搜档网
当前位置:搜档网 › 【新编大学英语4】课后答案

【新编大学英语4】课后答案

【新编大学英语4】课后答案
【新编大学英语4】课后答案

课内阅读参考译文及课后习题答案(Book 4)

Unit 1

享受幽默—什么东西令人开怀?

1 听了一个有趣的故事会发笑、很开心,古今中外都一样。这一现象或许同语言本身一样悠久。那么,到底是什么东西会使一个故事或笑话让人感到滑稽可笑的呢?

2 我是第一次辨识出幽默便喜欢上它的人,因此我曾试图跟学生议论和探讨幽默。这些学生文化差异很大,有来自拉丁美洲的,也有来自中国的。我还认真地思考过一些滑稽有趣的故事。这么做完全是出于自己的喜好。

3 为什么听我讲完一个笑话后,班上有些学生会笑得前仰后合,而其他学生看上去就像刚听我读了天气预报一样呢?显然,有些人对幽默比别人更敏感。而且,我们也发现有的人很善于讲笑话,而有的人要想说一点有趣的事却要费好大的劲。我们都听人说过这样的话:―我喜欢笑话,但我讲不好,也总是记不住。‖有些人比别人更有幽默感,就像有些人更具有音乐、数学之类的才能一样。一个真正风趣的人在任何场合都有笑话可讲,而且讲了一个笑话,就会从他记忆里引出一连串的笑话。一个缺乏幽默感的人不可能成为一群人中最受欢迎的人。一个真正有幽默感的人不仅受人喜爱,而且在任何聚会上也往往是人们注意的焦点。这么说是有道理的。

4 甚至有些动物也具有幽默感。我岳母从前经常来我们家,并能住上很长一段时间。通常她不喜欢狗,但却很喜欢布利茨恩—我们养过的一条拉布拉多母猎犬。而且,她们的这种喜欢是相互的。布利茨恩在很小的时候就常常戏弄外祖母,当外祖母坐在起居室里她最喜欢的那张舒适的椅子上时,布利茨恩就故意把她卧室里的一只拖鞋叼到起居室,并在外祖母刚好够不到的地方蹦来跳去,一直逗到外祖母忍不住站起来去拿那只拖鞋。外祖母从椅子上一起来,布利茨恩就迅速跳上那椅子,从它那闪亮的棕色眼睛里掠过一丝拉布拉多式的微笑,无疑是在说:―啊哈,你又上了我的当。‖

5 典型的笑话或幽默故事由明显的三部分构成。第一部分是铺垫(即背景),接下来是主干部分(即故事情节),随后便是妙语(即一个出人意料或令人惊讶的结尾)。如果这个妙语含有一定的幽默成分,这个笑话便会很有趣。通常笑话都包含这三部分,而且每部分都必须交代清楚。如果讲故事或说笑话的人使用听众都熟悉的手势和语言,则有助于增强效果。

6 我们可以对幽默这种娱乐形式,进行分析,从而发现究竟是什么使一个有趣的故事或笑话令人发笑。举例来说,最常见的幽默有以下几种,包括了从最显而易见的幽默到比较微妙含蓄的幽默。

7 ―滑稽剧‖是最明显的幽默。它语言简单、直截了当,常常以取笑他人为乐。说笑打闹这种形式过去是、现在仍然是滑稽说笑演员和小丑的惯用技巧。它为不同年龄、不同文化背景的人们所喜爱。几乎本世纪的每个讲英语的滑稽说笑演员都曾以这样或那样的方式说过下面这则笑话。一位男士问另一位男士:―昨晚我看到的那位和你在一起的贵妇是谁?‖那位男士回答道:―那可不是什么贵妇,那是我老婆。‖这个笑话的幽默之处在于第二位男士说他的妻子不是一位贵妇,也就是说她不是一个高雅的女人。这个笑话并没有因为经常讲而变得不再那么好笑。由于这是一个经典笑话,观众都知道要说什么,而且因为大家对这个笑话很熟悉而更加珍爱它。

8 中国的相声是一种特殊的滑稽剧。相声中两名中国喜剧演员幽默地谈论诸如官僚主义者、家庭问题或其他一些有关个人的话题。相声随处都能听到,无论是在乡村的小舞台上,还

是在北京最大的剧院里,抑或在广播、电视上。它显然是中国人家喻户晓的一种传统的幽

默形式。

9 ―俏皮话‖不像滑稽剧那样浅显,它是因语言的误用或误解而引人发笑。我特别喜欢的一

个例子是三位年长的绅士在英国乘火车旅行的故事。当火车慢慢停下来时,第一位绅士问道:―这是Wembley (温布利)吗?‖―不,‖第二位绅士说:―是Thursday (星期四)。‖―我也是,‖第三位说道,―让我们下车喝杯啤酒吧。‖我们知道上了年纪的人往往耳背,因此会把Wembley(温布利)听成了Wednesday(星期三),把Thursday(星期四)听成了thirsty(渴了),这样一来就为第三位老人的妙语做好了铺垫。

10 著名的中国漫画家和幽默家丁聪便是一位俏皮话大师。在他的一幅幽默漫画中,一位老师说:―你为什么一字不改地抄别人的作业?‖那位年轻的学生回答道:―我没有一字不改地抄。我把作业上的名字改成自己的了。‖在丁聪的另一幅经典漫画里,一位生气的父亲问道:―告诉我,1加2等于几?‖儿子说:―我不知道。‖这位不耐烦的父亲接着说道:―比方说,你、你妈妈和我,我们加起来一共是几个,傻瓜?‖儿子得意地回答道:―是三个傻瓜。‖ 这些故事无论是漫画还是笑话,是由演滑稽剧的喜剧演员说还是由搭档的相声演员讲,都为

各地人们所喜爱。人们喜爱这些有趣的故事,因为它们贴近现实生活,而且里面那些出人

意料的妙语十分有趣。

11 双关语是一种更微妙的俏皮话。它使用的技巧是利用发音相似的词或同一个词的不同意思。有些批评家认为双关语是最低级的幽默,但我不同意这种观点。双关语与其他形式的

幽默相比需要更细微、更巧妙的语言技巧;然而,简单的双关语甚至很小的孩子也能利用。例如,谜语或脑筋急转弯问题常使用双关语做铺垫、制造故事情节,而且更多地是用在妙

语部分。双关语是我最早懂得的幽默。记得大约在五岁时我听到了下面这个谜语。一个人问:―什么东西整个儿是黑的、白的和红的?‖另外一个人通常猜不出来,于是问道:―我不猜了。是什么呀?‖出谜语的人回答:―是报纸。‖如果你知道在英语中―red(红色)‖和―read (读)‖的读音一样但意思完全不同,答案就很明显了。

12 DOUBLE ENTENDRES (法语中的―一语双关‖)是双关语的特殊形式, 其中的词或短语有双重意思。两个意思往往很不相同,一个比较恰当,另一个往往比较粗俗—但并不总

是这样。我喜欢那个关于一位中学教师和校长因看见学生在学校操场上接吻而感到担心的

故事。故事并不过火。那位教师对学生们说;―我和校长已经决定停止在学校操场上接吻。‖听到笑声,她意识到她没有把意思表达清楚,于是补充说:―我的意思是不能再在我们的鼻子下面发生接吻这样的事了。‖当然,这个解释并没有纠正她的第一句话,反而使这个笑话的双重含义变得更加好笑。

13 一些专业的幽默家认为如今的幽默大多缺乏智慧,不够巧妙。他们不喜欢在幽默中过多使用有色情意味或粗俗的语言,而且觉得大多数幽默家缺乏创造性。的确,现在有些幽默

令人震惊,但我认为这不是幽默的过错。幽默本身是活泼健康的,它还会继续生存下去,

只因为每天都有有趣的事情发生。一些有幽默感的人会看到听到这些有趣的事情,并把它

们编成妙趣横生、令人开心的笑话和故事。

Reading comprehension

1略

2 BDCAC AADBB

Vocabulary

1. 1) A. entertaining B. entertainment C. entertained D. entertainer

2) A. recognizable B. recognized C. recognition

3) A. tempting B. temptation C. tempt

4) A. reasoned B. reasoning C. reasonable D. reason

5) A. analyzed B. analytical C. analyst D. analysis

6) A. valuable B. valuation C. valued/values D. values

7) A. humorist B. humor C. humorous D. humorless

8) A. understandable B. understanding C. understand D. misunderstood 2. 1) a sense of responsibility 2) a sense of safety/security 3) a sense of inferiority

4) a sense of superiority 5) a sense of rhythm 6) a sense of justice

7) a sense of shame 8) a sense of helplessness 9) a sense of direction 10) a sense of urgency

