权人不索取任何回报而取消的债务。非生产、非金融资产的收买或放弃是指各种无形资产如专利、版权、商标、经销权以及租赁和其他可转让合同的交易。
国际金融学 课后题答案 杨胜刚版 全
习题答案 第一章国际收支 本章重要概念 国际收支：国际收支是指一国或地区居民与非居民在一定时期内全部经济交易的货币价值之和。它体现的是一国的对外经济交往，是货币的、流量的、事后的概念。 国际收支平衡表：国际收支平衡表是将国际收支根据复式记账原则和特定账户分类原则编制出来的会计报表。它可分为经常项目、资本和金融项目以及错误和遗漏项目三大类。 丁伯根原则：1962年，荷兰经济学家丁伯根在其所著的《经济政策：原理与设计》一书中提出：要实现若干个独立的政策目标，至少需要相互独立的若干个有效的政策工具。这一观点被称为“丁伯根原则”。 米德冲突：英国经济学家米德于1951年在其名著《国际收支》当中最早提出了固定汇率制度下内外均衡冲突问题。米德指出，如果我们假定失业与通货膨胀是两种独立的情况，那么，单一的支出调整政策（包括财政、货币政策）无法实现内部均衡和外部均衡的目标。 分派原则：这一原则由蒙代尔提出，它的含义是：每一目标应当指派给对这一目标有相对最大的影响力，因而在影响政策目标上有相对优势的工具。 自主性交易：亦称事前交易，是指交易当事人自主地为某项动机而进行的交易。 国际收支失衡：国际收支失衡是指自主性交易发生逆差或顺差，需要用补偿性交易来弥补。它有不同的分类，根据时间标准进行分类，可分为静态失衡和动态失衡；根据国际收支的内容，可分为总量失衡和结构失衡；根据国际收支失衡时所采取的经济政策，可分为实际失衡和潜在失衡。 复习思考题 1．一国国际收支平衡表的经常账户是赤字的同时，该国的国际收支是否可能盈余，为什么？ 答：可能，通常人们所讲的国际收支盈余或赤字就是指综合差额的盈余或赤字.这里综合差额的盈余或赤字不仅包括经常账户，还包括资本与金融账户，这里，资本与金融账户和经常账户之间具有融资关系。但是，随着国际金融一体化的发展，资本和金融账户与经常账户之间的这种融资关系正逐渐发生深刻变化。一方面，资本和金融账户为经常账户提供融资受到诸多因素的制约。另一方面，资本和金融账户已经不再是被动地由经常账户决定，并为经常账户提供融资服务了。而是有了自己独立的运动规律。因此，在这种情况下，一国国际收支平衡表的经常账户是赤字的同时，该国的国际收支也可能是盈余。
国际金融(第五版) 课后习题以及答案
国际金融全书课后习题以及答案 1.1外汇 1.1.1 如何定义外汇? (P12) 动态的外汇:指一国货币兑换成另- -国货币的实践过程 静态的外汇:指用于国际汇兑活动的支付手段和工具) 外汇：是实现国际经济活动的基本手段，是国际金融的基本概念之一。其一是指一国货币兑换成另一国货币的实践过程，通过这种活动来清偿国家间的债权债务关系，是动态的外汇概念；其二是国家间为清偿债权债务关系进行的汇总活动所凭借的手段和工具，或者说是用于国际汇总活动的支付手段和工具，这是静态的外汇概念。 外汇的主要特征(P12) (1)外汇是以外币表示的资产。(美元? ) (2)外汇必须是可以自由兑换成其他形式的，或以其他货币表示的资产。(全球普遍接受性) 判断: (1)外国货币是外汇。错误 (2)外汇是可以自由兑换的外国货币。错误（没有说一定是货币，例如债券、股票等） 1.2外汇汇率 1.2.1 什么是汇率(P14) 外汇汇率(foreign exchange rate)又称外汇汇价，是不同货币之间兑换的比率或比价,也可以说是以一种货币表示的另一种货币的价格。 外汇汇率具有双向表示的特点: 既可以用本国货币表示外汇的价格，也可以用外汇表示本国货币的价格。 1.2.2汇率标价方法 直接标价法; 间接标价法;P14 美元标价法。 直接标价法(P14) 直接标价法(direct quotation)是指以一定单位的外国货币为标准(1,100,10000等)来计算折合多少单位的本国货币。 这种标价法的特点是，外币在前，本币在后，外币为整本币为零。汇率变动，外币不变,本币变化。如果汇率升高,说明外币升值、本币贬值;反之,如果汇率降低，则说明外币贬值、本币升值。 间接标价法(indirect quotation)是指以一定单位的本国货币为标准(比如,100,10000等)，来计算折合若干单位的外国货币。 这种标价法的特点是本币在前，外币在后，本币为整，外币为零。汇率变动，本币不变,外币变化。如果汇率升高,说明外币贬值、本币升值;反之，如果汇率降 低，则说明外币升值、本币贬值。 美元标价法(P15) 美元标价法是指以一定单位的美元为标准(比如,100,10000等),来计算折合若干单位的其他国货币。1美元=110.06日元
国际金融中英文版答案)
