搜档网
当前位置:搜档网 › Green building - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Green building - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Green building - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Green building - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Green building

US E P A Kansas City Science & Technology Center This facility features the follow ing green attributes:*LE E D 2.0 Gold certified *Green P ow er *Native Landscaping

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Green building (also known as green construction or

sustainable building ) refers to a structure and using process that is environmentally responsible and resource-efficient

throughout a building's life-cycle: from siting to design,

construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. This requires close cooperation of the design team,the architects, the engineers, and the client at all project

stages.[1] The Green Building practice expands and

complements the classical building design concerns of

economy, utility, durability, and comfort.[2]

Although new technologies are constantly being developed to

complement current practices in creating greener structures,

the common objective is that green buildings are designed to

reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human

health and the natural environment by:

Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources

Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation [2]A similar concept is natural building, which is usually on a smaller scale and tends to focus on the use of natural materials that are available locally.[3] Other related topics include sustainable design and green architecture.Sustainability may be defined as meeting the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.[4] Although some green building programs don't address the issue of the retrofitting existing homes, others do. Green construction principles can easily be applied to retrofit work as well as new construction.A 2009 report by the U.S. General Services Administration found 12 sustainably designed buildings cost less to operate and have excellent energy performance. In addition, occupants were more satisfied with the overall building than those in typical commercial buildings.[5]Contents 1 Reducing environmental impact 2 Goals of green building 2.1 Life cycle assessment (LCA)2.2 Siting and structure design efficiency 2.3 Energy efficiency 2.4 Water efficiency 2.5 Materials efficiency 2.6 Indoor environmental quality enhancement 2.7 Operations and maintenance optimization 2.8 Waste reduction 3 Cost and payoff

4 Regulation and operation

5 International frameworks and assessment tools

6 See also

6.1 Green building by country

6.2 General

7 References

8 External links

Blu Homes mkSolaire, a green building

designed by Michelle Kaufmann.

Taipei 101, the tallest and largest green building of LE E D P latinum certification in the

w orld since 2011.

Reducing environmental impact

Green building practices aim to reduce the environmental impact of buildings, so the very first rule is: the greenest building is the building that doesn't get built. New construction almost always degrades a building site, so not

building is preferable to green building. The second rule is: every building should be as small as possible. The third rule is: do not contribute to sprawl (the tendency for cities to spread out in a disordered fashion). No matter how

much grass you put on your roof, no matter how many energy-efficient windows you use, if you contribute to sprawl,you've just defeated your purpose. Urban infill sites are preferable to suburban "greenfield" sites.

Buildings account for a large amount of land. According to the National Resources Inventory, approximately 107

million acres (430,000 km 2) of land in the United States are developed. The International Energy Agency released a publication that estimated that existing buildings are responsible for more than 40% of the world’s total primary energy consumption and for 24% of global carbon dioxide emissions.[6]

Goals of green building

The concept of sustainable development can be traced to the energy

(especially fossil oil) crisis and the environment pollution concern in the

1970s.[7] The green building movement in the U.S. originated from the

need and desire for more energy efficient and environmentally friendly

construction practices. There are a number of motives for building green,

including environmental, economic, and social benefits. However, modern

sustainability initiatives call for an integrated and synergistic design to

both new construction and in the retrofitting of existing structures. Also

known as sustainable design, this approach integrates the building life-

cycle with each green practice employed with a design-purpose to create

a synergy among the practices used.Green building brings together a vast array of practices, techniques, and

skills to reduce and ultimately eliminate the impacts of buildings on the environment

and human health. It often emphasizes taking advantage of renewable resources,

e.g., using sunlight through passive solar, active solar, and photovoltaic equipment,

and using plants and trees through green roofs, rain gardens, and reduction of

rainwater run-off. Many other techniques are used, such as using low-impact building

materials or using packed gravel or permeable concrete instead of conventional

concrete or asphalt to enhance replenishment of ground water.

While the practices or technologies employed in green building are constantly

evolving and may differ from region to region, fundamental principles persist from

which the method is derived: Siting and Structure Design Efficiency, Energy

Efficiency, Water Efficiency, Materials Efficiency, Indoor Environmental Quality

Enhancement, Operations and Maintenance Optimization, and Waste and Toxics

Reduction.[8][9] The essence of green building is an optimization of one or more of

these principles. Also, with the proper synergistic design, individual green building

technologies may work together to produce a greater cumulative effect.

On the aesthetic side of green architecture or sustainable design is the philosophy of

designing a building that is in harmony with the natural features and resources

surrounding the site. There are several key steps in designing sustainable buildings:

specify 'green' building materials from local sources, reduce loads, optimize systems,

and generate on-site renewable energy.

Life cycle assessment (LCA )A life cycle assessment (LCA) can help avoid a narrow outlook on environmental,

social and economic concerns [10] by assessing a full range of impacts associated with all cradle-to-grave stages of a process: from extraction of raw materials through materials processing, manufacture, distribution, use, repair and

maintenance, and disposal or recycling. Impacts taken into account include (among others) embodied energy, global warming potential, resource use, air pollution, water pollution, and waste.

In terms of green building, the last few years have seen a shift away from a prescriptive approach, which assumes that certain prescribed practices are better for the environment, toward the scientific evaluation of actual performance through LCA.

An eco-house at Findhorn E covillage w ith a turf roof and solar panels Although LCA is widely recognized as the best way to evaluate the environmental impacts of buildings (ISO 14040provides a recognized LCA methodology), it is not yet a consistent requirement of green building rating systems and codes, despite the fact that embodied energy and other life cycle impacts are critical to the design of

environmentally responsible buildings.

In North America, LCA is rewarded to some extent in the Green Globes? rating system, and is part of the new American National Standard based on Green Globes, ANSI/GBI 01-2010: Green Building Protocol for Commercial Buildings . LCA is also included as a pilot credit in the LEED system, though a decision has not been made as to whether it will be incorporated fully into the next major revision. The state of California also included LCA as a voluntary measure in its 2010 draft Green Building Standards Code .

