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2016长宁区高三语文一模试卷及答案

2016长宁区高三语文一模试卷及答案
2016长宁区高三语文一模试卷及答案

2015-2016学年第一学期高三语文教学质量检测试卷

一阅读(80分)

(一)阅读下文,完成1-6题。(17分)

①屠呦呦研究员凭借青蒿素的抗疟疾功效,获得2015年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖——但令许多人困惑的是,青蒿素却不是来自青蒿。提取青蒿素的原植物,在植物学上叫“黄花蒿”,植物学上叫“青蒿”的植物反而不含青蒿素。对此名实问题,植物学界和药学界都曾有人做过考证。

②“物种”这个词在科学上是有特殊地位的,这是现代研究者尽可能综合形态、习性和分子等各方面证据之后得出的分类和命名,是相对可靠的。,传统医学和早期分类学者没有相关知识工具,所以他们很多时候无法给出可靠的分类和命名,这也给传统医学实践带来了巨大的麻烦。

③成书于西汉末至东汉初的《神农本草经》是后世一切本草书的源头和基础,其中已记载了“青蒿”之名,作为“草蒿”的别名。书中对草蒿的介绍是:“味苦寒……一名青蒿。”东晋葛洪在《肘后备急方》中记载“青蒿一握,水二升渍,绞取汁尽服之”,可治寒热诸疟。屠呦呦就是从这条记载中获得了提取青蒿素的灵感。唐代苏敬主编的《唐本草》记载:“草蒿处处有之,即今青蒿。”北宋苏颂主编的《图经本草》是首部以“青蒿”为正名的本草书。

④然而,北宋有人发现叫做青蒿(草蒿)的植物具有不同的形态,如寇宗奭《本草衍义》记载:“草蒿今青蒿也……有青色与深青色两种。”沈括《梦溪笔谈》记载:“青蒿一类自有二种,一种黄色,一种青色。”这就为后世的命名混乱埋下了隐患。

⑤李时珍《本草纲目》在“青蒿”之后新立“黄花蒿”的名目,介绍很简略,只有“(又名)臭蒿……此蒿与青蒿相似,但此蒿色绿带淡黄”等寥寥数句。

⑥这样一来,北宋人发现的青蒿的两种形态在本草书中就正式独立成了两“种.”植物、两味药。但本草书的这两种药材,在植物学里都是黄花蒿。

⑦按照《中国植物志》,黄花蒿和青蒿是两种不同的植物。黄花蒿是菊科蒿属学名为Artemisia annua的种的中文普通名,青蒿是蒿属另一种Artemisia carvifolia的中文普通名。但根据上面这些本草书记载中的分布、花期、气味等关键特征,完全可以确定中药里的“青蒿”和“黄花蒿”都是Artemisia annua,也就是植物学上的黄花蒿。植物学上的青蒿,其实是名字用错了地方。

⑧屠呦呦对国内市场所售中药“青蒿”的原植物进行了调查,发现绝大多数为植物学上的黄花蒿,而植物学上的青蒿几不可见。这从民族植物学的角度也证明了民间使用的青蒿自古至今有很强的一致性

...。屠呦呦断定古本草书中记载的青蒿是学名为Artemisia annua的种无疑。她因此建议把“青蒿”作为Artemisia annua的正式中文名。不过,她认为“黄花蒿”是另一种蒿属植物,具体是哪个种有待另作考证,这个结论却不正确。菊科分类学专家林有润考证,《本草纲目》中的“青蒿”和“黄花蒿”实际上是同一种植物。无论宋人所谓“青色与深青色两种”、“一种黄色,一种青色”,还是李时珍所谓“色绿带淡黄”,都不过是同种植物在不同生态环境中所产生的变异罢了。

⑨传统中药主要使用的那种植物,还是被叫成“青蒿”的场合多,但为什么在植物学上,Artemisia annua这个种的正式中文名却是“黄花蒿”,而“青蒿”却用来指Artemisia carvifolia这个没怎么入药的植物呢?