3. 1) Lively behavior is normal

2) Fast cars appeal to

3) diverse arguments

4) I asked my boss for clarification

5) sensitive to light

6) Mutual encouragement

7) made fun of him

8) persists in his opinion/viewpoint

9) to be the focus/center of attention

10) we buy our tickets in advance

4. 1)certain/sure 2) involved 3) end 4) behavior 5) disciplining 6) agreed 7) individually 8) first 9) response 10) question 11) attempt 12) voice 13) directly 14) followed 15) trouble

Unit 2

便笺的力量

1 我当体育编辑,最早是为蒙比利埃(俄亥俄州)的《企业导报》工作,当时我很少收到体育迷的来信。因此,一天早晨放在我桌上的一封来信把我吸引住了。

2 打开来信,我看到了下面的话:―关于老虎队的述评很不错,再接再厉。‖签名的是体育编辑堂?沃尔夫。当时我只是一个十几岁的小伙子(为每一竖栏写一英寸文字,稿酬总计达15美分),因此他的话最鼓舞人心了。我把这封信一直放在书桌的抽屉里,后来它的边角都卷起来了。每当我怀疑自己不是当作家的料时,重温一下堂的便笺,就又会树起信心来。

3 后来,我逐渐对堂有所了解,知道给各行各业的人写快捷而鼓舞人心的便笺是他养成的习惯。他告诉我说:―当我使别人充满信心时,我也感觉好极了。‖

4 因此毫不奇怪,他的朋友圈子就像附近的伊利湖那么大。去年他去世了,享年75岁。电话与悼函像潮水般涌向报社,都来自于曾经得到过他激励(文字)的人们。

5 多年来,我努力效仿堂以及我的其他朋友,他们关心别人,常写一些鼓舞人心的话语,因为我觉得,他们这样做是很有意义的。在这样一个惯于冷漠、无动于衷的世界上,这种便笺给人们带来了温暖和安慰。我们都时不时地需要鼓励,大家知道几行赞扬的话会改变一个人的一天,甚至一生。

6 那么,这些激励人心的便笺的作者为什么寥若晨星呢?我猜想很多人回避写,是因为他们太看重人们的看法。他们担心会被误解,怕别人觉得他们自作多情或者言不由衷。还有,写也要花时间,远不如打电话方便。

7 当然打电话的缺点是:说过的话留不住。而一张便笺使我们的良好意愿显得更加珍贵。便笺是白纸黑字记录在案的东西,而且我们写下的字可以反复阅读,细细品味并珍藏起来。

8 尽管写便笺会多花一些时间,但一些非常忙的人也在这么做,其中包括乔治?布什。有人说,他政治上的成功在很大程度上归功于他那枝随时准备写字的笔。这是怎么回事呢?在他整个职业生涯中,每次与人们接触之后,他几乎都随后写封信,内容亲切——一句赞美之辞,一行表扬的话,或一段感谢语。他不仅写给朋友和同事,还写给萍水相逢的人以及完全陌生的人——比如那位借伞给他的人,后来收到他热情的赞扬信,感到很惊讶。

9 那些通常做作的公司高层经理们,其领导作风只能被形容为强硬、冷漠、脱离群众。甚至这些人也开始学习写便笺去鼓舞人心,且从中获益匪浅。唐纳德?彼得森,福特公司的前主席,把每天写便笺鼓励同事当作一件日常工作。该公司在80年代时走出低谷取得成功主要是他的功劳。―我只不过匆匆地在备忘录或信的角上写一些鼓舞人心的话,然后传递出去,‖他说道。―每天最重要的一段时间,就是鼓舞那些为你工作的人的那10分钟。‖

10 ―太多的时候,‖他发表自己的看法说,―那些我们真正喜欢的人并不知道我们是怎么看待他们的。太多的时候,我们会以为,我并没有说过什么批评的话,为什么非得去说好话呢?我们忘了,人类需要正面的肯定或鼓励——事实上,我们靠这个取得进步,获得成功!‖

11 怎样才能写出振奋精神、温暖人心的信呢?只要我们怀有要表示感激之情的心愿。写这种便笺的高手都具有我所谓的―4S‖技巧。

12 1)真诚(sincere)。没人要听虚假的赞美。

13 2)简短(short)。如果不能用三句话表达出你的意思,你很可能过火了,写得太长。

14 3)具体(specific)。赞扬一位业务伙伴―演讲精彩‖太笼统含糊;告诉他―关于沃伦?巴菲特的投资策略讲得很精彩‖才是一语中的。

15 4)自然(spontaneous)。这使得便笺充满了生气,洋溢着热情,并使读者的心灵长久地感受这种生气和热情。

16 当你非得到处找写信用品时,写出来的东西就难以自然,因此我总是把纸、信封和邮票放在手边,甚至在旅行时也是如此。信封信笺不需要很花哨,重要的是要表达的思想。

17 那么,你周围又有谁值得你写便笺表示感谢或鼓励呢?一位邻居?为你服务的那位图书馆管理员?一位亲戚?你的市长?你的伙伴?一位教师?你的医生?你不必富有诗意。如果你需要一个写的理由,就找一个生活中的重要事件,例如你们共同参加的某个特殊事件的周年纪念日、生日或者节日。例如,过去的25年里,我总是为远方的朋友每年准备一张圣诞卡,而且常常在上面亲笔写上一句感谢或祝贺的话。鉴于圣诞节的氛围,就一年来所取得的成功与得到的好运特意表示谢忱似乎是最恰到好处的。

18 不要吝啬你的赞美之言。像―最了不起的‖、―最聪明的‖、―最漂亮的‖这种最高级的表达法——使大家都感到高兴。即使你的赞美之词稍稍超前了一点也没关系,记住,梦想的实现往往孕育于期望之中。

19 今天,我收到了以前的老板和精神导师诺曼?文森特?皮尔的一封温暖的赞扬信。这张小小的便笺上满是鼓舞人心的词句,这促使我坐到了打字机前来完成几封我早就该写的信。我不知道这些信会不会使别人的一天别有意义,但是,对我自己确实如此。正如我的朋友堂?沃尔夫所说的:使别人充满信心,也就使我自己感觉很好。

Reading comprehension

1略

2 FFTFTFTFTTFTFT

Vocabulary

1. Creating Compound Words

STEP ONE:

Column A Column B The compound words created

through day throughout

up man upbeat, uplift

draw eared drawback

teen ready teenage

hand conscious handout, handwritten

birth back birthday, birthstone

chair distance chairman

rag beat rag-eared

ever lift ever-ready

over age overdue, overage

long due long-distance, long-eared

self stone self-conscious

mile out mileage, milestone

type wishing typewriter, typewritten

well writer/written well-wishing, well-written

STEP TWO:

1) long-distance 2) upbeat 3) ever-ready 4) overdue 5) typewriter

6) milestone 7) handwritten 8) uplifted 9) self-conscious 10) rag-eared

11) birthday 12) throughout 13) drawbacks 14) chairman 15) teenage

2. 1) A. intrigued v. interest

B. intrigue n. the act or practice of secretly planning to harm someone or make them lose their position of power

2) A. straining v. try very hard to do something using all your physical or mental strength

B. strain n. a force that stretches, pulls or puts pressure on something

3) A. savor n. taste; flavor

B. savored v. enjoy the taste or flavor of; enjoy as much as you can

4) A. treasure v. treat something as being very special, important, or valuable

B. treasure n. a store of gold, silver, jewels, etc.

5) A. credited v. consider … as having achieved something or being the reason for it

B. credit n. trust; faith

6) A. boost n. an encouraging act of cheering somebody up

B. boost v. make someone feel more confident and less worried

7) A. note n. a short, usually informal, letter

B. noted v. notice or pay careful attention to something

8) A. signed v. write your signature on a letter or document to show that you wrote it, agreed with it

B. sign n. gesture used to express one‘s meaning, idea, etc.

9) A. totaled v. come to a certain amount

B. total n. the whole amount

10) A. stuffed v. fill something with a substance

B. stuff n. substance or material

11) A. count n. the number that is reached when something is being counted

B. count v. be important

12) A. last v. manage to remain in the same situation

B. last n. the remaining part of something

13) A. complimented v. express praise or admiration of somebody

B. compliment n. an expression of praise, admiration, approval, etc.

14) A. flood n. a large number or amount

B. flooding v. arrive in large numbers

15) A. contact n. communication with a person, organization, country, etc.

B. contact v. reach (someone) by message, telephone, etc.

3. 1) thrives 2) strategy 3) annual 4) deserve 5) spontaneous 6) sincere 7) investments 8) enterprise 9) follow up 10) characterized

11) lingered 12) acknowledged

4. column: 1) D 2) A 3) B 4) C

tough: 1) D 2) B 3) E 4) F 5) C 6) A

5.