Although LCA is often perceived as overly complex and time consuming for regular use by design professionals,

research organizations such as BRE in the UK and the Athena Sustainable Materials Institute in North America are working to make it more accessible.

In the UK, the BRE Green Guide to Specifications offers ratings for 1,500 building materials based on LCA.

In North America, the ATHENA? EcoCalculator for Assemblies provides LCA results for several hundred common building assembles based on data generated by its more complex parent software, the ATHENA? Impact Estimator for Buildings . (The EcoCalculator is available free at https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,.) Athena software tools are especially useful early in the design process when material choices have far-reaching implications for overall environmental impact.They allow designers to experiment with different material mixes to achieve the most effective combination.

Siting and structure design efficiency

See also: Sustainable design

The foundation of any construction project is rooted in the concept and design stages. The concept stage, in fact, is one of the major steps in a project life cycle, as it has the largest impact on cost and performance.[11] In designing environmentally optimal buildings, the objective is to minimize the total environmental impact associated with all life-cycle stages of the building project. However, building as a process is not as streamlined as an industrial process,and varies from one building to the other, never repeating itself identically. In addition, buildings are much more

complex products, composed of a multitude of materials and components each constituting various design variables to be decided at the design stage. A variation of every design variable may affect the environment during all the building's relevant life-cycle stages.[12]

Energy efficiency

Main articles: Low-energy house and Zero-energy building

Green buildings often include measures to reduce energy consumption –

both the embodied energy required to extract, process, transport and

install building materials and operating energy to provide services such as

heating and power for equipment.

As high-performance buildings use less operating energy, embodied

energy has assumed much greater importance – and may make up as

much as 30% of the overall life cycle energy consumption. Studies such

as the U.S. LCI Database Project [13] show buildings built primarily with

wood will have a lower embodied energy than those built primarily with

brick, concrete, or steel.[14]

To reduce operating energy use, designers use details that reduce air leakage through the building envelope (the barrier between conditioned

and unconditioned space). They also specify high-performance windows

and extra insulation in walls, ceilings, and floors. Another strategy, passive solar building design, is often

implemented in low-energy homes. Designers orient windows and walls and place awnings, porches, and trees [15] to shade windows and roofs during the summer while maximizing solar gain in the winter. In addition, effective window placement (daylighting) can provide more natural light and lessen the need for electric lighting during the day. Solar water heating further reduces energy costs.

Onsite generation of renewable energy through solar power, wind power, hydro power, or biomass can significantly reduce the environmental impact of the building. Power generation is generally the most expensive feature to add to a building.

Water efficiency

See also: Water conservation

Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key objectives in sustainable building. One critical issue of water consumption is that in many areas, the demands on the supplying aquifer exceed its ability to replenish itself. To the maximum extent feasible, facilities should increase their dependence on water that is collected, used, purified, and reused on-site. The protection and conservation of water throughout the life of a building may be accomplished by designing for dual plumbing that recycles water in toilet flushing or by using water for washing of the cars. Waste-water may be minimized by utilizing water conserving fixtures such as ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads. Bidets help eliminate the use of toilet paper, reducing sewer traffic and increasing possibilities of re-using water on-site. Point of use water treatment and heating improves both water quality and energy efficiency while reducing the amount of water in circulation. The use of non-sewage and greywater for on-site use such as site-irrigation will minimize demands on the local aquifer.[16]

Materials efficiency

See also: Sustainable architecture

Building materials typically considered to be 'green' include lumber from forests that have been certified to a third-party forest standard, rapidly renewable plant materials like bamboo and straw, dimension stone, recycled stone, recycled metal (see: copper sustainability and recyclability), and other products that are non-toxic, reusable, renewable, and/or recyclable (e.g., Trass, Linoleum, sheep wool, panels made from paper flakes, compressed earth block, adobe, baked earth, rammed earth, clay, vermiculite, flax linen, sisal, seagrass, cork, expanded clay grains, coconut, wood fibre plates, calcium sand stone, concrete (high and ultra high performance, roman self-healing concrete[17]), etc.[18][19]) The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) also suggests using recycled industrial goods, such as coal combustion products, foundry sand, and demolition debris in construction projects[20] Building materials should be extracted and manufactured locally to the building site to minimize the energy embedded in their transportation. Where possible, building elements should be manufactured off-site and delivered to site, to maximise benefits of off-site manufacture including minimising waste, maximising recycling (because manufacture is in one location), high quality elements, better OHS management, less noise and dust. Energy efficient building materials and appliances are promoted in the United States through energy rebate programs, which are increasingly communicated to consumers through energy rebate database services such as GreenOhm.[21]

Indoor environmental quality enhancement

See also: Indoor Air Quality

The Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) category in LEED standards, one of the five environmental categories, was created to provide comfort, well-being, and productivity of occupants. The LEED IEQ category addresses design and construction guidelines especially: indoor air quality (IAQ), thermal quality, and lighting quality.[22][23]

Indoor Air Quality seeks to reduce volatile organic compounds, or VOCs, and other air impurities such as microbial contaminants. Buildings rely on a properly designed ventilation system (passively/naturally or mechanically powered) to provide adequate ventilation of cleaner air from outdoors or recirculated, filtered air as well as isolated operations (kitchens, dry cleaners, etc.) from other occupancies. During the design and construction process choosing construction materials and interior finish products with zero or low VOC emissions will improve IAQ. Most building materials and cleaning/maintenance products emit gases, some of them toxic, such as many VOCs including formaldehyde. These gases can have a detrimental impact on occupants' health, comfort, and productivity. Avoiding these products will increase a building's IEQ. LEED,[24] HQE[25] and Green Star contain specifications on use of low-emitting interior. Draft LEED 2012[26] is about to expand the scope of the involved products. BREEAM[27] limits formaldehyde emissions, no other VOCs.