⑩最早误用“青蒿”一名的是日本18世纪本草学家小野兰山的《本草纲目启蒙》。中国学者贾祖璋等人在1955年所著的《中国植物图鉴》中引用了日本学者的记述,将Artemisia apiacea的中文名定为“青蒿”。这样一来,中国历代所称的“青蒿”之名就张冠李戴地给了另一个种。同样令人遗憾的是,林有润先生在进行系统性的蒿属分类研究工作时,虽然已经在艾蒿类本草植物的考订文章中明确指出“从现代药理与临床资料看,药用青蒿即黄花蒿Artemisia annua,含青蒿素,可治疟疾”,但是他考虑到植物学界沿用日文名“青蒿”作为Artemisia carvifolia (=Artemisia apiacea)的中文名已久,在其编著的《中国植物志》第76卷第2分册的“蒿属”中仍把这个种叫做“青蒿”,而Artemisia annua则采用本草纲目的名字,叫做“黄花蒿”。

1.联系上下文,填入第②段空格处恰当的一项是()(2分)

A.因此B.但是C.因为D.而且

2.第⑥段中加点词为什么要使用引号?请具体说明。(2分)

3.根据①-⑥,概括历史上植物学界和药学界关于青蒿和黄花蒿命名混乱的原因。(4分)

4.第⑧段中的“一致性”在文中指的是_____________。(2分)

5.下列语句是文章的第段,排序正确的一项是()。(3分)

A.③②①④B.①④③②

C.①②③④D.③④①②

①为了名称的稳定性,我们恐怕不宜擅自更改,也只能将就沿用下去了。

②但《中国植物志》这样的权威性志书一出,蒿属这两个种的中文名在学界均已得到广泛应用。

③其实本来有一个可以避免名称混乱的做法,就是在“青蒿”和“黄花蒿”中取其一作为Artemisia annua的

中文普通名,而为Artemisia carvifolia另起中文名。

④但2010年版《中华人民共和国药典》明确认定中药“青蒿”的来源是“菊科植物黄花蒿Artemisia annua

的干燥地上部分”,事实上相当于承认了黄花蒿的“青蒿”之名。

6.本文实际上回答了两个让人困惑的问题。请根据文意,分别用疑问句

...表述这两个问题。(4分)(1)

(2)

(二)阅读下文,完成7-11题。(19分)

忆江南

方令孺①

①天气真好。月光下,山川都像是浮.起来了。清寂的广场上,只有我一个人在走。我买了一根甘

蔗,一边走,一边吃。秋千架下仿佛有一个人在看着我,他是在惊讶么?

②我也不愿意独自在月下眺望了,想起中古时候的修道士,遇见山川美景,就不敢抬头,因为凡是美,都是诱惑人的。美景更增加人的寂寞,更引诱人的悲哀,所以古人独自对月的时候,总是爱饮酒,恐怕连他们自己都不知道是什么缘故。酒,真是一个寂寞人的最好的伴侣,能把冷寞化成朦胧。

③我吃完甘蔗,把渣滓用大张报纸包起来。因为有一天,我和友人谈心,我说要买一整根甘蔗独自吃完,这位朋友说:“你要是有那样的勇气,我就佩服你。”现在我要把这渣滓留给他看。

④记得廿六年②春天,我忽然想作画,无意中把这意思说出来了,有一个人说“你才没有这耐性呢”,我听了很不高兴。第二天我就动笔画,发觉自己对于画大有兴趣,在一枝,一叶,一片崖石,一簇树林之间,极感消魂的迷醉。我画得一张比一张进步。自己得意极了。后来抗战事起,我回到故乡,住在一座小破楼上,夜晚仍抽空作画;记得曾仿倪云林的石树,并临写他的题字,裱成册页,配镜框献给父亲,父亲把画挂在书房里,听来客评谈,自己就拈须微笑。自从故乡遭了敌人的蹂躏,这张画不知道可还存在人间?而我所最敬爱的老父就在我们远行之后逝世了!再也不会在藤萝萧瑟的庭院里看见父亲雍穆而翛然的风度,再也不会在寒夜的书斋里看见父亲白发苍苍在灯前垂首。故乡的庭院里每一片石,每一条径,每一棵古树,每一个残缺浓阴的门,都和父亲的风仪连合着,我想到父亲,就联想到那些醇雅的情景,想到那些情景,就牵记到父亲。现在都完了,我失去了一生所最心仪的一切。我不能想,我是被这样一位朴素盎然的老人遗弃在这浅陋的坑中。