国际金融中英文版 Chapter 2: Payments among Nations Single-Choice Questions 1. A country ' s balance of payments records: 一个国家的国际收支平衡 记录了 B a. The value of all exports of goods and services from that country for a period of time. b. All flows of value between that c ountry ' s residents and residents of the rest of the world during a period of time. 在—— 定时间段里，一个国家居民的资产和其它世界居民资产的流动 c. All flows of financial assets that cross that country during a period of time. s boi d. All flows of goods into that country during a period of tim e. 2. A credit item in the balance of payments is: 在国际收支平衡里 的贷项是A a. An item for which the country must be paid. 一个国家必须收 取的条款 b. An item for which the country must pay. c. Any imported item. d. An item that creates a monetary claim owed to a foreigner. 3. Every international exchange of value is entered into the balance-of- payments accounts __________________ t ime(s). 每一次国际 等价交换都记进国际收支帐户2次 B a. 1 b. 2
国际市场营销论文英文版
《国际营销》期末论文 班级：Z0902 姓名：于涛学号：09 The Role of Government Abstract: The purpose of the passage is to describe the role of government in the market. Key words: Government market role develop The word’s markets are overseen by governments. Ideally, those governments set polices based on what they believe will serve the greatest number of their people to the greatest extent. The maintenance of nation borders is the single most important element that separates international trade from domestic trade. While consumers and producers make most decisions that mold the economy, government activities have a powerful effect on the market. Incubate special research, business and development, such as small businesses, space research, job training, unemployment insurance and more. Perhaps most importantly, the federal government guides the overall pace of economic activity, attempting to maintain steady growth, high levels of employment, and price stability. It can slow down or speed up the economy's rate of growth -- in the process, affecting the level of prices and employment. It is supposed to create and administer laws which are fair and equitable. Imagine any team sport without rules or referees. Experience has shown that neither the teams nor the fans find this acceptable. Without an independent referee disputes in a game could not be resolved. Most fans and teams are willing to put up with the occasional bad call rather than no calls at all. The same thing applies in government. Lately there has been a great deal of discussion about the power of the free market to regulate itself or the "invisible hand" to sort things