1) A. complementary B. complimentary C. complimentary complimentary: 1) expressing admiration, praise, etc.

2) given free of charge

complementary: making something complete or perfect; supplying what is lacking or needed for completion

2) A. stationery B. stationary C. stationary

stationary: not moving, or not changing

stationery: writing materials (e.g. paper, envelopes, etc.)

3) A. typist B. typewriter C. typist

typewriter: a machine with a keyboard that you use for typing words directly onto a sheet of paper

typist: a person who types, especially one employed to do so

4) A. vulgar B. vague C. vague

vague: 1) not clearly expressed, known, described or decided

2) not clear in shape; not clearly seen

vulgar: not having or showing good taste or good manners; not educated 5) A. pad B. pat C. pad

pad: 1) several sheets of paper fastened together, used for writing, drawing, etc.

2) a piece of soft thick cloth or rubber which is used to protect a part of the body, give shape to something or clean something

6) A. own B. owed C. owes D. owned

owe: 1) have to pay, for something already done or given

2) feel grateful

own: 1) a. belonging to oneself and to no one else

2) v. possess (something), especially by lawful right

6.

1) searched 2) clever 3) solution 4) wasted 5) tolerate 6) hidden 7) dumb 8) subject 9) noise 10) extra 11) purchased 12) replaced 13) appreciation 14) hurried 15) warrant 16) strange

Unit 3

从文化角度看性别角色

1 在过去的几十年里,已经无数次地证实了这样一个事实:构成男子阳刚之气和女子阴柔

之气的各种不同类型的行为、情感、和兴趣都既是遗传又是文化熏陶的结果。在成长的过

程中,每个孩子学会了细微的行为举止,数量之多数以百计,这一切都带有文化的烙印,

成了他们性别特征的一部分。有些行为举止是直接学到的。也就是说,别人教孩子如何恰

如其分地行事, 男有男的规矩, 女有女的标准。另一些跟性别有关的具体举止是无意识地或间接地学会的,因为文化为女孩子和男孩子提供的形象、向往的目标以及成人的榜样各不

相同。

2 例如,最近对美国公立学校的一项研究显示,在教育中存在一种男孩比女孩更受偏爱的

文化偏见。据研究人员反映,这种偏爱是无意的、不知不觉的,但它确实存在,并每年都

在影响着数百万计学生的生活。为了研究在教育中存在的性别偏爱,戴维?赛德克博士和迈拉?赛德克博士夫妇录制了教师在课堂上课的情形。他们的研究显示,许多自认为无性别偏爱的教师惊奇地发现,从录像带上看他们竟是那么偏心。从幼儿园到研究生课程,都可以

看到教师们请男生回答问题的次数远比女生多。这对学习过程有着巨大的影响,因为总的

来说,那些积极的课堂活动参与者对学习更加乐观有信心,并能在今后取得更大的成就。

事实上,在20世纪60年代末期,当美国东北部多所最好的女子学院向男生开放之后,教授们和女学生们都发现男孩们正在―接管‖课堂讨论,而女生积极参与的程度则明显下降。

近年来,在法学院和医学院的课堂上也发现了类似的情况:与男生相比女生处于次要的地位。

3 赛德克夫妇所做的研究显示,教师有时候会按照固有的性别模式给女孩子和男孩子不同

布置的任务,这样便不知不觉地使女孩子不能像男孩子一样积极地参与。例如,有位教师

在给幼儿园的孩子上自然科学课时,不断地让小男孩去操作科学―实验‖,而让女孩子只是

做一些安放材料的工作。既然使用课堂材料动手操作是早期教育的一个重要方面,这些女

孩子就这样被剥夺了重要的学习经历,这会影响到她们今后的整个人生。

4 美国教师中一个具有代表性的想法是,男孩擅长数学和自然科学,这些学科都是―难懂的‖、―适合于男性的‖,而女孩会在语言和阅读技能上比男孩强。这是教育中性别偏见的另一种

表现。结果美国的男孩们确实在阅读上出了问题,而在数学方面女孩尽管在九岁以前一直

比男孩强,但此后却落在了他们后面。这成了预言自我应验的一个例子。然而这些特征是

文化造成的,而非遗传的原因。例如,在德国,读书学习都被看作是―适合于男性的‖,于

是在阅读上有问题的便是女孩子了。而在日本,由于早期教育似乎不分性别,女孩和男孩

在阅读上就旗鼓相当。

5 在教育过程中对女孩和男孩的不同态度始于家庭。例如,有一项研究显示了这样一种情况:让学龄前儿童看一幢房子的图片,然后要他们说出家里允许他们走开多远,这时男孩

所指的范围要比女孩大得多,女孩指出的范围很有限,而且离家很近。女孩们不像男孩那

样受到鼓励去发展求知欲和动手能力,尽管这些正是与外部世界打交道时有用的;对女孩

灌输的结果是:对自己家外面的世界充满了恐惧,且期望别人对自己的优良品格和循规蹈

矩的服从精神加以认可。这类教诲从家庭一直延续到课堂。于是,在课堂里我们常常可以

看到女孩们更依赖教师,更注重作业的形式和整洁而非内容,更在乎她们所给的答案是否

―正确‖而不在乎智力方面的独立自主以及分析能力和创造能力的提高。教育过程占据了孩

子除睡眠以外的大部分时间,社会则通过这一过程加强了它固有的价值观,并按其传统的、期望的模式造就了不同性别的人。

1 Understanding the Organization of the Text

(1) Introduction (para 1)

It has been proven repeatedly that the various types of behavior, emotions, and

interests that constitute being masculine and feminine are patterned by both heredity

and culture.

(2) There is a cultural bias in education that favors boys over girls. (para. 2-4) Supporting evidence

A. Teachers called on males in class far more than on female students. (para 2) i) Its consequence: This has a tremendous impact on the learning process.

ii) The reason for this: Active classroom participants develop more positive attitudes

and go on to higher achievement.

iii) Two examples:

a. In many of the former all-women‘s colleges, the boys were taking over t he class-room discussions and active participation by women students had diminished noticeably.

b. A similar subordination of female to male students has also been observed in law and medical school classrooms in recent years.

B. Teachers assigned boys and girls different tasks according to stereotyped gender roles. (para. 3)

i) Its consequence: This prevented girls from participating as actively as boys in class.

ii) An example: A teacher had the little boys perform the scientific experiment while the girls were given the task of putting the materials away.

C. Gender-biased education is also reflected in the typical American teacher‘ assumption. (para 4)

i) The assumption: Boys will do better in the hard, masculine subjects of math and science while girls are expected to have better verbal and reading skills. ii) Three examples:

a. American boys do develop reading problems, while girls, who are superior to boys in math up to the age of nine, fall behind from then on.

b. In Germany, all studies are considered masculine and it is girls who develop reading problems.

c. In Japan, where early education appears to be nonsexist, both girls and boys do equally well in reading.

(3) The educational bias begins at home. (para 5)

A. Supporting evidence:

i) Boy preschoolers were permitted to go away from home in a much wider area than girl preschoolers.

ii) Boys were encouraged to develop intellectual curiosity and physical skills, while girls are filled with fears of the world outside the home and with the desire to be approved of for their goodness and obedience to rules.

B. The consequence when these lessons carry over from the home to the classroom: Girls are generally observed to be more dependent on the teacher, more concerned with the form and neatness of their work than its content, and more anxious about being right in their answers than in being intellectually independent, analytical, or original.

C. Conclusion: Through the educational process that occupies most of the child‘s waking hours, society reinforces its established values and turns out each sex in its traditional and expected mold.