⑤家里来信说:敌兵进城,把城里的房子大半烧掉了,把我们家的凌寒亭也拆毁了。这座亭子共有三间傍着城墙,城墙像一座山,因为时间的古老,从砖墙缝里生出许多藤萝和灌木。亭子的左边是一片竹林,右边是一座尼庵,前面隔道女墙,就是一个小湖似的池塘,长年听到浣衣妇的碪杵声;夏天有很多孩子在里面游泳,记得有一次在这池塘里还淹死了一个十三四岁的男孩,我亲眼看见人把他从水里捞起来,他的母亲听到这消息,就像飞鹰落地一样,奔扑到这男孩的尸首上号哭,到现在事隔廿年,想起那情状,还有些怆恻。亭子的周围都是古木参天,有大可合抱的槐树,有枝干夭矫的五谷树,有双干的梧桐,还有父亲亲手种的柏,石楠,柿和杉等树。这些树都是我几个兄弟的小名,父亲带着多少温良的深意把他们每一个名字都种植在土地上。看他把一瓢瓢的清水灌溉到树根上,是存着多少的希望!要是风雨的时候,这些木叶响动着,浑和成一片河流似的声音,或是被风雨激荡,枝条锐鸣得像有人在旷野上号叫,这不正是他担心着远处的孩子们,忧心戚戚的时候吗?还有一片云石,是父亲从园后草丛里发现出来的,石上有不知道是哪一年代,是谁,镌刻着“立云”二字,字体苍劲,父亲欢喜得像发现一件宝物,把石竖起来,砌一座花台供设着,周围种着很多的

书带草,细长的叶子,因为多年的生长,像狮子一样蹲伏在石下。这地方四时都有各种奇怪的鸟雀,啄木鸟的剥啄声,夜晚猫头鹰的颤叫;还有彩色的锦鸡,在竹林里穿飞。我小的时候,常常担心那华丽的长尾巴,会在竹林里碰断。小松鼠故意逗人似的捧着一个松果坐在窗台上玩耍。这地方是我们小时候的乐园,现在提起来,还有无限的亲切,和一些甜蜜的感觉。亭子里父亲收藏了一些书画碑帖。这是我们看作圣坛不敢渎犯的所在,这次也被敌人扫荡完了!家里人又告诉我:当敌兵退出这城以后,父亲从山中归来,看见这样残破,并不十分痛惜。只因满地残书断帖,父亲一一拾起来,偶然有一两部还可以凑成完整的时候,就大喜过

望。我写到这里,心上涌起一阵泉水似悲凉,想父亲一生爱书如命,平时再也不许我们随意翻动,这次竟如此糟蹋了!父亲所以不十分痛惜,是因为一般广大的丧亡,比起个人的损失又算得什么?可悲痛的有比这更大,更大的事,父亲是明白的。

⑥今晚因为看见月光下的山川太美了,诱我这许多的沉思。如果回忆只给我枉然的磨折,

以后该学中古的修道士,不再抬头看山川之美了。

【注】①方令孺(1897-1976):作家,其家乡安徽桐城属广义上的江南。本文写于1941年前后。②廿六年:指民国二十六年,即1938年。

7.赏析第①段中加点词“浮”的精妙之处。(3分)

8.第②段中作者写到古人饮酒,有何用意?(4分)

9.请分析“山川之美”在文中的作用。(4分)

10.关于文中的“父亲”,下列说法不正确的一项是()。(3分)