Also important to indoor air quality is the control of moisture accumulation (dampness) leading to mold growth and the presence of bacteria and viruses as well as dust mites and other organisms and microbiological concerns. Water intrusion through a building's envelope or water condensing on cold surfaces on the building's interior can enhance and sustain microbial growth. A well-insulated and tightly sealed envelope will reduce moisture problems but adequate ventilation is also necessary to eliminate moisture from sources indoors including human metabolic processes, cooking, bathing, cleaning, and other activities.

Personal temperature and airflow control over the HVAC system coupled with a properly designed building envelope will also aid in increasing a building's thermal quality. Creating a high performance luminous environment through the careful integration of daylight and electrical light sources will improve on the lighting quality and energy performance

of a structure.[16][28]

Solid wood products, particularly flooring, are often specified in environments where occupants are known to have allergies to dust or other particulates. Wood itself is considered to be hypo-allergenic and its smooth surfaces prevent the buildup of particles common in soft finishes like carpet. The Asthma and Allergy Foundation of American recommends hardwood, vinyl, linoleum tile or slate flooring instead of carpet.[29] The use of wood products can also improve air quality by absorbing or releasing moisture in the air to moderate humidity.[30]

Interactions among all the indoor components and the occupants together form the processes that determine the indoor air quality. Extensive investigation of such processes is the subject of indoor air scientific research and is well documented in the journal Indoor Air, available at https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/journal.asp?ref=0905-6947. An extensive set of resources on indoor air quality is available at https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/iaq.[31]

Operations and maintenance optimization

No matter how sustainable a building may have been in its design and construction, it can only remain so if it is operated responsibly and maintained properly. Ensuring operations and maintenance(O&M) personnel are part of the project's planning and development process will help retain the green criteria designed at the onset of the project.[32] Every aspect of green building is integrated into the O&M phase of a building's life. The addition of new green technologies also falls on the O&M staff. Although the goal of waste reduction may be applied during the design, construction and demolition phases of a building's life-cycle, it is in the O&M phase that green practices such as recycling and air quality enhancement take place.

Waste reduction

Green architecture also seeks to reduce waste of energy, water and materials used during construction. For example, in California nearly 60% of the state's waste comes from commercial buildings[33] During the construction phase, one goal should be to reduce the amount of material going to landfills. Well-designed buildings also help reduce the amount of waste generated by the occupants as well, by providing on-site solutions such as compost bins to reduce matter going to landfills.

To reduce the amount of wood that goes to landfill, Neutral Alliance (a coalition of government, NGOs and the forest industry) created the website https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,. The site includes a variety of resources for regulators, municipalities, developers, contractors, owner/operators and individuals/homeowners looking for information on wood recycling.

When buildings reach the end of their useful life, they are typically demolished and hauled to landfills. Deconstruction is a method of harvesting what is commonly considered "waste" and reclaiming it into useful building material.[34] Extending the useful life of a structure also reduces waste – building materials such as wood that are light and easy to work with make renovations easier.[35]

To reduce the impact on wells or water treatment plants, several options exist. "Greywater", wastewater from sources such as dishwashing or washing machines, can be used for subsurface irrigation, or if treated, for non-potable purposes, e.g., to flush toilets and wash cars. Rainwater collectors are used for similar purposes. Centralized wastewater treatment systems can be costly and use a lot of energy. An alternative to this process is converting waste and wastewater into fertilizer, which avoids these costs and shows other benefits. By collecting human waste at the source and running it to a semi-centralized biogas plant with other biological waste, liquid fertilizer can be produced. This concept was demonstrated by a settlement in Lubeck Germany in the late 1990s. Practices like these provide soil with organic nutrients and create carbon sinks that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, offsetting greenhouse gas emission. Producing artificial fertilizer is also more costly in energy than this process.[36]

Cost and payoff

The most criticized issue about constructing environmentally friendly buildings is the price. Photo-voltaics, new appliances, and modern technologies tend to cost more money. Most green buildings cost a premium of <2%, but yield 10 times as much over the entire life of the building.[37] The stigma is between the knowledge of up-front

cost[38] vs. life-cycle cost. The savings in money come from more efficient use of utilities which result in decreased energy bills. It is projected that different sectors could save $130 Billion on energy bills.[39] Also, higher worker or student productivity can be factored into savings and cost deductions.

Studies have shown over a 20 year life period, some green buildings have yielded $53 to $71 per square foot back on investment.[40] Confirming the rentability of green building investments, further studies of the commercial real estate market have found that LEED and Energy Star certified buildings achieve significantly higher rents, sale prices and occupancy rates as well as lower capitalization rates potentially reflecting lower investment risk.[41][42][43]

Regulation and operation

As a result of the increased interest in green building concepts and practices, a number of organizations have developed standards, codes and rating systems that let government regulators, building professionals and consumers embrace green building with confidence. In some cases, codes are written so local governments can adopt them as bylaws to reduce the local environmental impact of buildings.

Green building rating systems such as BREEAM (United Kingdom), LEED (United States and Canada), DGNB (Germany) and CASBEE (Japan) help consumers determine a structure’s level of environmental performance. They award credits for optional building features that support green design in categories such as location and maintenance of building site, conservation of water, energy, and building materials, and occupant comfort and health. The number of credits generally determines the level of achievement.[44]

Green building codes and standards, such as the International Code Council’s draft International Green Construction Code,[45] are sets of rules created by standards development organizations that establish minimum requirements for elements of green building such as materials or heating and cooling.