2 CBDBCD

Vocabulary

1. 1) genetic 2) assign 3) noticeably 4) approved 5) Bias

6) deprived 7) constituted 8) participation 9) unintentional 10) postgraduate 2. conscious – unconscious positive – negative

encourage – discourage superior – inferior

directly – indirectly biased – fair

sexist – nonsexist limited – unlimited

dependent – independent appropriately – inappropriately

3. 1) C 2) D 3) A 4) E 5) B 6) C 7) F 8) B

4. 1) turn out 2) carry over 3) calling on 4) put away 5) fallen behind 6) take over

Unit 4

关于创造力的培养——鼓励孩子思考

1 教育界和商业界的专家们说, 具有创造性是通向光明前程的关键。本文将介绍一下学校

和家长如何才能鼓励孩子发展这一至关重要的能力。

2 如果1925年迪克?德鲁听从了他老板的意见,也许我们就不会有遮护胶带这种用品了。现在我们几乎离不开它。德鲁当时就职于―明尼苏达制造和矿业公司‖,通常称为3M公司。在工作中,他研制了一种用于胶带有黏性那面的物质,黏性很强,能使物体粘在一起。但

是老板却不让他做进一步的研究。最后德鲁只好利用自己的时间改进了这种胶带。这种胶

带现已被人们广泛使用。而他原来工作过的3M公司也从自己的失误中吸取了教训:现在

该公司鼓励员工抽出15%的工作时间专门用来开动脑筋搞创新。

3 现在这种策略已被越来越多的公司所采用,而且全国各地的专家认为,对待孩子也应仿

效这种做法,无论是在家里还是在学校。他们认为,如果我们教育孩子进行创造性思维,

他们就能在明天的社会中更好地发挥作用。

4 受益于创造性的不只限于音乐和艺术领域。能取得成功的学生和成人都是那些会寻求各

种办法解决问题的人。

5 创造性并非与生俱来,也不一定就是高智慧的特征。一个人智力高并不意味着他必然能

创造性地发挥才智。创造性是指能利用已有的资源想出新点子,而这些点子有助于解决某

方面的问题。

6 遗憾的是,学校还没有想到要促使学生发挥创造性。许多教育者十分看重考试分数,强

调阅读、写作和数学能力,往往因追求正确的答案而牺牲了对创造性的培养。其结果是,

孩子们能够反馈所学的知识,却不知道如何灵活地应用知识。比如,他们可能熟记乘法表,却不会用它来解决数学应用题。

7 然而,在有些学校里,教育者们正逐渐认识到这一问题,并致力于研究能启发学生创造

性的新的教学方法。一些教师把基础知识和要求学生发挥想象力的活动结合起来。比如,

教师不再简单地问学生哥伦布何时发现了新大陆,他们可能让学生思考如果哥伦布首先到

达的不是加勒比地区而是纽约,情况会是如何。要回答这一问题,学生必须应用自己掌握

的关于哥伦布、纽约和加勒比地区的知识。教师们认为即便学生的回答会很可笑,也毫无

关系,这也许是通向创造性的重要一步。专家认为,在课堂以及在家里,必须允许孩子们

有些荒唐的念头。家长和教师们则有责任和孩子共同努力,使那些念头成为切实可行的建议。最好的办法是通过提问来鼓励孩子,同时对他们的想法和新点子表示赞赏。专家认为

必须创造一个可以自由发挥创造力的氛围,一个尊重和赞赏而不是鄙视或不理会荒诞想法

的环境。

8 在家里,家长可以做一些鼓励孩子发挥创造力的事情。如果遇到合适的问题,家长可以

就该问题征求孩子的意见,让他们参与决策。家长可以帮助孩子了解不同的决策将会带来

的各种后果。家长还应鼓励孩子大声谈论他们正在做的事情。思维能力和语言能力是紧密

相关的。大声地谈论有助于提高语言能力和思维能力。

9 具有幽默感对于开发孩子的创造力也非常重要。当家长表现出幽默时,孩子们就看到了

最地道的创造性。从本质上看,幽默跨越了常规界限,打破了固有模式。要创造往往也得

如此。

10 给孩子一些选择的余地也很重要。应该允许孩子自己做决定并清楚其后果,要让孩子从尽可能早的年龄开始这样做。做决定有助于培养思维能力,即便只是在午餐的两种食物的选择上做决定也行。随着孩子慢慢长大,家长应让孩子自己做主支配时间或金钱;当他们作出错误的决定时,不要不假思索地给予过多的帮助。这种做法可能会使孩子迷惑不解,但这没有关系。因为富有创造力的人有很强的动力,使他们能够从混乱中创造秩序。这是他们的一个最重要的特点。

Reading Comprehension

1. 1) Introduction(para 1)

It is introduced in the article how teachers and parents can encourage creativity in children.

2) An important strategy for parents and teachers to follow (para. 2-3)

A. The strategy:

To encourage children to spend time thinking and developing new ideas.

B. The significance for adopting the strategy:

If children can be taught to think creatively, they will be better able to function in tomorrow‘s society.

3) The definition of creativity (para. 4-5)

A. Who successful students and adults are:

Those who can find a number of ways to approach problems.

B. What creative people can do:

They can use what they have to produce original ideas that are good for something.

4) A big problem in school (para. 6)

The problem: Children can obtain and give back information, but can‘t figure out ways to apply what they know in new situations.

5) A new approach to teaching (para 7)

A. The approach: Combining the basics with the activities where students must use their imaginations.

B. How to do so: By asking questions and meanwhile praising their ideas and new thoughts.

C. How to facilitate the process: To create an atmosphere in which there is no risk in being creative-- a place where wild ideas are honored and valued, never scorned or dismissed.

6) Things parents can do at home to encourage creativity (para. 8-10)

A. To involve children in decision making.

B. To help children to understand the consequences of various decisions.

C. To encourage them to talk out loud about things they are doing. The reason for doing so: Talking out loud improves language skills and thinking skills.

D. To show a sense of humor. The reason for doing so: Children can see creativity in its purest form.

E. To give children choices from their earliest age.

Examples:

a. When they are very young, let them choose between two food items for lunch.

b. B. When they grow older, let them decide how to use their time or spend their money

2 understanding specific information

TFFTTFFT

Vocabulary

1. 1) confused, confusion 2) intelligence, intelligent 3) humorous, humor

4) strategy, strategic 5) motivated, motivation 6) combination, combined

7) creation, creative 8) pursuit, pursuing 9) multiplication, multiply

10) employ, employment

2. 1) perfected 2) approaching 3) value 4) functions 5) approach

6) perfect 7) honor 8) function 9) honor 10) value

3. 1) dismiss 2) consequences 3) promoting 4) applies 5) vital

6) scorned 7) conventional 8) original

4. 1) consciously 2) innovative 3) unconsciously 4) determines 5) Imagination

6) aware 7) control 8) created 9) extension 10) technique

11) vulnerable 12) unfolding 13) joyful 14) gain 15) Apply

unit 5

运动员该成为榜样吗?

1. 我喜欢查尔斯·巴克利,就像他是我的亲兄弟一样,而且除了比赛中在篮板下彼此冲撞的时候(我在犹他爵士队;他在菲尼克斯太阳队),我们是很好的朋友。我们的爱好不一定完全相同:查尔斯酷爱高尔夫球,要是可能的话他中场休息时都会打,我却认为把优良的牧地造成高尔夫球场是浪费。而我们能很好相处的一个原因是,我俩都心里想什么就说什么,不管别人会怎么想——这也意味着我们时常会意见不一致。有一个例子能说明我的意思:我不同意查尔斯在他做的耐克广告中说的话。在那则广告里,他强调说:―我不是一个行为榜样。‖查尔斯,你完全可以否认自己是行为榜样,但是我认为这不是自己可以决定的。我们没想要做行为榜样,而是大家要我们做。我们唯一能选择的是做一个好榜样还是做一个坏榜样。

2 我认为成了著名运动员后,我们不能只接受随之而来的荣誉和金钱,却拒绝承担作为榜样的责任,或者没有意识到孩子们、甚至一些成年人正关注着我们,期望我们树立起一个榜样。我的意思是,首先为什么我们能有机会做广告呢?因为有人会以我们为榜样,他们买某种运动鞋或某种麦片,(仅仅)因为我们在用这些东西。

3 我喜欢成为榜样,并努力去做个好榜样。但这并不是说我总是做得很好。我决非圣贤,我会犯错误,而且有时还会做一些非常幼稚的事情。我并非每天早上醒来都具备了做榜样的好心情。有些日子,我并不想同遇见的每个球迷都摆姿势合影,不想抱起婴儿拥抱、亲吻(无论他们有多可爱)。处在这种时候,我就尽量避开公众。

4 但做个好榜样并不需要十全十美,而且人们也不应该期盼完美。如果由我来判定一个篮球运动员是否是个好榜样,我想知道的是:他在球场之外,是否给人们的生活带来了积极的影响?他自己付出了多少时间或金钱去帮助那些敬仰他的人?他显示出一个优秀者应具有的诸如诚实、毅力这些品格吗?但我不会问他是否以我的那种方式生活,或者是否以我处理事情的方式来应付每一个局面。

5 查尔斯在他的广告中所说的有一点我赞成,那就是―我能扣篮并不意味着我应该养育你们的孩子。‖但是,有时家长们也需要一点帮助。如果父母能对孩子说:―你想想卡尔·马龙、斯科蒂·皮蓬、查尔斯·巴克利或大卫·罗宾逊会那样做吗?‖有时候,这是很管用的。

如果有人这样提到我的名字,对我来说是一种荣誉。当然,父母应该成为自己孩子的行为榜样。然而实际情况是孩子们有许多其他的行为榜样——老师、电影明星、运动员、甚至其他孩子。作为运动员,我们不能取代父母,但是我们能协助他们去加强和巩固他们努力教给孩子的那些思想。

6 父母们一定不能做得太过火。他们有时把我们奉若神明,使我们感到是在走钢索——在这么细的钢索上我们最终必定会摔下来。这不是一件让我感到特别自豪的事:在犹他州曾经有孩子家长对我说过这样的话:―你要知道,卡尔,我们全家都对你崇拜得五体投地,在我们家里,我们把你的照片和基督画像一起并排挂在墙上。‖这就太过分了。

难怪有些运动员不愿做行为榜样。谁会愿意被拔得那样高呢,那是能达到的标准吗?