A.作者由学画引出看画的父亲,巧妙自然。

B.父亲手植之树,寄托着他对儿女的希冀。

C.江南之忆或因父亲而起,或因父亲而收。

D.父亲是一个知书达理的书生,性格内敛。

11.本文正文根本没有提到“江南”,但作者为什么以“忆江南”作为题目?(5分)

(三)默写。(6分)

【任选6空,超过6空,按前6空评分】

12.(1)_

(2)____________,远近高低各不同。(苏轼《题西林壁》)

(3)伐竹取道,下见小潭,。(柳宗元《小石潭记》)

(4)_________,尽西风,季鹰归未?(辛弃疾《水龙吟·登建康赏心亭》)

(5

)不义而富且贵,。(《<论语>七则》)

)何方可化身千亿?。(陆游《梅花绝句》)

(6

(7)今夕为何夕,_______________。(袁凯《客中除夕》)

(8)仰观宇宙之大,_____________。(王羲之《兰亭集序》)

(四)阅读下面苏轼的两首诗,完成第12—14题。(8分)

(1)吉祥寺花将落而述古①不至

今岁东风巧剪裁,

含情只待使君来。

对花无信花应恨,

直恐明年便不开。

(2)述古闻之明日即来坐上复用前韵同赋

仙衣不用剪刀裁,

国色初酣卯酒②来。

太守问花花有语,

为君零落为君开。

【注】①述古:姓陈名襄,字述古。其时苏轼任杭州通判,陈任杭州太守。②卯酒:在晨间喝的酒。

13.第二首诗标题中的“前韵”是指哪几个字?答:指。(1分)

14.对以上两首诗解释或分析不恰当的一项是()。(3分)

A.由“东风”可以推知当时应为初春时节。

B.“含情”也包含作者对陈襄到来的期待。

C.“仙衣”写出吉祥寺之花开得不同凡响。

D.由“国色”可知诗中所写的当是牡丹花。

15.请结合这两首诗的第三、四句,分析两首诗在写法上的相同点及内容上的关联。(4分)

(五)阅读下文,完成16—20题。(19分)

①张仪者,魏人也。始尝与苏秦俱事鬼谷先生,学术,苏秦自以不及张仪。苏秦已说赵王而得相约从亲,然恐

秦之攻诸侯,败约后负,念莫可使用于秦者,乃使人微感张仪曰:“子始与苏秦善,今秦已当路,子何不往游,以求通子之原?”张仪于是之赵,上谒求见苏秦。苏秦乃诫门下人不为通,又使不得去者数日。已而见之,坐之堂下,赐仆妾之食。因而数让之曰:“以子之材能,乃自令困辱至此。吾宁不能言而富贵子,子不足收也。”谢去之。张仪之来也,自以为故人,求益,反见辱,怒,念诸侯莫可事,独秦能苦赵,乃遂入秦。

②苏秦已而告其舍人曰:“张仪,天下贤士,吾殆弗如也。今吾幸先用,而能用秦柄者,独张仪可耳。然贫,

无因以进。吾恐其乐小利而不遂,故召辱之,以激其意。子为我阴奉之。”乃言赵王,发金币车马,使人微随张仪,与同宿舍,稍稍近就之,奉以车马金钱,所欲用,为取给,而弗告。张仪遂得以见秦惠王。惠王以为客卿,与谋伐诸侯。

③苏秦之舍人乃辞去。张仪曰:“赖子得显,方且报德,何故去也?”舍人曰:“臣非知君,知君乃苏君。苏

君忧秦伐赵败从约,以为非君莫能得秦柄,故感怒君,使臣阴奉给君资,尽苏君之计谋。今君已用,请归报。”张仪曰:“嗟乎,此在吾术中而不悟,吾不及苏君明矣!吾又新用,安能谋赵乎?为吾谢苏君,苏君之时,仪何敢言。

且苏君在,仪宁渠能乎!”

16.写出下列加点词语在句中的意思。(4分)

(1)子始与苏秦善.