out. Hundreds of years of experience had shown this not to work. Time and again markets have become unstable, either with bubbles such as the famous tulip mania or the "South Sea Island" bubble, or have become overly concentrated such as the standard oil trust. This leads inefficiency, since prices are distorted and resources are diverted from innovation and expansion of socially useful tasks. Without a referee the situation eventually fails anyway, but later and with more social damage than a well regulated society would provide. Modern society is going to continue to have government perform all functions. These have developed because there was a need, and because they worked more often than they failed. Progress will be made when the critics stop trying to turn the clock back to an imaginary past and devote their energies to optimizing what we have. "Liberals" can also do their part by focusing the discussion on the roles listed above and proposing improvements targeted to each sector. In fact, government plans important roles in the market. Government can protect and regulate the sustainable use of natural resources. Enforce and regulate fair and responsible business practices. Included in this is monitoring monetary policy, giving consumer protection and regulating banking practices. Determine and enforce civil laws of property and conduct. This includes the freedoms of the press, religion and rights of property. Provide public goods and services for the well-being of the community as a whole, such as infrastructure, vaccination programs, disaster relief, fireworks shows, public parks, basic healthcare, subsidized housing,
国际金融学第四版课后习题答案-第七章
第七章作业 1.为什么国际直接投资要采用不同的方式？合资与独资方式各有什 么利弊？ 答：由于世界各国的文化传统、经济发展程度、政体和管理体制存在差异，企业组织形式也各不相同，主要有独资企业、合伙企业和公司制企业。不同性质的企业，在企业设立、登记、组织机构、经营管理、并购以及缴纳赋税等方面相差甚远。因此，企业在做出对外直接投资决策前，首先应该明确直接投资方式。根据不同国家、不同企业形式的法律特点和跨国企业本身的实际情况，选择一种最合适的直接投资方式。 合资方式主要有两种：股权式合营和契约式合营。股权式合营有限责任，投资风险较小；东道国给予一定的保护；能利用东道国的资金，开广筹资渠道；利用合作伙伴的优势，获得有比较优势的人力资源、紧缺的原材料；轻易突破东道国的贸易壁垒，进入东道国的市场；企业的组建、审批程序相对复杂，费用较高；公司股东多，需要定期公布公司经营状况等信息，保密性差；投资者赋税较重。契约式合营设立简单；实现合伙人的优势互补；许多国家不对合伙企业单独征税。承担无限连带责任，风险大；采取所有权和管理权相一致的管理原则，影响决策效率。存续期不够稳定。 独资企业受政府控制少；经营管理灵活主动；容易保守企业秘密，不必定期向股东汇报；容易通过转移定价避税；充分使用投资者的先进技术、管理经验，保证产品质量和效益；风险较大，对企业全部负债承担无限责任；发展受到限制，资金来源受到限制；没有现成的生产基地，缺乏合作伙伴难以与有影响的政府机构发展联系。 