英语专业课程论文
《学术论文写作》
课程论文
题目：与“羊”相关的中英文习语
专业：英语
学生姓名：学号：
课程序号：3245 编号：36 完成时间：2011 年 6 月
成绩：
教师签名：
Idioms Related to Sheep in English and Chinese
Abstract: Language and culture are interwoven with each other, as an important part in idioms, animal idioms reflect the cultural characters distinctively in both Chinese and English, and have rich expressiveness. This paper focuses on sheep related idioms, and discuss sheep’s image, economic, religion, and history reflecting in idioms. The purpose is to better understand cultural elements and meanings of idioms and improve intercultural communicative competence.
Key words: Animal Idioms; Sheep; Cultural Characters
与“羊”相关的中英文习语
摘要：语言和文化是密不可分的，作为习语中的一个重要组成部分，动物习语鲜明地体现了汉语与英语语言的文化特色，并具有丰富的表现力。本文从与羊有关的习语入手，探讨羊的形象、经济、宗教和历史在习语中的映射，更好地了解其文化因素及意义，提高跨文化交际能力。
关键词：动物习语；羊；文化特色
Idioms Related to Sheep in English and Chinese
1. Introduction
What does idiom mean? It means a group of words whose meaning is different from the meanings of the individual words (qtd. in Ai Suping 183). There are many animal related idioms in both English and Chinese, and sheep is a typical kind of animal. For the relationship between human life and sheep is so close that the idioms about it have become an integral part of human culture. “Without idioms our language would become dull and dry, whereas an appropriate use of them in our speech and writing will add to the strength and vividness of our language” (Yu Fumin and Guo Shanglian 1). They have the properties of profound moral, brevity, expressiveness and rich cultural connotation. Vivid image of sheep, prominent features, are often used to describe the quality and personality of something and somebody, so it’s more vivid. This paper will focus on sheep related idioms by introducing reflection of sheep’s image, economic, religion, and history in them. To learn and study animal idioms by studying the associative meaning of sheep, sheep’s image both in English and Chinese idioms as well as the origin of idioms will help to achieve a thorough understanding, a proper command and a solid grasp of sheep culture in idiom.
2. Cultural reflection in sheep related idioms
2.1 Image of sheep
Sheep always give us the image of gentle, pure, delicate and innocent. People often use “like a lamb” to describe someone who is innocent or bright. The fable “a wolf in sheep’s clothing”refers to the person who appears good but actually is vicious and cruel; sometimes it also means that it is more dangerous to disguise. In the saying “lamb fall into a tiger’s mouth”, lamb stands for the weak, which is caught by tiger. Also there are a number of proverbs related to sheep, such as:
He that makes himself a sheep shall be eaten by the wolf: the person who is weak
would be mistreated by others.
The sheep who talks peace with a wolf will soon be mutton: be sure not to beg
for peace to your enemy.
Cast sheep’s eyes at s omebody: send over a charming glanceto somebody.
As well be hanged for a sheep as a lamb: whether steal for big or tiny things, it always be a thief. It means “In for a peeny,in for a pound”.
However, to some degree, sheep has its derogatory sense. Black sheep is a kind of sheep which have a fiery temperament, so people use “black sheep” as a metaphor for crasher, aprodigal person or someone who stir for trouble. In chinese, people use hai qun zhi ma (blach horse) to express the same meaning with “black sheep”, which can be seen in zhuangzi.
In the times when shepherding a flock of sheep was an important means of
living, some people believed that the black sheep was a devil incarnation
who would cause misfortune to the flock; others thought that black sheep
failed to meet their masters’ expectations in the exchange of goods simply
because of their colour. Thus a black sheep came to be employed to refer to a
person regarded as not so respectable or successful as the rest of his family
or group. (He Runfang 44)
Other idioms related to sheep have passive meaning too. For example, “shy sheep”means coward; “get one’s goat”means get someone angry;“follow like sheep”is the same as follow blindly; “old goat” refers to pervert or jerk old geezer; and “ride the goat”refers to acceding to the clandestine organization.
2.2 Economic
We all know that industry of raising livestock is developed in England. When shearing wool, they have to gather wool in order not to be wasting because a lot of wool would acatter in fense, but gathering wool is trivial and boring. So people always use “wool-gathering”as a metaphor for boring work. In addition, Wool is important for sheepherder, so it would make them anger if wool was lost. Now “loose one’s wool”always means anger or lost one’s temper. What’s more, “much wool on the back”describe lots of money.
2.3 Religion
Chiristianity is the most widespread religion in the west. English, as the international language, is greatly influenced by this religion since it was brought to Britain by the Romans (Li Yuping 115). Sheep plays an important role in Christianity so
lots of stories, characters, sentences and phrases in Bible, which is the principle of Christianity, have become commom idioms in western countries. Christianity regard sheep as humanity, which gets lost easily and should depend on the strength of faith in Christianity to return to the right way, so Jesus names himself as “sheepherder”. The saying “lost lamb” stands for the person who lured by crime easily and being degenerate. According to Matthew in New Testament: “All the nations will be gathered before Him, and He will separate them one from another, as a shepherd divides his sheep fromthe goat.” From this, “sheep” is used as a metaphor for “good person” and “goat” is used as a metaphor for “bad person”, “to separate /tell the sheep fromthe goat” means distinguish good from bad.