(2)因而数让.之

(3)吾恐其乐小利而不遂.(4)使人微

.随张仪

17.下列句中加点词语古今含义相同的一项是()。(3分)

A.学术

..于秦者

..,苏秦自以不及张仪 B.念莫可使用

C.与同宿舍

.. D.方且报德

..

18.把文中的画直线句译成现代汉语。(5分)

19.第③段中画波浪线的两句话分别反映了张仪当时□□□□和□□□□的心理状态。(2分)

20.苏秦先召辱张仪后“暗中”相助的原因是什么?(5分)

(六)阅读下文,完成21—25题。(11分)

①《左传·庄公二十四年》:“刻其桷,非礼也。御孙谏曰:‘臣闻之,俭,德之共也;侈,恶之大也。先君

有共德而纳诸大恶,无乃不可乎?’”“共”字,《经典释文》无音,而世人乃并读为“恭”。余窃以为非。或有

疑之者,余曰杜注“先君有共德”句,云“以不丹楹刻桷①为共”,盖言世之诸侯,无丹楹刻桷者,故云“共”也。若读为“恭”,则其义不可通矣。况《释文》无音,果何所据而平读?后见司马公《传家集·训俭篇》云:“御

孙云:‘俭,德之共也。’共,同也,言有德者,皆由俭来也。”观此,可以证余之说矣。

②近读顾仲恭《炳烛斋随笔》,而“共”之义益明。其言云:“共之为义,盖言诸德共出于俭,俭一失,则诸德皆失矣。今请得申其说,假如为人上者而知俭,则樽节②爱养,自不伤财害民,是俭有当于仁也;为人下者而知俭,则制节谨度,自不至纳贿窃帑,是俭有当于忠也。就士庶论,不俭者,必多方奔走以谋生,俭则身常闲而心常逸,岂非善自为谋,是俭有当于智也。不俭者,或多方谄媚以规利;俭则闭门无事,耻辱自远,是俭有当于义也。谨服先畴,菽水可以尽欢,是俭有当于孝也。有遗业可以处子孙,且有遗法可以教子孙,是俭有当于慈也。衣食所余,可以济亲友之急困者,是俭有当于睦姻任恤也。凡人生百行,未有不须俭以成者,谓曰‘德之共’,不亦信乎!”

【注】①丹楹刻桷:漆红的柱子和雕刻精美的椽子。形容建筑物的精美壮观。②樽节:节省。

21.可填入第①段方框处的虚词是()。(1分)

A.哉B.乎C.欤D.也

22.第①段中的“司马公”指的是(填写人物姓名)。(1分)

23.对第①段画线句分析正确的一项是()。(3分)

A.这句话引经据典,增加了论证的权威性。

B.这句话自然交待了作者所要批驳的靶子。

C.这句话的内容是本文所探讨问题的出处。

D.这句话开宗明义,突出文章节俭的主旨。

24.作者认为“德之共”之“共”应读ɡònɡ而不读“恭”(ɡōnɡ)的依据是什么?请逐条概括。(3分)

25.第②段所引顾仲恭《炳烛斋随笔》的一段话,可单独成文看。请简要评析这段文字的论证特色。(3分)

二写作(70分)

26.根据以下材料,自选角度,自拟题目,写一篇不少于800字的文章(不要写成诗歌)。

有人说:“痛苦是财富,这话是扯淡;痛苦就是痛苦,对痛苦的思考才是财富。”

答案

一阅读(80分)

(一)(17分)

1.(2分)B

2.(2分)此处引号表示特殊含义,这里的“种”,既作一般量词,又表示两个不同的物种(种属)。

3.(4分)传统医学和早期分类学者没有相关知识工具,大多无法给出可靠的分类和命名(2分)。北宋相关记载中青蒿具有的不同形态,为后世命名混乱埋下隐患(1分);《本草纲目》在“青蒿”之后新立“黄花蒿”的名目(1分)。

4.(2分)民间使用的青蒿以植物学上的黄花蒿为主。(如果答“民间使用的青蒿是黄花蒿”,给1分)5.(3分)A

6.(4分)(1)提取青蒿素的原植物是黄花蒿而不是青蒿,为什么取名为青蒿素?