Some of the major building environmental assessment tools currently in use include:

Australia: Nabers (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,.au/faqs.aspx) / Green Star (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,.au/green-star/) / BASIX (https://https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,.au) (in NSW only)

Brazil: AQUA (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,.br/) / LEED Brasil (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,.br/pt/)

Canada: LEED Canada (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/) / Green Globes (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/) / Built Green Canada (http://www.builtgreencanada.ca)

China: GBAS (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/)

Finland: PromisE (http://www.vtt.fi/)

France: HQE (http://www.certivea.fr/)

Germany: DGNB (http://www.dgnb.de/) / CEPHEUS (http://www.cepheus.de/)

Hong Kong: BEAM Society Limited (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,.hk/)

India: Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) (http://www.igbc.in/)/ GBCIndia (Green Building Construction

India) (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/)/ GRIHA (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/)

Indonesia: Green Building Council Indonesia (GBCI) (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/) / Greenship

(https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/greenship/guidelines.html/)

Italy: Protocollo Itaca (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/) / Green Building Council Italia (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/)

Japan: CASBEE (http://www.ibec.or.jp/CASBEE/english/overviewE.htm)

Jordan: Jordan Green Building Council (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/)

Korea, Republic of: Green Building Certification Criteria (http://greenbuilding.re.kr) / Korea Green Building

Council (http://www.greenbuilding.or.kr)

Malaysia: GBI Malaysia (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/)

Mexico: LEED Mexico (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,)

Netherlands: BREEAM Netherlands (http://www.dgbc.nl/)

New Zealand: Green Star NZ (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/)

Pakistan: Pakistan Green Building Council (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,.pk)

Philippines: BERDE (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/) / Philippine Green Building Council (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/)

Portugal: Lider A (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/) / SBToolPT? (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/)

Qatar: Qatar Sustainability Assessment System (QSAS) (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/)

Republic of China (Taiwan): Green Building Label (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,.tw/gbm/en/HTML/website/index.asp) Singapore: Green Mark (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,.sg/GreenMark/green_mark_buildings.html)

South Africa: Green Star SA (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,.za/)

Spain: VERDE

Switzerland: Minergie (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/home_en.html)

United States: LEED (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/LEED/) / Living Building Challenge

(https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/lbc) / Green Globes (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/) / Build it Green

(https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/) / NAHB NGBS (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/) / International Green Construction Code (IGCC) / ENERGY STAR (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/buildings)

United Kingdom: BREEAM (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/)

United Arab Emirates: Estidama (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/)

Turkey : CEDB?K (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/)

Thailand : TREES (http://www.tgbi.or.th/)

Vietnam: LOTUS Rating Tools (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,.vn/en/lotus/lotus-vn-rating-tool/)

Czech Republic: SBToolCZ (http://www.sbtool.cz)

International frameworks and assessment tools

IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

Climate Change 2007, the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), is the fourth in a series of such reports. The IPCC was established by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information concerning climate change, its potential effects and options for adaptation and mitigation.[46]

UNEP and Climate change [7] (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/themes/climatechange/default.asp)

United Nations Environment Program UNEP works to facilitate the transition to low-carbon societies, support climate proofing efforts, improve understanding of climate change science, and raise public awareness about this global challenge.

GHG Indicator[8] (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/energy/tools/GHGin/index.htm)

The Greenhouse Gas Indicator: UNEP Guidelines for Calculating Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Businesses and Non-Commercial Organizations

Agenda 21[9] (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/esa/sustdev/documents/agenda21/index.htm)

Agenda 21 is a programme run by the United Nations (UN) related to sustainable development. It is a comprehensive blueprint of action to be taken globally, nationally and locally by organizations of the UN, governments, and major groups in every area in which humans impact on the environment. The number 21 refers to the 21st century.

FIDIC's PSM[10] (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/)

The International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC) Project Sustainability Management Guidelines were created in order to assist project engineers and other stakeholders in setting sustainable development goals for their projects that are recognized and accepted by as being in the interests of society as a whole. The process is also intended to allow the alignment of project goals with local conditions and priorities and to assist those involved in managing projects to measure and verify their progress.

The Project Sustainability Management Guidelines are structured with Themes and Sub-Themes under the three main sustainability headings of Social, Environmental and Economic. For each individual Sub-Theme a core project indicator is defined along with guidance as to the relevance of that issue in the context of an individual project.

The Sustainability Reporting Framework provides guidance for organizations to use as the basis for disclosure about their sustainability performance, and also provides stakeholders a universally applicable, comparable framework in which to understand disclosed information.

The Reporting Framework contains the core product of the Sustainability Reporting Guidelines, as well as Protocols and Sector Supplements. The Guidelines are used as the basis for all reporting. They are the foundation upon which all other reporting guidance is based, and outline core content for reporting that is broadly relevant to all organizations regardless of size, sector, or location. The Guidelines contain principles and guidance as well as standard disclosures – including indicators – to outline a disclosure framework that organizations can voluntarily,

?exibly, and incrementally, adopt.

Protocols underpin each indicator in the Guidelines and include definitions for key terms in the indicator, compilation methodologies, intended scope of the indicator, and other technical references.

Sector Supplements respond to the limits of a one-size-?ts-all approach. Sector Supplements complement the use of the core Guidelines by capturing the unique set of sustainability issues faced by different sectors such as mining, automotive, banking, public agencies and others.

IPD Environment Code

The IPD Environment Code[47] was launched in February 2008. The Code is intended as a good practice global standard for measuring the environmental performance of corporate buildings. Its aim is to accurately measure and manage the environmental impacts of corporate buildings and enable property executives to generate high quality, comparable performance information about their buildings anywhere in the world. The Code covers a wide range of building types (from of?ces to airports) and aims to inform and support the following;

Creating an environmental strategy

Inputting to real estate strategy

Communicating a commitment to environmental improvement

Creating performance targets

Environmental improvement plans

Performance assessment and measurement

Life cycle assessments

Acquisition and disposal of buildings

Supplier management

Information systems and data population

Compliance with regulations

Team and personal objectives

IPD estimate that it will take approximately three years to gather significant data to develop a robust set of baseline data that could be used across a typical corporate estate.

ISO 21931

ISO/TS 21931:2006, Sustainability in building construction—Framework for methods of assessment for environmental performance of construction works—Part 1: Buildings, is intended to provide a general framework for improving the quality and comparability of methods for assessing the environmental performance of buildings. It identifies and describes issues to be taken into account when using methods for the assessment of environmental performance for new or existing building properties in the design, construction, operation, refurbishment and deconstruction stages. It is not an assessment system in itself but is intended be used in conjunction with, and following the principles set out in, the ISO 14000 series of standards.