2.不同的东道国政府对待直接投资的态度会何会有差异？ 答：一旦接受跨国直接投资，东道国的诸多经济资源将不得不与国外投资者分享，东道国将于投资国建立更加紧密的经济乃至政治联系。这对东道国的经济发展模式、传统文化、民族工业和国际竞争力都有直接和深远的影响，因此各国对国际直接投资的态度迥然不同。有的大力鼓励，有的严格限制，有的加以部分限制，有的根据国情在不同阶段实施不同的鼓励或限制政策。 3.发达国家对直接投资一般没有限制。这一观点对吗？请简要论证。 答：不对。 对于国际直接投资，实际中很少有那个国家的政府会采取放任自由的态度。多数东道国政府都通过制定一系列合营（资）法律或法规来设置外资进入的门槛，规范外资企业的行为，保护本国的民族工业和特定的经济利益。即使是宣称对资本流动不加管制的美国、日本等最发达国家，对外国的直接投资者也以各种名目设立了不少障碍。例如，美国担心高新技术流入中国，担心中国成为其市场上强
国际金融课后习题
第一章 1、外汇与外币的区别是什么？ 答：外汇不等于外币，外汇除包括外币，还包括外币有价证券、外币支付凭证；外币也不等于外汇，外币并非都是外汇，通常情况下，只有可以自由兑换外币才是外汇，因为外汇的实质是国际支付手段，如果某种货币不能自由兑换，它就不能成为国际支付手段 2、狭义的静态的静态外汇和广义的外汇的区别何在？ 答：狭义的外汇就是外国货币的汇率~~广义的外汇就是所有一切跟货币汇率有关的东西 外汇是以外币表示的用于国际结算的支付凭证。国际货币基金组织对外汇的解释为：外汇是货币行政当局（中央银行、货币机构、外汇平准基金和财政部）以银行存款、财政部库券、长短期政府证券等形式所保有的在国际收支逆差时可以使用的债权。包括：外国货币、外币存款、外币有价证券（政府公债、国库券、公司债券、股票等)、外币支付凭证（票据、银行存款凭证、邮政储蓄凭证等）。 3、我国外汇管理条例（1998年）关于外汇的范围是如何确定的？ 答、依据《中华人民共和国外汇管理暂行条例》，外汇主要是指：（1）外国货币，包括钞票、铸币；（2）外币有价证券，如政府公债、国库券、公司债券、股票、息票等；（3）外币支付凭证，如票据、银行存款凭证、邮政储蓄凭证等；（4）SD.Rs；（5）其他外汇资金 4、什么是汇率？有几种标价方法？ 答、汇率是一国货币同另一国货币兑换的比率。如果把外国货币作为商品的话，那么汇率就是买卖外汇的价格，是以一种货币表示另一种货币的价格，因此也称为汇价。 二、汇率的标价方法 确定两种不同货币之间的比价，先要确定用哪个国家的货币作为标准。由于确定的标准不同，于是便产生了几种不同的外汇汇率标价方法。 5、汇率有哪些种类? 答、(1)按国际货币制度的演变划分，有固定汇率和浮动汇率(2)按制订汇率的方法划分，有基本汇率和套算汇率3)按银行买卖外汇的角度划分，有买入汇率、卖出汇率、中间汇率和现钞汇率(4)按银行外汇付汇方式划分有电汇汇率、信汇汇率和票汇汇率5)按外汇交易交割期限划分有即期汇率和远期汇率(6)按对外汇管理的宽严区分，有官方汇率和市场汇率(7)按银行营业时间划分，有开盘汇率和收盘汇率 6、什么是实际汇率？如何计算？ 答：实际汇率是将名义汇率剔除通货膨胀率因素后形成的汇率。以公式示之， R=S? P*/P 例：设S=RMB.8/$不变，若P*/P 由1升至2（由于外国物价上升），则R=16；反之，P*/P降至0.5 （由于本国物价上升），则R=4。实际汇率在宏观经济分析中具有重要的意义，是衡量一国商品对外竞争能力，进而也是预测贸易账户差额的重要工具 7、什么是汇率指数？如何计算？ 答、汇率指数是指以指数方式衡量汇率变化，在宏观经济分析中具有重要的运用，包括双边汇率指数和多边汇率指数（即有效汇率） 8、如何计算一种货币的升（贬）值率？ 答、所谓货币贬值率，是指由于货币的的发行量大大超过流通中实际所需要的货币量，从而引起货币贬值，货币贬值后和贬值前相比所存在的比率，我们称为货币贬值率。货币贬值率的计算公式为：货币贬值率=（现在已发行的货币量—流通中实际所需要的货币量）/现在已发行的货币量。 9、影响汇率变化的因素有哪些？ 答、影响汇率变化的因素两种货币实际所代表的价值量是汇率决定的基础，并在下列主要因素影响下，汇率不断变动1)国际收支(2)通货膨胀(3)利率水平对资本的流动的影响(4)各国的汇率政策(5)投机活动(6)政治事件 10、分析已过货币从对内贬值到对外贬值的过程？ 答、一般地，当一国发生通货膨胀，该国货币所代表的价值量就会减少，物价相应上涨，即货币对内贬值，而该国货币的购买力随物价上涨而下降，在国际市场上，对该国货币的需求减少，于是该国货币的汇率就会趋于下跌，即货币对外贬值。 11、分析两国相对利率的变动对汇率的影响 答、当各国利率出现差异时，人们为追求最好的资金效益，会从低利率国家筹集资金，向高利率国家投放资金，这势必会影响外汇的供求进而影响汇率。因为涉及资金在不同国家间的流动，所以重要的是利率的相对水平而不是绝对水平。一般来说，一国利率相对他国提高会刺激国外资金流入增加、本国资金流出减少，造成本国货币供给减少、货币需求增加，本国货币升值。 12、分析汇率变动对一国对外贸易产生的影响。 答、1.对物价的影响:一般，进出口产品以其供应国货币计价。①进口方面：在进口品需求弹性较低的情况下，本币贬值将产生成本推动的通货膨胀②出口方面：在出口品供给弹性较低的情况下，本币贬值将产生需求拉动的通货膨胀 汇率变化对贸易品价格的变动会传递到非贸易品价格上 2.