(2)传统中药主要使用的植物多叫青蒿,为什么植物学却命名为黄花蒿(,却用青蒿指另一种不怎么入药的植物)?(答案必须含令人困惑的因素)

(二)(19分)

7.(3分)“浮”字以动写静,生动地写出山川在朦胧的月光下若隐若现的情景。

8.(4分)古人独自对月爱饮酒,酒是寂寞人的伴侣,能消解冷寞;本文作者此时也是独自对月,寂寞悲哀,写酒表明其所吃的甘蔗是酒的替代品。

9.(4)开篇写“山川之美”,美景触发哀情,自然引出正遭受日寇践踏的江南之忆。结尾呼应开头,使文章结构严谨,同时写作者不再看“山川之美”,表达出深深的江南之忧。

10.(3分)C

11.(5分)作者的家乡在江南,正遭受日本侵略者铁蹄践踏的家乡是整个江南的缩影,无数人的家乡和作者一

样正遭受蹂躏,以“忆江南”为题,以点带面,能引起强烈共鸣。

提到“忆江南”,读者会马上想起白居易的脍炙人口的《忆江南》,而白居易笔下“日出江花红胜火,春来江水绿如蓝”的好江南如今正遭受战火,同为“忆江南”,悲喜两重天,令人唏嘘,也令人愤慨。

(三)(6分)(每小题1分)

12.(1)草木有本心(2)横看成岭侧成峰

(3)水尤清冽(4)休说鲈鱼堪脍

(5)于我如浮云(6)一树梅前一放翁

(7)他乡说故乡(8)俯察品类之盛

(四)(8分)

13.(1分)裁、来、开(必须写全,否则不给分)

14.(3分)A

15.(4分)写法上的相同点:第一首诗写花因“恨”而不开,第二首诗太守问花花“有语”,均采用了拟人的

手法。(2分)

内容上的关联:第一首诗写陈述古对花无信,花因恨而来年可能不再开放,从第二首诗第四句花回答“为君零落为君开”可以推知,陈述古所问正是花来年是否开放的问题。

(五)(19分)

16.(4分)(1)交好(2)责备(3)如愿,实现(4)暗暗地

17.(3分)D

18.(5分)苏君担心秦国进攻赵国使合纵的约定失败,认为除了您没有人能取得秦国大权,因此激怒您,让我暗中送给您钱财,这全是苏君的计谋。(3分)现在您已被重用,请允许我回去告知苏君。(2分)(本题两句话各为一评分单位,分别是3分和2分。第一句得分点为:“败”,“从”,“莫”,“秦柄”,“阴”,“奉”,判断句;第二句得分点为:“请”,被动句。得分点错1处扣1分,把所属评分单位分数扣完为止)

19.(2分)大惑不解(或疑惑不解等);如梦初醒(或恍然大悟等)

20.(5分)苏秦担心秦国攻打赵国导致合纵失败(1分,这一点不答扣1分),深知只有张仪能得“秦柄”,而自己才能不及张仪(1分),故先召辱激怒张仪,坚定其入秦的决心(1分);又深知张仪家贫不能如愿,暗中资助使他得偿所愿(1分),张仪因感恩苏秦而不攻打赵国(1分,这一点不答扣1分)。

(六)(11分)

21.(1分)B

22.(1分)司马光

23.(3分)C

24.(3分)(1)读“恭”则“以不丹楹刻桷为共”解释不通。

(2)司马光《传家训》解释“共”为“同”。

(3)顾仲恭《炳烛斋随笔》认为“共”指“诸德共出于俭”。

25.(3分)这段文字分别把“俭”与“仁”、“忠”、“智”、“义”、“孝”、“慈”以及“睦姻任恤”等美好品德相提并论,由大到小,涉及人生百行(2分)令人信服;运用对比增强了说服力,运用排比增加了感染力(答出任意一点,即可给1分)。

二写作(70分)

26.作文。参考高考评分标准

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————————————————————————————————作者:————————————————————————————————日期: 2

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