See also

Natural building

Green building by country

Green Building in Bangladesh Green building in Germany Green building in Israel Green building in Malaysia Green building in South Africa Green building in the United Kingdom Green building in India

Green building in the United States

General

Alexander Thomson, a pioneer in sustainable building

Alternative natural materials Green architecture Green Building Council Green Home

Andrew Delmar Hopkins

Arcology — high density ecological structures Active solar

Autonomous building

Building Codes Assistance Project

Center for Environmental Innovation in Roofing Centre for Interactive Research on Sustainability Copper in architecture for sustainability and recyclability

Copper in energy efficient motors and Copper wire and cable as energy-efficient electrical conductors

Deconstruction (building)

Dimension stone

Domotics

Earthbag construction

EarthCraft House

Earthship

Eco hotel

Energy Conservation Building Code

Eco-building cluster (in Belgium)

Ecohouse (disambiguation)

Environmental planning

Energy-plus-house

EnOcean

Fab Tree Hab

Federal Roofing Tax Credit for Energy Efficiency (in the US)

Geo-exchange

GovEnergy Workshop and Trade Show Green library

Green technology

Glass in green buildings

Heat island effect

Hot water heat recycling

Insulating concrete form

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design List of low-energy building techniques

Low-energy house

Mahoney tables

Nano House

Natural building

Photovoltaics

Rainwater harvesting

Sustainable city

Sustainable habitat

Sustainable House Day

The Verifier

Tropical green building

Whole Building Design Guide

World Green Building Council

Zero-energy building

References

1. ^ Yan Ji and Stellios Plainiotis (2006): Design for Sustainability. Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press.

ISBN 7-112-08390-7

2. ^ a b U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (October 28, 2009). Green Building Basic Information. Retrieved

December 10, 2009, from https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/greenbuilding/pubs/about.htm

3. ^ Hopkins, R. 2002. A Natural Way of Building. (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/articles/a-natural-way-of-building-2002/)

Transition Culture. Retrieved: 2007-03-30.

4. ^ Allen & Iano, 2008[Allen, E, & Iano, J. (2008). Fundamentals of building construction: materials and methods.

Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

5. ^ GSA Public Buildings Service Assessing Green Building Performance

(https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/UserFiles/Admin%20GSA%20June%202008%20-

%20Assessing%20Green%20Building%20Performance.pdf)

6. ^ Howe, J.C. (2010). Overview of green buildings. National Wetlands Newsletter, 33(1)

(https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,:8888/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=4&hid=110&sid=ec81964f-7b1a-4e08-b743-39ba9ecb187d%40sessionmgr113)

7. ^ Mao, X., Lu, H., & Li, Q. (2009). International Conference on Management and Service Science, 2009. MASS '09., 1-

5. doi:10.1109/ICMSS.2009.5303546 (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/10.1109%2FICMSS.2009.5303546)

8. ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (October 28, 2010). Green Building Home. Retrieved November 28, 2009,

from https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/greenbuilding/pubs/components.htm

11/4/13Green building - Wik ipedia, the free ency clopedia

from https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/greenbuilding/pubs/components.htm

9. ^ WBDG Sustainable Committee. (August 18, 2009). Sustainable. Retrieved November 28, 2009, from

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/designsustainable.php

10. ^ Life cycle assessment#cite note-1

11. ^ Hegazy, T. (2002). Life-cycle stages of projects. Computer-Based Construction Project Management, 8.

12. ^ Pushkar, S., Becker, R., & Katz, A.(2005). A methodology for design of environmentally optimal buildings by variable

grouping. Building and Environment, 40. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.09.004

(https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/10.1016%2Fj.buildenv.2004.09.004)

13. ^ U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/lci/)

14. ^ Naturally:wood Building Green with Wood Module 3 Energy Conservation

(https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/uploadedFiles/General/Green_Building/Module-3_Energy_Conservation.pdf)

15. ^ Simpson, J.R. Energy and Buildings, Improved Estimates of tree-shade effects on residential energy use,

February 2002.[1] (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V2V-45CDGYM-

1&_user=1516330&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000053443&_version=1&_urlVersion =0&_userid=1516330&md5=53953efbeaec609a01bb19f0727c9451) Retrieved:2008-04-30.

16. ^ a b California Integrated Waste Management Board. (January 23, 2008). Green Building Home Page. Retrieved

November 28, 2009, from .... https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/GREENBUILDING/basics.htm

17. ^ Roman concrete self-healing (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/content/p622060212607mj7/)

18. ^ Duurzaam en Gezond Bouwen en Wonen by Hugo Vanderstadt

19. ^ Time:Cementing the future (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1864315,00.html)

20. ^ Components of Green Building | Green Building |US EPA

(https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/greenbuilding/pubs/components.htm#materials)

21. ^ [https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html, GreenOhm official website]

22. ^ Lee YS, Guerin DA, Indoor environmental quality differences between office types in LEED-certified buildings in the

US, Building and Environment (2009), doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.10.019

(https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/10.1016%2Fj.buildenv.2009.10.019)

23. ^ KMC Controls. "What's Your IQ on IAQ and IEQ?"

(https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/products/whats_your_iq_on_iaq_and_ieq.aspx). Retrieved 25 March 2013.

24. ^ LEED and low-emitting interiors (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/leed.aspx)

25. ^ HQE and low-emitting interiors (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/hqe.aspx)

26. ^ Draft LEED 2012 and low-emitting interiors (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/leed-2012.aspx)

27. ^ BREEAM and low-emitting interiors (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/BREEAM.aspx)

28. ^ WBDG Sustainable Committee. (August 18, 2009). Sustainable. Retrieved October 28, 2009, from

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/design/ieq.php

29. ^ Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America Home Remodelling (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/display.cfm?

id=9&sub=18&cont=231)

30. ^ Naturally:wood Building Green with Wood Module 6 Health and Wellbeing

(https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/uploadedFiles/General/Green_Building/Module-6_Health_and_Wellbeing.pdf)

31. ^ IAQ (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/iaq)

32. ^ WBDG Sustainable Committee. (August 18, 2009). Sustainable. Retrieved November 28, 2009, from

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/design/optimize_om.php

33. ^ Kats, Greg; Alevantis Leon; Berman Adam; Mills Evan; Perlman, Jeff. The Cost and Financial Benefits of Green

Buildings, October 2003 [2] (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/Docs/News/News477.pdf) Retrieved:November 3rd, 2008.