“Scapegoat”, means to be blamed for something that someone else did, which originates from ancient Judaism. According to the rule made by Mose, two goats should be sacrificed in the Day Of Atonement (july, 7th), the one is called the Lord's goat, which would be the sacrificial offerings, the other one is called escape goat or scapegoat, which would assume all crimes made by all the people. With both hands pressing in the sheepshead of the escape goat, the pontifex professes that all crimes made by Jewry in last year have trasferred to that goat, then it would be banished to wilderness with Jewry’s crimes carrying away. It should be pointed that in ancient Hebrew Bible, the escape goat is named Azazel, which translated to be “goat that departs” in English, and later commonly called escapegoat. Several examples are as follows:
They were made the scapegoats for the misfire of the program.
He felt that his boss would throw him to the lions if anything went wrong.
The old curmudgeon found a new scapegoat and that let me out.
2.4 History
In Chinese history, we regarded “hong yang”(red sheep) as great calamity. The ancient people thouhgt that bingwu, and dingwei are years when China would have calamities, further more, bing, and ding act as fire, whose color is red, and wei subordinate to sheep, so they regarded hong yang jie (“red sheep calamity”) as calamity. It can be seen in many ancient books, for example, Chai Wang’s Bing Ding Gui Jian (《丙丁龟鉴》) in Song Dynasty, it recorded that 21 social upheaval happened in years of bingwu and dingwei from the Warring States to the Five Dynasties.
Sheep has left deep prints in Chinese culture. In ancient China, yang(sheep) and xiang(lucky) are interchangeable words, we always use san yang kai tai to express auspicious wishes, which commonly seen in the beginning of the year. Because “羊”
(yang) and “阳” (yang) have the same pronunciation in Chinese, “三羊开泰”has the same meaning with“三阳开泰”. Some other Chinese idioms about sheep are listed as follows:
Wang yang de niu: lose a sheep and get an ox, the gain is greater than the loss, it actually means a blessing in disguise.
Wang yang bu lao: mending the fold after a sheep is lost, it means that it's never too late to mend when in trouble in daily life.
Qi lu wang yang: lose one’s bearings when the situation is too complicated or changeable
Ru lang mu yang: like a wolf shepherding the sheep, as a metephor for oppression of the people by bad officials.
Shi yang jiu mu: nine shepherds look after ten sheep, it means more officials than the layman.
Duo qi wang yang: it is hard for a person to obtain progress and success without persistence in learning and working.
Shun shou qian yang: coming from Heroes of the Marshes, later, it is used as a metaphor for people snithing something from the host at his convenience.
3. Conclusion
Language is a mirror of society; all kinds of social phenomena can be revealed in language. That is to say, society has a profound influence on language. On the contrary, language can also affect a society by influencing or even controlling the world view of its speakers (Trudgill 13). As an important part in language, Sheep related idioms, as well as animal idioms, are commonly existing in both English and Chinese. they are not only concise and comprehensive, but also vivid and witty, and closely show a nation’s history, culture, custom, and so on. Analyzing and comparing some English-Chinese animal idioms cultural connotation, we can see clearly that sheep related idioms in any kind of language are not only represent animal symbol, but also have rich cultural connotation.
Works Cited
Trudgill, P. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. London: Penguin Group, 2000.
艾素萍，“英美文化在英语习语中的映射”，《科教文汇》2007年第9期，第183页。[Ai Suping. “The Reflection in English Idioms of English and American Culture.”The Science Education Article Collects 9 (2007):183.]
何润芳，《英语典故》，湖北：湖北教育出版社2009年第1版。
[He Runfang. English Idioms. Hubei: Hubei Education Press 1 (2009).]
李玉平，《英语习语及其文化源流》，天津：南开大学出版社2008年第1版。
[Li Yuping. English Idioms and Their Cultural Origin.Tianjin: Nankai University Press
1 (2008).]
郁福敏、郭珊琏，《英汉习语对比》，上海：上海交通大学出版社1999年第1版。[Yu Fumin and Guo Shanlian. A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Idioms.
Shanghai: Shanghai Jiaotong University Press1(1999).]
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大学英语论文模板
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大学英语作文万能模板
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专业英语总结及论文
经济管理学院专业英语结课论文
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学术英语课程论文格式
云南大学 大学英语课程论文课程 : 学术英语（读写） 论文题目：(英文题目) (中文题目 ) 学院 专业 学生姓名学号 班级2016秋素选课名册序号 指导教师得分 2016 年 12月
An Analysis of the Accounting Thoughts in the Republic of China Abstract On the basis of the historical literatures and the opinions historians and accounting scholars, this paper attempts to arrange some remarkable characteristics about accounting thoughts during the Republic of China. Then the thesis evaluates its historical contribution and gives some lessons on the current accounting system through historical analysis. Because accounting work during the period of Republic of china was frequent, there are little monographs or articles about the accounting thoughts during that time and the elaboration is fragmented, too. Nevertheless, the study on the accounting thoughts in the Republic of China is propitious to hold the objective laws and historical references of the evolution of accounting thoughts and explore the orientation of the development of future accounting. Due to the limited time and space, the essay is restricted to a simple analysis of its features and experience More researches focusing on analyzing the details are need to be done in the future. Key words: the Republic of China, accounting thoughts, accounting history I. Introduction With the rapid development of economy, accounting has been put into full play in social-economic region. As an important component of accounting theories, the history of accounting thoughts is attached increasing attention. According to Guo(1999) and Liu(2005), "accounting thoughts" The history of accounting thoughts can reveal the objective law of its evolution, as well as the relationship between accounting thoughts and accounting practice. Therefore, accounting thoughts should be researched from the historic and evolutionary perspective. Currently, the study on the accounting thoughts in the Republic of China lacks systematization. The Republic of China has its historic position in Chinese accounting