对生产结构、资源配置、收入分配及就业的影响 好处：本币贬值以后，出口商品的国际竞争力增强；进口商品成本增加，国内进口替代品行业会繁荣起来。弊端：货币的过度贬值，有保护落后的作用；不利于技术引进 社会资源将重新配置，各部门的收入也会发生变动，同时会影响就业状况 、第二章汇率决定理论 一、概念 一价定律：同种可贸易商品在不同地区间的价格是一致的。或在不存在运输费用和人为的贸易壁垒（如关税）的自由竞争市场，同种商品在不同国家用相同币种表示的售价相同。 绝对购买力平价：一国货币的价值及对它的需求是由单位货币在国内所能买到的商品和劳务的量决定的，即由它的购买力决定的，因此两国货币之间的汇率可以表示为两国的货币购买力之比。 相对购买力平价：相对购买力平价从动态角度考察汇率的决定与变动，认为汇率的变动由两国通货膨胀率差异决定，是两国货币所代表的购买力变动率之比。 抛补的利率平价：两国货币汇率的远期升贴水近似的等于两国利率之差。
国际营销简答英文版
1 ? 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. chapter1 What are the recent trends in world trade? Will expansion of world trade in the future follow these trends? Global Linkages: Global linkages bind countries, institutions, and individuals more closely than ever. World trade opens up entirely new business horizons （界限，范围）. Domestic Policy Repercussions(影响): Exchange rates have begun to determine the level of trade. The global market imposes increasingly tight limits on national economic regulation and sovereignty(国家主权）. Chapter2 1. List and briefly describe the five elements of success that are required for an international marketer to take advantage of and thrive in developing markets. Research - learn about the needs, aspirations, and habits of targeted populations. Creating Buying Power - allowing consumers with no collateral to borrow money. Tailoring Local Solutions - combine advanced technology with local insights. Improving Access - by providing access, it could lead to a thriving business. Shaping Aspirations - ideally suited products to match consumer demand. 2.From the international marketer's point of view, what are the opportunities and problems caused by increased urbanization in developing countries? Wu Chapter4: 1.List and briefly describe the elements of culture. a) Language b) Nonverbal Language c) Religion d) Values and Attitudes e) Manners and Customs f) Material Elements g) Aesthetics h) Education i) Social Institutions j) Sources of Cultural Knowledge 2.List and briefly describe the dimensions of culture used in Cultural Analysis a) Individualism-“I ” consciousness versus “we ” consciousness; b) Power distance- level of equality in a society; c) Uncertainty avoidance- need for formal rules and regulations d) Masculinity- attitudes toward achievement, roles of men and women.