34. ^ In Business magazine Green Builders Get Big Help from Deconstruction

(https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/inbusiness/archives/_free/000648.html)

35. ^ Naturally:wood Building Green with Wood Module 5 Durability and Adaptability

(https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/uploadedFiles/General/Green_Building/Module-5_Durability_and_Adaptability.pdf)

36. ^ Lange, Jorg; Grottker, Mathias; Otterpohl, Ralf. Water Science and Technology, Sustainable Water and Waste

Management In Urban Areas, June 1998. [3] (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VBB-3SWJJHD-

F&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_u serid=10&md5=a16968ef65ef0f292f3862293694c27crom) Retrieved:April 30, 2008.

11/4/13Green building - Wik ipedia, the free ency clopedia

37. ^ Kats, Greg, Leon Alevantis, Adam Berman, Evan Mills, Jeff Perlman. The Cost and Financial Benefits of Green

Buildings, November 3rd, 2008.

38. ^ California Sustainability Alliance, Green Buildings. Retrieved June 16, 2010, from

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/programs/green_buildings_challenges

39. ^ Fedrizzi, Rick,"Intro – What LEED Measures." United States Green Building Council, October 11, 2009.

40. ^ Langdon, Davis. The Cost of Green Revisited. Publication. 2007.

41. ^ Fuerst, Franz; McAllister, Pat. Green Noise or Green Value? Measuring the Effects of Environmental Certification on

Office Property Values. 2009. [4] (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1140409) Retrieved:

November 5, 2010

42. ^ Pivo, Gary; Fisher, Jeffrey D. Investment Returns from Responsible Property Investments: Energy Efficient, Transit-

oriented and Urban Regeneration Office Properties in the US from 1998-2008. 2009.[5]

(https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/assets/files/pivo_fisher_investmentreturnsfromrpi3_3_09.pdf) Retrieved:

November 5, 2010

43. ^ Fuerst, Franz; McAllister, Pat. An Investigation of the Effect of Eco-Labeling on Office Occupancy Rates. 2009.[6]

(https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/josre/JournalPdfs/03-Effect-Eco-Labeling.pdf) Retrieved: November 5, 2010

44. ^ Naturally:wood Building Green and the Benefits of Wood (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/sites/default/files/Building-

Green-and-Benefits-of-Wood.pdf)

45. ^ International Code Council International Green Construction Code (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,)

46. ^ IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (http://www.ipcc.ch/)

47. ^ IPD Environment Code (https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/Default.aspx?TabId=1632)

External links

Retrieved from "https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,/w/index.php?title=Green_building&oldid=578255030"

Categories: Sustainable building Building engineering Sustainable architecture Low-energy building

Buildings and structures by type Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design certified buildings

Sustainable urban planning

This page w as last modified on 22 October 2013 at 12:47.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may

apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and P rivacy P olicy.

Wikipedia? is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

博客的发展及演变

博客的发展及 演变 学院:历史文化学院 专业:文化产业管理 班级:1201班 姓名:聂康康 学号:1205024107

摘要:无论是在国外还是国内,博客和博客文化正以“润物细无声”的方式深刻影响着人们的生活。博客是个人性和公共性的结合体。博客精神的核心并不是自娱自乐,也不仅是个人表达自由,准确地说,博客体现的是一种利他的共享精神,为他人提供帮助。个人日记和个人网站主要表现的还是“小我”,而博客表现的是“大我”。两者也许形式上很接近,但内在有着本质的差异。 关键词:博客、互联网 博客已经成为互联网文化不可分割的一部分。 如今网民几乎都会阅读博客,无论是传统新闻媒介的“官方”新闻博客、与自己爱好兴趣相关的话题性博客或是纯娱乐博客,几乎每一个人都会有一两个特别钟爱的博客。 但以前并不是这样。与互联网本身相比,博客的历史并不算长。博客真正兴起并成为互联网风景的重要组成,是在最近五到十年。 美国人工智能专家乔恩·巴杰(Jorn Barger)1997年12月在其网站上首次使用了weblog一词;2002年,博客开始引入中国,数量不足1万人;2002年7月,blog的中文“博客”由方兴东、王俊秀正式命名;2002年8月,方兴东、王俊秀开通博客中国(blogchina)

网站;2004年以来,博客主页(weblog或blog)——一种采用简便的软件生成个人主页、能够按照时间顺序不断更新、实现个人信息的历时积累和传播的互联网个人出版方式,在我国进入迅猛发展时期。 博客(blogger)概念解释为网络出版(Web Publishing)、发表和张贴(Post-这个字当名词用时就是指张贴的文章)文章,是个急速成长的网络活动,现在甚至出现了一个用来指称这种网络出版和发表文章的专有名词——Weblog或Blog。 Blogger即指撰写Blog的人。Blogger在很多时候也被翻译成为“博客”一词,而撰写Blog这种行为,有时候也被翻译成“博客”。因而,中文“博客”一词,既可作为名词,分别指代两种意思Blog (网志)和Blogger(撰写网志的人),也可作为动词,意思为撰写网志这种行为,只是在不同的场合分别表示不同的意思罢了。 Blog是一个网页,通常由简短且经常更新的帖子(Post,作为动词,表示张贴的意思,作为名字,指张贴的文章)构成,这些帖子一般是按照年份和日期倒序排列的。而作为Blog的内容,它可以是你纯粹个人的想法和心得,包括你对时事新闻、国家大事的个人看法,或者你对一日三餐、服饰打扮的精心料理等,也可以是在基于某一主题的情况下或是在某一共同领域内由一群人集体创作的内容。它并不等同于“网络日记”。作为网络日记是带有很明显的私人性质的,而Blog则是私人性和公共性的有效结合,它绝不仅仅是纯粹个人思想的表达和日常琐事的记录,它所提供的内容可以用来进行交流和为他人提供帮助,是可以包容整个互联网的,具有极高的共享精神和价值。