设想一下,有人把你真人大小的照片挂在墙上,而且每晚睡觉前都要对着你的照片倾诉一番,这是很可怕的。

7 时刻处在公众的注视之下有时令人难以忍受。我十分同情迈克尔·乔丹,他不得不对付有关他赌博的负面报道。我想大多数人都无法想象,分分秒秒、日复一日都被如此密切地注视着是什么滋味。曾经有人对我说,我个人的情况还不至于那么糟,因为出了犹他州就没人认识我了。但事实并非如此。自从我作为梦之队的一员参加了奥运会的比赛后,我无论到哪里都会成为人们注意的中心。这有时使人受到很大的限制。例如,我有好几次想买一辆哈利-戴维森牌的大摩托车,骑着它逛逛街。首先爵士队会大发雷霆,说这太危险。其次,每个人都会盯着我,看我是否戴了头盔,是否按照限定的速度行驶,是否安全转弯,不一而足。

一旦我没有达到他们的期望,就会有人说:―这给其他骑摩托车的人树立了个什么榜样啊?‖

但是,

8 做一个行为榜样的好处要多于坏处。想到某个孩子决定在学业上再做一番尝试而不是辍学,或者碰到有人向他兜售毒品时,能从毒贩子身边走开,而这其中也有你的一小部分功劳时,那种感觉好极了。但是我要鼓励父母们去做一件事,那就是提醒他们的孩子无论他们敬仰哪位运动员,十全十美的人是没有的。这样一来,如果孩子们心目中的英雄犯了错误,他们就不会觉得世界末日到了。

9 我决不会因为某个人说了心里话而批评他。如果查尔斯认为他自己不是个行为榜样,这是他的权利。但我认为他是一个行为榜样,而且是一个好榜样。如果他能戴上NBA的冠军戒指,我也许会把他当作我自己的行为榜样。

Understanding the organization of the text

1) Introduction (para. 1)

Athletes are chosen to be role models, and they can choose only to be good or

bad ones.

2) Athletes should be role models. (para. 2-5)

The author‘s arguments:

A. Athletes should not refuse the responsibility of being a role model while

accepting all the glory and the money that comes with being a famous athlete.

(para. 2)

B. I try to be a pos itive role model, but that doesn‘t mean I am perfect. (para.

3)

C. Qualities of a positive role model: (para. 4)

a. He influences people‘s lives in a positive way.

b. He gives of himself in time or money to help those who look up to him.

c. He displays the values like honesty and determination.

D. Athletes cannot take the place of parents, but can help reinforce what parents

try to teach their children. (para. 5)

3) People sometimes expect so much that some athletes don‘t want to be role modes. (para. 6-7)

A. Sometimes people put athletes on a pedestal.

Example: I have had parents in Utah put my picture on the wall beside Jesus Christ. (para. 6)

B. Constantly being watched by the public can be hard to tolerate at times. Example: 1: Negative publicity Michael Jordan received about gambling.

2. Ever since I played on the Dream Team, I can‘t go anywhere

without being the center of attention and I can‘t even buy a

motorcycle I really want. (para. 7)

4) Conclusion (para 8-9)

The good things about being a role model outweigh the bad.

A. It‘s a great feeling to think you are part of the reason that a id decided to try to be good.

B. But parents should remind their kids that there are no perfect human beings.

C. Charles Barkley is a good role model.

2、F T F T F F F F T F T F

Vocabulary

2. 1) is bound to 2) follow their lead 3) goes too far/is going too far

4) take the place of 5) dropped out 6) have a fit 7) measure up to

8) look up to 9) Let‘s face it 10) you name it

3. 1) outgrown 2) outdo 3) outwitted 4) outweigh 5) outlived

Unit 6

风险与你

1 在说不定的某个时候,我们大家都曾充当过疑病症患者的角色,只凭一些轻微的症状便怀疑自己得了某种可怕的病。有的人只要一听说一种新的疾病,就会去检查,看自己是否可能患了这种病。然而,对疾病的恐惧并非我们唯一的恐惧。同样,患病的危险也并非我们唯一会遇上的危险。现代生活中充满了各种各样的威胁,诸如对我们生命的威胁,对我们平和心境的威胁,对我们家人的威胁,对我们未来的威胁。从而产生了好些问题,我们不得不问自己:我买的食品安全吗?给孩子们的玩具会伤害他们吗?我们家的人是不是不该吃熏肉?我度假时会不会遭抢劫?我们的疑虑就无休止地增加。

2 对生活中风险的担忧与疑病症有相似之处;二者的恐惧或忧虑皆起因于信息不全面。但二者之间也存在一个明显的差别。疑病症患者通常可以求助于医生,以便澄清疑虑——要么你得了你所怀疑的疾病,要么你没得。但当涉及到其它形式的风险时,事情就要困难得多,因为对许多风险来说,情况并不那么简单。

3 风险几乎总是一个可能性的问题而无确定性可言。你也许会问:―我该不该系安全带?‖如果你坐的车要与其它车正面相撞,那当然该系安全带。倘若你的车侧面被撞,结果你被困在车里,又因安全带装置遭破坏而无法挣脱,那怎么办呢?这是否意味着你该再花些钱在车内安一个保险气袋呢?同样,在正面相撞的情况下,保险气袋完全可以救你一命。但是,万一正当你在高速公路上开车时,保险气袋突然意外充气膨胀,从而导致了本来绝不会发生的事故,那又该如何是好?

4 上面说的这一切,只是从另一角度说明我们所做的事没有一件是百分之百安全的。有些风险——常常是潜在的重大风险——与我们的每个业余爱好、所做的每项工作、所吃的每种食物有关,换句话说,与所进行的任何活动有关。但我们又不能,也不该因危险存在于我们将要做的每件事,而变成战战兢兢的神经症患者。有些活动是比其它活动更危险。关键在于要让自己了解相应的风险,然后相机行事。

5 例如,两车相撞时,大车总的说来要比小车安全些。可究竟能安全多少呢?答案是这样:在一起严重的车祸中坐小车丧生的可能性是坐大车的两倍左右。然而,大车通常比小车贵(并且消耗更多的汽油,由此给环境带来了更大的风险!)。那么我们该怎样确定什么时候值得为降低风险增加花费呢?例如,避免风险最保险的做法也许是去买一辆坦克或装甲车,从而把撞车时死亡或受伤的风险降到最小。然而,即便你买得起,这笔额外的费用以及忍受坦克或装甲车所带来的不便是否值得呢?

6 在我们尚不知所涉及的风险程度之前,我们还无法回答这些问题。那么,我们该如何去衡量风险程度呢?有些人似乎认为答案只不过是一个简单的数字。例如,我们知道每年大约有25,000 人死于车祸。相比之下,每年只有大约300人死于矿山事故和灾难。这难道就意味着乘坐汽车要比采矿危险得多吗?未必。事实是,在美国每年大约有两亿人经常性地以车代步;而大概只有70万人从事采矿作业。我们评估一种风险时,所需要的有关数字是一个比率或分数。该分数的分子告诉我们在某个特定时期由于从事某种特定活动而丧生或受伤的人数;其分母告诉我们在这一时期从事这种活动的总人数。这样,所有的风险程度都是由比率或分数表示,其大小介于0(无风险)到1(完全风险)之间。

7 通过把所有风险都简化为这种比率或分数,我们便可以开始比较不同种类的风险,如比较采矿与乘坐汽车。这个比率越大,也就是说它越接近1,那么有关活动的风险就越大。在刚才讨论的例子中,我们可以用每一活动中死亡的人数除以参与该活动的总人数,从而找

出汽车旅行与采煤的相对安全性。此处,我们可以很清楚地看到,乘坐汽车旅行的风险是每一万人中大约有一人丧生;而就采矿而言,其危险程度是每一万矿工中大约有四人死亡。所以,尽管在车祸中丧生的人远比采矿要多,其实后者的风险是前者的四倍。这些比率使我们能够对毫不相干的活动或情形的危险性加以比较,即便差别如苹果与橘子那样大也能比较。如果你反对冒险,你就会选择风险比率较小的活动。如果你无所畏惧,那么你往往会对高比率不太在乎,除非它们大得令人难以承受。

8 我们一旦明白了风险是永远无法从任何情况中完全去除的,因而就没有绝对安全的事,我们也就会明白问题的关键不是要彻底避免风险,而是要理智地管理风险。风险管理需要两大要素:常识以及与我们可能要承担的风险的性质和程度相关的信息。

Vocabulary Practice

1.