国际金融学习题及答案
《国际金融学》练习题 一、判断题 1、国际货币基金组织和世界银行集团是世界上成员国最多、机构最庞 大的国际金融机构。（ 对 ） 2、国际清算银行是世界上成员国最多、机构最庞大国际金融机构。（ 错 ） 3、国际货币基金组织会员国提用储备部分贷款是无条件的，也不需支 付利息。（ 对 ） 4、国际货币基金组织会员国的投票权与其缴纳的份额成反比。（ 错 ） 5、国际货币基金组织的贷款只提供给会员国的政府机构。（ 对 ） 6、国际货币基金组织的贷款主要用于会员国弥补国际收支逆差。（ 错） 7、参加世界银行的国家必须是国际货币基金组织的成员国。（ 对 ） 8、参加国际货币基金组织的成员国一定是世界银行的成员国。（ 错 ） 9、被称为资本主义世界的第一个“黄金时代”的国际货币体系是布雷顿森林体系。（ 错 ） 10、布雷顿森林协定包括《国际货币基金协定》和《国际复兴开发银行协定》。（ 对 ） 11、“特里芬两难”是导致布雷顿森林体系崩溃的根本原因。（ 对 ） 12、牙买加体系是以美元为中心的多元化国际储备体系（ 对 ）。 13、牙买加体系完全解决了“特里芬两难”。（ 错 ） 14、蒙代尔提出的汇率制度改革方案是设立汇率目标区。（ 错 ） 15、威廉姆森提出的汇率制度改革方案是恢复国际金本位制。（ 错 ） 16、欧洲支付同盟成立是欧洲货币一体化的开端。（ 对 ） 17、《政治联盟条约》和《经济与货币联盟条约》，统称为“马斯特里赫特条约”，简称“马 约”。（ 对 ） 18、《马约》关于货币联盟的最终要求是在欧洲联盟内建立一个统一的欧洲中央银行并发行统 一的欧洲货币。（ 对 ） 19、政府信贷的利率较低，期限较长，带有援助性质，但是有条件。（ 对 ） 20、国际金融机构信贷的贷款利率通常要比私人金融机构的低，而且贷款条件非常宽松。（ 错 ） 21、在国际债务结构管理中，应避免尽量提高长期债务的比重，减少短期债务的比重。（ 对 ） 22、在国际债务的结构管理上，应尽量提高浮动利率债务的比重，减少固定利率债务的比重。 （ 错 ） 23、在国际债务的结构管理上，应尽量提高官方借款的比重，减少商业借款的比重。（ 对 ） 24、在国际债务的结构管理上，应尽量使债权国分散。（ 对 ） 25、欧洲货币市场是所有离岸金融市场的总称，是国际金融市场的核心。（ 对 ） 26、欧洲银行实际上是大商业银行的一个部门，其名称是就功能而言的。（ 对 ） 27、欧洲银行同业拆放市场是欧洲短期信贷市场的最主要构成。（ 对 ） 28、80年代以来，发行欧洲债券已成为借款人在欧洲货币市场筹资的主要形式。（ 对 ） 29、亚洲货币市场是欧洲货币的一个组成部分。（ 对 ） 30、新加坡金融市场是最早的亚洲货币市场。（ 对 ）
国际金融课后答案 陈雨露第四版
第一章外汇与外汇汇率 1.请列举请列举请列举请列举20世纪世纪世纪世纪90年代的一些重大国际金融事件年代的一些重大国际金融事件年代的一些重大国际金融事件年代的一些重大国际金融事件，，，，说明汇率波动对经济的重大影响说明汇率波动对经济的重大影响说明汇率波动对经济的重大影响说明汇率波动对经济的重大影响。。。。答：刚刚过去的20世纪90年代，整个国际金融颌城动荡不安，危机叠起。从北欧银行业的倒闭到欧洲货币危机入墨西哥金融危机到巴林银行的倒闭、大和银行的巨额亏损，再到亚洲金融危机，无不令人触目惊心。90年代以来的几次重大国际金融动荡事件中，外汇投机的确起了推波助澜的作用。