未来5年所有行业的发展趋势

未来5年所有行业的发展趋势 核心:预测未来5年所有16个行业的发展趋势!互联网最有价值的不是自己在产生很多新东西,而是对已有行业的潜力再次挖掘,用互联网的思维去重新提升传统行业。 那么从这个角度去观察,互联网影响传统行业的特点有几点: 第一,打破信息的不对称性格局,竭尽所能透明一切信息。 第二,对产生的大数据进行整合利用,使得资源利用最大化。 第三,互联网的群蜂意志拥有自我调节机制。我把人类群体思维模式称之为群蜂意志,你可以想象一个人类群体大脑记忆库的建立:最初的时候各个神经记忆节点的搜索路径是尚未建立的,当我们需要反复使用的时候就慢慢形成强的连接,在互联网诞生之前这些连接记忆节点的路径是微弱的,强连接是极少的,但是互联网出现之后这些路径瞬间全部亮起,所有记忆节点都可以在瞬间连接。这样就给了人类做整体未来决策有了超越以往的前所未有的体系支撑,基于这样的记忆模式,人类将重新改写各个行业,以及人类未来。 以下是对各行业的盘点,涉及面较多,有些部分笔者观察尚浅,还望多包涵。 1.零售业 传统零售业对于消费者来说最大的弊端在于信息的不对称性。在《无价》

一书中,心理实验表明外行人员对于某个行业的产品定价是心里根本没有底的,只需要抛出锚定价格,消费者就会被乖乖的牵着鼻子走。而C2C,B2C却完全打破这样的格局,将世界变平坦,将一件商品的真正定价变得透明。大大降低了消费者的信息获取成本。让每一个人都知道这件商品的真正价格区间,使得区域性价格垄断不再成为可能,消费者不再蒙在鼓里。 不仅如此,电子商务还制造了大量用户评论UGC。这些UGC真正意义上制造了互联网的信任机制。而这种良性循环,是传统零售业不可能拥有的优势。 预测未来的零售业, 第一,会变成线下与线上的结合,价格同步。 第二,同质化的强调功能性的产品将越来越没有竞争力,而那些拥有一流用户体验的产品会脱引而出。第三,配合互联网大数据,将进行个性化整合推送(现在亚马逊就已经将首页改版为个性化推送主页)。 2.批发业 传统批发业有极大的地域限制,一个想在北京开家小礼品店的店主需要大老远的跑到浙江去进货,不仅要面对长途跋涉并且还需要面对信任问题。所以对于进货者来说,每次批发实际上都是一次风险。当阿里的B2B 出现之后,这种风险被降到最低。一方面,小店主不需要长途跋涉去亲自检查货品,只需要让对方邮递样品即可。另一方面,阿里建立的信任问责制度,使得信任的建立不需要数次的见面才能对此人有很可靠的把

谷歌发展史

谷歌发展史 1,谷歌上线 公司成立肯定是谷歌搜索历史上最重大的里程碑事件。1997年到1998年间,谷歌联合创始人拉里·佩奇(Larry Page)和谢尔盖·布林(Sergey Brin)开始在美国加州门罗帕克的一间车库内筹备公司。成立数天后,公司注册了https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3114174764.html,域名。这项服务背后的概念,也就是“无穷大”(googol)这个单词,显示出公司要用一种建设性的方式,组织万维网上无穷的信息,从而帮助用户找需要的答案。 2,在雅虎的帮助下,踏出成功的第一步

2000年之前,谷歌尚未成为搜索行业的主流。行业领头羊的地位属于1994年成立的老牌搜索引擎雅虎。也正是这家公司用一笔搜索合作交易让谷歌崭露头角——雅虎放弃了Inktomi,通过布林和佩奇的服务支持自己的原生搜索结果。真正有意思的是这桩交易15年后的结果。 两家公司最终出现了很多纠纷,其中就涉及到技术专利。2004年时,谷歌与雅虎和解了了专利纠纷,通过雅虎子公司Overture Services,谷歌向雅虎发行了270万股A类普通股。谷歌的广告产品AdWords 由此建立。 3,自助式的盈利搜索模式

在过去,Lycos AskJeeves、Excite等搜索引擎通过直显广告获得收入。这种广告模式在90年代末非常受欢迎,但一段时间后便没人再点击了。搜索公司和广告主遇到了收入难题。 谷歌在2000年推出了AdWords产品。这个产品的模式在当时看起来十分新奇——品牌不用再和广告机构沟通广告上的事宜,而可以自行管理,节省了时间、精力与成本。 更有吸引力的是,AdWords中有一项个性化的尝试,广告可以按照搜索查询的内容创建,而不再是随机出现。此外,谷歌还使用竞价模式,提高了收入:出价越高,顾客的文字广告的位置就越靠上。 雅虎与微软马上效仿这种做法。这种广告在谷歌收入中占比非常大——在2012年广告总营收中是425亿美元。 4,微软加雅虎大于谷歌? 由于对谷歌在搜索引擎的统治地位感到不满,雅虎和微软在2010年形成联盟,用微软的技术负责雅虎的搜索算法和付费搜索平台。同时,雅虎也变成了两家公司的“独家合作销售”,向两家公司的付费搜索广告主出售广告。 这桩交易影响巨大,需要得到美欧监管机构的批准,而这两地的监管者最终在2010年初放行了这桩交易。合作的效果究竟如何并不是很清楚,但雅虎在2012年4月1日起将合作延长了12个月。不过,当玛丽莎·梅耶尔(Marissa Mayer)执掌雅虎后,她曾表示,这份协议并没有带来承诺的市场份额与营收。 雅虎在今年早些时候与谷歌签订了“全球性的、非排他的内容关联广告交易”,证明它还是更喜欢谷歌多一点,也表明微软-雅虎合作正式终结。 对不起了,微软。 5,我的网站为什么排名低?