1) sensible

sensible: having or showing good sense; reasonable

sensitive: easily hurt, upset, or offended by things that people say

2) relative

relevant: directly connected with the subject or problem being discussed or considered

relative: considered in relation or proportion to somebody/something else; comparative

3) mechanism

machine: 机器

mechanism: a structure of working parts functioning together to produce an effect

4) requires

require: need something

request: ask for something politely or formally

5) eliminate

reduce: make something smaller in size, number, degree, price, etc.

eliminate: completely get rid of something that is unnecessary or unwanted 6) crash

crash: a breaking to pieces especially by or as if by collision

collision: an accident in which two or more people or vehicles hit each other while moving in different directions

2.

1) character 2) end up 3) Rarely 4) casual 5) risky 6) all manner of 7) inform 8) sensible 9) definitively

3.

1) On th e strength of 2) all manner of 3) feed on 4) reduce…to 5) end up

6) associated with 7) focus on 8) turned to 9) participate in 10) involved in

unit 7

我们这些教师对于在你们身上取得的教育成就一点都不感到自豪。

我们培养你们去适应的是一个根本不存在的世界——事实上也是不可能存在的。

在这里度过的四年时间里,你们一直以为失败是不会留下任何记录的。

要是学得不好,一个最省事的办法就是中途退出(不修这门课),在布朗大学你们学会了这一点。

但是,从现在开始,在你们要涉足的世界里,失败是要给你留下疤痕的。

知难而退也会使你变成另一个人。走出布朗,知难而退的人绝不是英雄。

你们可以跟我们争辩,说服我们为什么你们的错误不是错误,为什么平庸的作业是优秀的,为什么你们会对普普通通并不出色的课堂报告感到骄傲。

回想一下,毕竟你们中的大多数人在你们所学的大部分课程中都得了高分。

因此,在这里分数并不能作为区分优秀学生与学业平平的学生的依据。

但是,今后,在你们所要去的世界里,你们最好不要为自己的错误辩护,而应该从中吸取教训。

假如你们要求得到你们不该得到的表扬,诋毁那些不给你们表扬的人,这是不明智的做法。

多年来,我们创造了一个完全宽容的世界。这里所要求于你们的仅仅是一点微不足道的努力。

当你们没有按约定的时间赴约时,我们就再约时间。当你们没有按期交作业时,我们装作不在乎。

更糟糕的是,当你们的言谈枯燥无味时,我们却装作你们说的是重要的事情;当你们喋喋不休、不知所云时,我们认真倾听,似乎你们说的东西事关重大;

当你们把根本没有花心思写的作业扔到我们桌上时,我们不仅拜读,甚至批改给评语,好像值得为你们这样做似的。

新编大学英语Book-4-第三版课后答案

新编大学英语Book-4-第三版课 后答案 Unit 1 Vocabulary 1 1) entertaining / entertainment / entertained /en terta iner 2) recog ni zable / recog ni zed / recog niti on 3) tempti ng / temptati on / tempt 4) reas oned /reas oning / reas on able / reas on 5) a nalyzed / an alytical /an alyst /nanl ysis 6) valuable / valuati on / valued values /value 7) humorist / humor /humorous /humorist 8) un dersta ndable /un dersta nding /un dersta nd /mis un dersta nd

Tan slati on 1) Lively behavior is normal_for a four-year-old child.(活泼的举止是正常的) 2) Fast cars appeal to John, but he can 't afford one.(速度快的车对??…有吸引力) 3) Dave required a lot of time to study the diverse argume nt. (多种多样的论据) 4) I asked my boss for clarification, and she expla ined the project to me aga in. (我要求我的上司为我解释清楚) 5) Photographic film is very sensitive to light. (对光很敏感) 6) Mutual encouragement _can be a great help, especially in the early days. (互相鼓励) 7) Jimmy cried when people made fun of him. (拿他开玩笑) 8)John won 't give up. He persists in his opinion. (坚持他的观点) 9) Ted always wants to be the focus/center of

新编大学英语第三册各单元作文范文

Unit 1 Sample 1 It is believed that pessimism often leads to hopelessness, sickness and failure, while optimism usually brings happiness, good health and success. Pessimists also make those around them very miserable. Therefore, pessimists should change their way of thinking and overcome the negative aspects of their personalities. Here are a few tips for them: 1. Try to smile more often. A smile has great power. It can chase sadness away. It will make you and other people feel happy. And it may even make things easier and better. Smiling in the morning makes a good beginning for the day. A smile is the most important sign of optimism. 2. Build up your self-confidence. Try to discover as many of your personal strengths as you can. Then write them all down. Read them several times when you are getting ready to do something or when you are facing difficulties. Your list will help you see your abilities. 3. Change your way of thinking. Don't always think that things will go wrong or that if they do there will be terrible results. Instead, convince yourself that things will improve and that you can work hard to help improve them. If you fail, think about what you have learned from the failure. If you succeed, praise yourself. Don't be too modest! There is nothing more encouraging than self-praise. Try your best to become an optimist. Sample 2 Are you an optimist or a pessimist? If you're a pessimist, here is some advice for you. As everyone knows, pessimism is harmful to people. It makes you unhappy and unhealthy, and even brings depression, loneliness and failure. Pessimists tend to suffer more failures and setbacks because they don't believe they can succeed and thus don't struggle for it. Optimism, by contrast, can make you happy, healthy and successful. So it is good for you to change yourself from a pessimist to an optimist. Here are some suggestions for you to become an optimist: 1. Remember that everyone experiences failures and disappointments. So when you fail, don't blame yourself too much. It may not be your fault. 2. When you fail in something, profit from the failure as a learning experience instead of getting depressed. And next time, you can make your plans to be more successful. 3. When you fail, don't be discouraged. Try again. Don't let negative thoughts hold you back. Just give yourself another chance. So never give up just because you failed. Pessimism is harmful, but it can be changed. Trust yourself and try to adopt an optimistic attitude, and then you will be a winner in life more often. Unit 3 If I Were the Mayor of This City As the topic of the 2010 Expo --- “Bette r City, Better Life” indicates, the ultimate goal of making a city better is to make its people happier. So if I were the mayor of

新编大学英语4课文翻译(包括课后文章翻译)和答案

Reading comprehension 1略 2 BDCAC AADBB Vocabulary 1. 1) A. entertaining B. entertainment C. entertained D. entertainer 2) A. recognizable B. recognized C. recognition 3) A. tempting B. temptation C. tempt 4) A. reasoned B. reasoning C. reasonable D. reason 5) A. analyzed B. analytical C. analyst D. analysis 6) A. valuable B. valuation C. valued/values D. values 7) A. humorist B. humor C. humorous D. humorless 8) A. understandable B. understanding C. understand D. misunderstood 2. 1) a sense of responsibility 2) a sense of safety/security 3) a sense of inferiority 4) a sense of superiority 5) a sense of rhythm 6) a sense of justice 7) a sense of shame 8) a sense of helplessness 9) a sense of direction 10) a sense of urgency 3. 1) Lively behavior is normal 2) Fast cars appeal to 3) diverse arguments 4) I asked my boss for clarification 5) sensitive to light 6) Mutual encouragement 7) made fun of him 8) persists in his opinion/viewpoint 9) to be the focus/center of attention 10) we buy our tickets in advance 4. 1)certain/sure 2) involved 3) end 4) behavior 5) disciplining 6) agreed 7) individually 8) first 9) response 10) question 11) attempt 12) voice 13) directly 14) followed 15) trouble Unit 2 便笺的力量 Reading comprehension 1略 2 FFTFTFTFTTFTFT Vocabulary 1. Creating Compound Words

新编大学英语4课后答案 part

新编大学英语4 unit4课后答案 Reading Comprehension1. 1 Introduction Para 1 It is introduced in the article how teachers and parents can encourage creativity in children. 2 An important strategy for parents and teachers to follow Para. 2-3 A. The strategy: To encourage children to spend time thinking and developing new ideas. B. The significance for adopting the strategy: If children can be taught to think creatively they will be better able to function in tomorrow’s society. 3 The definition of creativity Para. 4-5 A. Who successful students and adults are: Those who can find a number of ways to approach problems. B. What creative people can do: They can use what they have to produce original ideas that are good for something. 4 A big problem in school Para. 6 The problem: Children can obtain and give back information but can’t figure out ways to apply what they know in new situations. 5 A new approach to teaching Para 7 A. The approach: Combining the basics with the activities where students must use their imaginations. B. How to do so: By asking questions and meanwhile praising their ideas and new thoughts.