外汇投机是一个远期的外汇交易概念，它纳粹是为了外汇波动差价而进行的一种外汇买卖。其交易目的不是真实的外汇，而是为了未来汇率波动的差价而进行的买空或卖空。一般来说，判断某种外汇未来看涨的一方为多头，其具体操作办法是买空（即低买高卖），这在国外又称公牛；而判断某种外汇未来看跌的一方则为空头，其具体操作是卖空（即高卖低买），这在国外又称为熊。当这种外汇到期上涨则多头方盈利，反之则空头方盈利。目前在国际金融市场中横冲直撞的对冲基金无非就是这两种投机的对做，以对冲其风险。但由于其具有杠杆效应，因而对国际金融的冲击更大。在欧洲货币危机、墨西哥金融危机和泰国金融危机中京罗斯做的都是空头，判断英镑、里拉、墨西哥比索和泰林等要贬值，在其没有贬值之前先抛售大量筹码，待其贬值以后再以低价吸进筹码还贷，从而从中获利。纵观国际投机资本的炒作，其攻击一国货币（假如泰殊未来有贬值的预期）的途径一般可通过以下三种方法：一是投机者从泰国商业银行拆入大量的泰铁，然后到外汇市场上全盘抛售泰林换取美元，由此引发市场的“羊群效应”，其他市场参与者纷纷效尤，使秦铁汇率逐步下跌后则以低价买回素昧，部分还贷部分盈利；二是投机者从银行同业拆入泰林，抛售泰殊的同时，买入泰殊兑美元的期货合同，吉泰铁上涨则卖家赚钱，若秦殊下跌则买家用较不值钱的秦铁结算合同从而赚钱；三是投机者在攻击汇率时，同时在股市做空，购入或在股指期货市场抛空，即使汇率因央行干预不变，投机者仍可在股市或股指期货市场中盈利，即（1）股市上抛空～投机攻击～利率提高～股市下挫～股市购入；（2）投机攻击～利率提高～股市下跌～股市购入～投机退出～利率下降～股价上升～股市抛售；（3）期市上抛空股指期货合约～股指期货合约下跌～平仓股指合约。2.1994年人民币的通货膨胀率高达年人民币的通货膨胀率高达年人民币的通货膨胀率高达年人民币的通货膨胀率高达24%，，，，美元的通货膨胀率只有美元的通货膨胀率只有美元的通货膨胀率只有美元的通货膨胀率只有6%，，，，为什么为什么为什么为什么1995年人年人年人年人民币对美元没有贬值反而升值了民币对美元没有贬值反而升值了民币对美元没有贬值反而升值了民币对美元没有贬值反而升值了1%？？？？答：通货膨胀率是指物价平均水平的上升速度，货币升值也叫“货币增值”，是指国家增加本国货币含金量，提高本国货币对外国的比价的政策，货币升值是国家货币不稳定的另一种表现，它不意味着提高本国货币在国内的购买力，而只是提高本国货币对外国货币的比价。所以通货膨胀率和升值无关。 3.你是否搞清了直接标价法和间接标价法下的银行买价和卖价你是否搞清了直接标价法和间接标价法下的银行买价和卖价你是否搞清了直接标价法和间接标价法下的银行买价和卖价你是否搞清了直接标价法和间接标价法下的银行买价和卖价？？？？答：买入价和卖出价都是从银行角度划分的，银行买入外汇价格较低，卖出外汇的价格较高。在直接标价法下，较低的价格为买入价，较低的价格为卖出价。而在间接标价发中，情况则相反，较低的价格为卖出价，较高的价格为买入价。 4.2004年年年年10月月月月29日日日日，，，，中国人民银行上调了金融机构存贷款基准利率中国人民银行上调了金融机构存贷款基准利率中国人民银行上调了金融机构存贷款基准利率中国人民银行上调了金融机构存贷款基准利率，，，，你认为这样调整你认为这样调整你认为这样调整你认为这样调整会如何影响人民币汇率会如何影响人民币汇率会如何影响人民币汇率会如何影响人民币汇率？？？？答：根据外汇的利率平价理论，一国利率上升有助于本国货币汇率上