BBS的发展史

什么是BBS? BBS的英文全称是Bulletin Board System,翻译为中文就是“电子公告板”。BBS最早是用来公布股市价格等类信息的,当时BBS连文件传输的功能都没有,而且只能在苹果计算机上运行。早期的BBS与一般街头和校园内的公告板性质相同,只不过是通过电脑来传播或获得消息而已。一直到个人计算机开始普及之后,有些人尝试将苹果计算机上的BBS转移到个人计算机上,BBS才开始渐渐普及开来。近些年来,由于爱好者们的努力,BBS的功能得到了很大的扩充。 目前,通过BBS系统可随时取得各种最新的信息;也可以通过BBS系统来和别人讨论计算机软件、硬件、Internet、多媒体、程序设计以及生物学、医学等等各种有趣的话题;还可以利用BBS系统来发布一些“征友”、“廉价转让”、“招聘人才”及“求职应聘”等启事;更可以召集亲朋好友到聊天室内高谈阔论……这个精彩的天地就在你我的身旁,只要您在一台可以访问校园网的计算机旁,就可以进入这个交流平台,来享用它的种种服务BBS 维基百科,自由的百科全书 BBS是电子公告板系统(Bulletin Board System)之英文缩写,它通过在计算机上运行服务软件,允许用户使用终端程序通过电话调制解调器拨号或者Internet来进行连接,执行下载数据或程序、上传数据、阅读新闻、与其它用户交换消息等功能。许多BBS由站长(通常被称为SYSOP-SYStem OPerator)业余维护,而另一些则提供收费服务。 目前,有的时候BBS也泛指网络论坛或网络社群。 目录 [隐藏] * 1 BBS技术及常见软件 * 2 BBS人文文化 o 2.1 中国大陆BBS“系统维护”现象 o 2.2 BBS用语 * 3 参看 * 4 外部链接 [编辑] BBS技术及常见软件 因特网(Internet)之前,在20世纪80年代中叶就开始出现基于调制解调器(modem)和电话线通信的拨号BBS及其相互连接而成的BBS网络。 后来随着因特网的普及,拨号BBS和BBS网络已经日渐凋零,所剩无几。目前的BBS站点,多数是基于Internet的Telnet协议。在服务器端,采用Maple BBS或者FireBird BBS 系统。用户端通过Telnet软件如NetTerm、CTerm、FTerm等来登陆服务器,阅读发表文

搜索引擎发展历史

搜索引擎成为互联网的重要应用之一 ??? 从90年代末开始,互联网上的网站与网页数量飞速增长,网民的兴趣点也从屈指可数的几家综合门户类网站分散到特色各异的中小网站去了。人们想在互联网上找到五花八门的信息,但由于人工分类编辑网站目录的方法受到时效和收录量的限制,无法再满足人们对网上内容的检索需求,于是搜索引擎在2000年后开始大行其道。使用蜘蛛程序在互联网上自动抓取海量网页信息,索引并存储到庞大的数据库中,并通过特殊算法将相关性最好的结果瞬间呈现给搜索者,搜索引擎的便捷使其成为互联网最受欢迎的应用之一。以至于有相当多的人将浏览器的默认首页设为搜索引擎,甚至形成了将网站名称输入到搜索框中而非浏览器地址栏这样独特的网络导航习惯。 呼叫目录返回顶部 搜索成为人们思考行为的一部分 ??? 随着网上社区(SNS),博客(Blog),维基百科(Wikipedia)等如火如荼的发展,网民从单纯的信息获取者演变成信息发布者,人们通过网络分享自己的知识、体验、情感或见闻,使互联网上的内容越来越丰富多彩。例如,按照统计,目前中国网民在百度知道平台上的问题解决率高达97.9%,这些问题涉及科技、社会、文化、商业等各个方面,尤其对人们的衣食住行等日常生活问题,几乎都能从平台获得满意的答案。截至到09年7月的4年时间内,中文互动问答平台百度知道已经累计为中国网民解决了5650多万个问题,成为人们日常生活的最佳互动问答平台。社区内容上的无所不谈使搜索引擎的收录也变得无所不包,人们发现通过搜索引擎可以找到他想要的任何信息,从新闻热点到柴米油盐,从育儿百科到MBA课程。信息的便捷获取潜移默化的改变了人们的思考行为,搜索结果页上汇集了整个互联网的智慧,谁不想在苦思冥想前“搜索一下”呢? 呼叫目录返回顶部 搜索成为人们消费行为的重要环节 ??? 随着对搜索引擎的依赖加深,当人们有消费需求或看到感兴趣的商品时,“搜索一下”已经是已形成的“条件反射”。以前,消费者依靠“货比三家”来对抗“买的没有卖的精”这种与商家之间的信息不对称。现在,通过搜索引擎收集到的产品功能与使用情况弥补了消费者与推广商家间在知情权上的鸿沟,成为消费决策的重要依据。价格低的线上销售渠道也成为搜索热点,以至于现在出现了消费者为省钱而先到实体专卖店挑选合适型号大小货品再到网店付款下单的有趣现象。随着年轻一代消费能力的提高,从前仅限于图书音像和电子产品的网上购物正在向工作生活的各个层面迅速渗透,服装食品等日用消费品也逐渐成为网购的宠儿。 呼叫目录返回顶部 搜索营销原理 原理介绍 ????传统营销需要选择目标市场,通过创造、传递、传播优质的客户价值,获得、保持和发展优质客户。而在互联网时代,网站由于其内容丰富、查阅方便、不受时空限制、成本低等优势,广受网民和商家的喜爱,成为传递、传播价值的主要手段,并在获得、保持和发展客户方面呈现强大的潜力。所以,围绕网站的营销活动越来越丰富。

相关主题