辽宁省教学成果奖

辽宁省教学成果奖 成果总结 成果名称大学英语教学模式的改革与实践 成果完成人史梅程迎新李素荣闫宝华祝捷 成果完成单位渤海大学 申请等级一等 申报时间2004年11月 成果科类教育学 代码0401222 大学英语教学模式改革与实践 成果总结 一、成果主要内容 (一)确定教改模式,突出对学生进行大学英语综合能力的培养。 多年来,大学英语教学一直把培养学生具有较强的阅读能力作为主要的教学目标,而忽略了听说能力的培养。整个教学围绕提高学生的应试能力进行。课堂教学以教师为中心,教学模式比较陈旧。随着我国社会的发展和对人才需求的变化,我们越来越感到传统教学模式已经不适应新时期对新型人才培养的需要。为此,我部在2001年着手对我校的大学英语教学进行改革,成立了由5名骨干教师为科研骨干的大学英语教学改革小组,负责对全校大学英语教学的改革进行具体的组织、策划和实施。经过认真研究,我们制定了教学改革策略,坚持继承与创新,坚持重点突破和整体推进的原则,以全面提高大学英语教学质量和教学水平。确定了"1515"大学英语教学改革模式,即:一个目标,五个模块,一个主题和五种能力。一个目标就是以学生大学英语综合应用能力的培养为目标;五个模块就是把大学英语教学分为精读、泛读、写作、口语和听力五门课程;一个主题就是大学英语的五门课程具体的教学内容和实践活动都围绕同一个主题展开;五种能力就是指整个大学英语教学过程强调听说读

写译五种应用能力的均衡发展。 (二)加强课程体系和教学内容的改革和建设,是实现英语教学改革基本目标的重要保证。 按照大学英语"1515"教学模式的要求,我们改革了课程体系和教学内容。首先,把大学英语教学分为五门课程,即在过去只开设精读、听力课的基础上,增设泛读、写作和口语课。将周学时的比例定为"2111",即精读课每周2学时,其他均为每周1学时。将大一和大二的基础英语由每周的4学时增加到5学时,在大三增设每周2学时的考研英语选修课。 其次,从01年起,我们使用了浙大编写的《新编大学英语》和把上海外教社出版的《全新版大学英语听说教程》。把《新编大学英语》的In-class Reading(课内阅读)作为精读教学的内容,After-class Reading (课后阅读)作为泛读教学的内容,把Preparation和Further Development中的部分内容、《全新版大学英语听说教程》中的Speaking Tasks和BBC或VOA 中的一些生活英语材料作为口语教学的内容,把《新编大学英语》的listening-center activity 和《大学英语听说教程》中的Part A, Part B, Part C及BBC或VOA不同题材的新闻节目作为听力教学的内容。为了帮助学生更好的理解教材中的内容,我们编写了《新编大学英语课文同步导读》1-3册。在教学过程中除了讲授教材中的内容之外,我们还有意识地向学生们介绍文化知识。我们还播放英文歌曲录音磁带、原文电影光盘等。 课程体系和教学内容的改革,为听说读写译训练以主题教学模式的实施提供了必要的前提。师生们普遍都很认可,一致认为,改革后,课程体系更加系统完整,教学内容更加科学优化,这十分有利于综合技能的训练。 (三)改革课堂教学,引导学生自主学习。 为了更好的进行听说读写译5种技能的综合训练,我们以一个主题为主线把精读、泛读、写作、听力和口语等5个教学模块有机的结合在一起。根据我校学生英语基础很差的实际情况,我们坚持以课堂教学为主,以纸质教材为主。精读课堂以教师指导为主,学生讨论为辅,强调师生互动;泛读课堂以学生展示为主,教师总结为辅;写作以学生操练为主,教师指导为辅;听力课堂泛听以学生为主,精听以教师为主;口语课以学生讨论和展示为主,教师组织为辅。教学的重心由"教"转向"学",由重结果向重过程转变,注重语言技能的训练。同时,教学过程中,教师通过设计大量Pre-tasks(课前任务),During-tasks (课中任务)和Post- tasks(课后任务),加强对学生学习过程的精心指导和督促,强调了课堂学习向课外的延伸。在完成"任务"的过程中,学生始终处于一种积极的、主动的学习心理状态。不同课堂中丰富多彩的实践活动,不仅使学生在反复地使用相关词汇、短语和句子的过程中,提高他们实际的应用语言能力,而且在教师的有目的、有计划地指导下,使学生逐渐地养成了良好的自主学习的习惯。自01年在渤海大学本科教学中开始实施教改以来,深受学生的欢迎。学生称该课程是他们最感兴趣和很有收效的课程。 (四)改进教学方法和手段,形成了教学方法的多样化和教学风格个性化。 要达到培养学生综合能力的目标,实施大学英教学模式的改革,就必须改进教学方法。99年以前,我们的英语教学主要是以传统的翻译教学法为主。从01年起,我们彻底改变了此做法。采用灵活多样的教学法。如精读课,我们主要采取"语篇分析法"。如听力课,以提问和讨论相结合、精听和泛听相结合、真题实战等方法进行。如口语课,以小组讨论、口译、口头作文、小组展示、对话、小品等多种方式来进行。如写作课,注重精讲多练的原则,以笔译、写课文摘要、看图写话、命题作文等形式进行操练。如考研英语课堂采用了"英语词汇联想记忆法"、"三位一体翻译法"及"语篇分析法"进行词汇、翻译和阅读训练。同时,各种课堂还把先进的现代化手段如光盘、多媒体课件等与教师讲授相结合,增加了课堂教学的信息量和趣味性。教学过程中,我们还鼓励教师遵循教学规律,博采众长,结合实际,不断创新,形成了自己的教学特点和风格。每年暑假前,我们都在部内组织召开全体外语教师参加的特色经验交流大会,历时2天,先是以教研室为单位分组交流,每一位教师都发言,对自

新编大学英语4unit2book4听力原文和答案核对版

Part 1 Listening 1 Ex1: C A D C B Ex2: 1) approaching 2) left 3) toilet 4) locked 5) Tickets please 6) pushed 7) stamped Scripts: Two Belgians and two Dutchmen traveled regularly to work on the same train. After a while the Dutchmen saw that the two Belgians only had one ticket between them and asked how they managed to achieve this. The Belgians explained that when they heard the conductor approaching from the other end of the carriage, the two of them left their seats, went into the toilet and locked the door. When the conductor knocked on the toilet door, saying, "Tickets, please!", they pushed one ticket under the door. It was then stamped and pushed back under the door again. The Dutchmen thought this was a very good idea and the following morning bought one ticket between them. When they got to their carriage there was only one Belgian. They told him what they had done and asked the Belgian if he had a ticket as he was traveling on his own. The Belgian said he did not have a ticket at all and when they asked how he proposed to manage to travel free of charge, he told them they would have to wait and see until the conductor arrived, but he had no doubt that he would manage it without difficulty. As soon as they heard the conductor coming, the two Dutchmen immediately went to the toilet and locked the door. A few moments later, the Belgian followed them down the corridor and knocked on the toilet door, saying, "Tickets, please!" One ticket appeared under the door. Questions: 1. Where did the story take place 2. What did the two Dutchmen want to know from the two Belgians 3. How did the Dutchmen feel about the Belgians' behavior 4. What did the Belgian do when asked if he had a ticket 5. Who finally managed to travel free of charge Listening 2 Ex1: 1 department store 2. attend college 3. difficult 4. physical education 5. terrified Ex2: FTTFT Scripts: My name is Atsuko Saeki. I work as a salesclerk in a big department store in Fuji, Japan. Six years ago when I was 21 years old, I went to California to attend college. Life in the United States was much more difficult than I had ever imagined. It wasn't like the descriptions I had read in my textbooks. People often seemed tense and so I felt very alone. One of my hardest classes was physical education. We often played volleyball. All the other students were good at it, but I clearly wasn't. One afternoon, the teacher asked me to hit the ball to my classmates. For most people, this would be easy but I was terrified that I would make a fool of myself. When one of the boys on my team saw how nervous I was, he walked up to me and whispered, "Come on, you can do that." You can't imagine how those words of encouragement made me feel. I was so happy that I almost cried. I managed to hit the ball and I think I thanked the young man, but I'm not sure. I have never forgotten his kind words of encouragement. He probably doesn't even remember what he said to me or how much his kindness meant to me. Whenever things aren't going well, I think of those simple words of encouragement: Come on, you can do that.

新编大学英语 第四册 课后习题答案 浙大版

Unit1 1. 1) A entertaining B entertainment C entertained D entertainer 2) A recognizable B recognized C recognition D 3) A tempting B temptation C tempt 4) A reasoned B reasoning C reasonable D reason 5) A analyzed B analytical C analyst D analysis 6) A valuable B valuation C valued/values D values 7) A humorist B humor C humorous D humorless 8) A understandable B understanding C understand D misunderstood 2. 1) a sense of responsibility 2) a sense of safety/security 3) a sense of inferiority 4) a sense of superiority 5) a sense of rhythm 6) a sense of justice 7) a sense of shame 8) a sense of helplessness 9) a sense of direction 10) a sense of urgency 3. 1) Lively behavior is normal 2) Fast cars appeal to 3) diverse arguments 4) I asked my boss for clarification 5) sensitive to light 6) Mutual encouragement 7) made fun of him 8) persists in his opinion/viewpoint 9) to be the focus/center of attention 10) we buy our tickets in advance 4. 1) certain/sure 2) involved 3) end 4) behavior 5) disciplining 6) agreed 7) individually 8) first 9) response 10) question 11) attempt 12) voice 13) directly 14) followed 15) trouble

新编大学英语第二版课后作文范例

Unit 2 Communication Problems Some people say that winning means being rich, some say winning means being powerful, and other think winning means being happy. I think winning means doing what you should do and being good at it. Most of us can only live in this world for no more than 70 or 80 years. We shouldn’t think too much about what we can get form this world. Instead, we should think about what we can leave in this world. The one who can make more contributions to the world is a real winner. For example, cleaning the street is a humble job in many people’s eyes, but in my opinion, street cleaners can also be great winners. They make our city more beautiful. They give us a better environment and consequently a better life. But, on the contrary, some people make money at the cost of the environment. Some are even worse: they cheat or kill others in order to gain power or earn money. Winners or losers? It’s time to give it a second thought. Unit 3 Born to Win Some people say that winning means being rich, some say winning means being powerful, and other think winning means being happy. I think winning means doing what you should do and being good at it. Most of us can only live in this world for no more than 70 or 80 years. We shouldn’t think too much ab out what we can get form this world. Instead, we should think about what we can leave in this world. The one who can make more contributions to the world is a real winner. For example, cleaning the street is a humble job in many people’s eyes, but in my op inion, street cleaners can also be great winners. They make our city more beautiful. They give us a better environment and consequently a better life. But, on the contrary, some people make money at the cost of the environment. Some are even worse: they cheat or kill others in order to gain power or earn money. Winners or losers? It’s time to give it a second thought. Unit 4 Psychology in Our Daily Life Sample1 Psychology plays an important role in our daily life. Our feeling and attitudes color the way we behave. Confidence is a good example. In reality, a great number of people complain that they are not able to do something or that their difficulties are too great to overcome. In some cases, this may be true. But in other cases, it means that these people allow themselves to get discouraged. For example, a confident man can accomplish many things. If you have confidence, you believe you can do things well. You might not always do as well as you hope, but you will try harder the next time. A man who lacks self-confidence might not be able to complete simple tasks. Without confidence you are likely to be nervous, unsure of yourself and confused about what to do and how to do it. You may think you will fail, so as a result you will not try hard enough. As the old saying goes, where is a will, there is a way. In other words, if you have

浙大出版社 英语答案(第四册)

新编大学英语4(浙大版)课后习题答案共同学们欣赏嘎嘎 编辑 | 删除 | 权限设置 | 更多▼ 更多▲ ?设置置顶 ?推荐日志 ?转为私密日志 转载自W~XなK¤转载于2010年03月15日 11:55 阅读(0) 评论(0) 分类:移花接木权限: 公开 Unit1 1. 1) A entertaining B entertainment C entertained D entertainer 2) A recognizable B recognized C recognition D 3) A tempting B temptation C tempt 4) A reasoned B reasoning C reasonable D reason 5) A analyzed B analytical C analyst D analysis 6) A valuable B valuation C valued/values D values 7) A humorist B humor C humorous D humorless 8) A understandable B understanding C understand D misunderstood 2. 1) a sense of responsibility 2) a sense of safety/security 3) a sense of inferiority 4) a sense of superiority 5) a sense of rhythm 6) a sense of justice 7) a sense of shame 8) a sense of helplessness 9) a sense of direction 10) a sense of urgency 3. 1) Lively behavior is normal 2) Fast cars appeal to 3) diverse arguments 4) I asked my boss for clarification 5) sensitive to light 6) Mutual encouragement

新编大学英语4课文翻译和答案-浙江大学

课内阅读参考译文及课后习题答案(Book 4) Unit 1 享受幽默—什么东西令人开怀? 1 听了一个有趣的故事会发笑、很开心,古今中外都一样。这一现象或许同语言本身一样悠久。那么,到底是什么东西会使一个故事或笑话让人感到滑稽可笑的呢? 2 我是第一次辨识出幽默便喜欢上它的人,因此我曾试图跟学生议论和探讨幽默。这些学生文化差异很大,有来自拉丁美洲的,也有来自中国的。我还认真地思考过一些滑稽有趣的故事。这么做完全是出于自己的喜好。 3 为什么听我讲完一个笑话后,班上有些学生会笑得前仰后合,而其他学生看上去就像刚听我读了天气预报一样呢?显然,有些人对幽默比别人更敏感。而且,我们也发现有的人很善于讲笑话,而有的人要想说一点有趣的事却要费好大的劲。我们都听人说过这样的话:“我喜欢笑话,但我讲不好,也总是记不住。”有些人比别人更有幽默感,就像有些人更具有音乐、数学之类的才能一样。一个真正风趣的人在任何场合都有笑话可讲,而且讲了一个笑话,就会从他记忆里引出一连串的笑话。一个缺乏幽默感的人不可能成为一群人中最受欢迎的人。一个真正有幽默感的人不仅受人喜爱,而且在任何聚会上也往往是人们注意的焦点。这么说是有道理的。 4 甚至有些动物也具有幽默感。我岳母从前经常来我们家,并能住上很长一段时间。通常她不喜欢狗,但却很喜欢布利茨恩—我们养过的一条拉布拉多母猎犬。而且,她们的这种喜欢是相互的。布利茨恩在很小的时候就常常戏弄外祖母,当外祖母坐在起居室里她最喜欢的那张舒适的椅子上时,布利茨恩就故意把她卧室里的一只拖鞋叼到起居室,并在外祖母刚好够不到的地方蹦来跳去,一直逗到外祖母忍不住站起来去拿那只拖鞋。外祖母从椅子上一起来,布利茨恩就迅速跳上那椅子,从它那闪亮的棕色眼睛里掠过一丝拉布拉多式的微笑,无疑是在说:“啊哈,你又上了我的当。” 5 典型的笑话或幽默故事由明显的三部分构成。第一部分是铺垫(即背景),接下来是主干部分(即故事情节),随后便是妙语(即一个出人意料或令人惊讶的结尾)。如果这个妙语含有一定的幽默成分,这个笑话便会很有趣。通常笑话都包含这三部分,而且每部分都必须交代清楚。如果讲故事或说笑话的人使用听众都熟悉的手势和语言,则有助于增强效果。 6 我们可以对幽默这种娱乐形式,进行分析,从而发现究竟是什么使一个有趣的故事或笑话令人发笑。举例来说,最常见的幽默有以下几种,包括了从最显而易见的幽默到比较微妙含蓄的幽默。 7 “滑稽剧”是最明显的幽默。它语言简单、直截了当,常常以取笑他人为乐。说笑打闹这种形式过去是、现在仍然是滑稽说笑演员和小丑的惯用技巧。它为不同年龄、不同文化背景的人们所喜爱。几乎本世纪的每个讲英语的滑稽说笑演员都曾以这样或那样的方式说过下面这则笑话。一位男士问另一位男士:“昨晚我看到的那位和你在一起的贵妇是谁?”那位男士回答道:“那可不是什么贵妇,那是我老婆。”这个笑话的幽默之处在于第二位男士说他的妻子不是一位贵妇,也就是说她不是一个高雅的女人。这个笑话并没有因为经常讲而变得不再那么好笑。由于这是一个经典笑话,观众都知道要说什么,而且因为大家对这个笑话很熟悉而更加珍爱它。 8 中国的相声是一种特殊的滑稽剧。相声中两名中国喜剧演员幽默地谈论诸如官僚主义者、家庭问题或其他一些有关个人的话题。相声随处都能听到,无论是在乡村的小舞台上,还是在北京最大的剧院里,抑或在广播、电视上。它显然是中国人家喻户晓的一种传统的幽默形式。 9 “俏皮话”不像滑稽剧那样浅显,它是因语言的误用或误解而引人发笑。我特别喜欢

相关主题