高三复习第一轮--定语从句(含练习,教师版)

高三语法第一轮复习--定语从句

【知识梳理】

一、关系代词的选择

1．充当主语的关系代词。

限制性定语从句

1). Edmund Halley was an English scientist who/that lived over 200 years ago.

2). A plane is a machine which/that can fly.

3). Such people as were recommended by him were reliable.

4). a. China is one of the nations that have made （make）great progress in reducing its population growth.

b. Tom is the one of the boys who is (be) praised.

用法：

1)．在限制性定语从句中，who用于指人，which用于指物，that/as指人或指物均可。

2)．as作关系代词使用时，先行词前必须有The same, such , as. so 修饰

3)．从句中谓语动词单复数由先行词决定。

4)．One of +可数名词复数做先行词，关系代词在从句中做主语时，从句的谓语动词用复数。the one of +可数名词复数做先行词，关系代词在从句中做主语时，从句的谓语动词用单数。

5). 作主语的关系代词不可省略。

非限制性定语从句

1). The river, which was dirty in the past, is very clear now.

2). The pupils, who are very happy now, will go out for a picnic soon.

3). They have three daughters, all of whom are doctors.

用法：

1)．在非限制性定语从句只能用who指人，which指物，不能用that。

2)．尽管在从句中充当主语又指人，但前面有介词，必须用whom

2．充当宾语的关系代词。

动词宾语

1)．The shirt (which/that) his mother made doesn’t fit him.

2)．He is the man (who/whom/that) I met yesterday.

3)．a. He used such words as he found in the text.

b. He booked a room in the same hotel as he once stayed at.

用法：

1)．关系代词在限制性定语从句中作动词宾语，who(m)用于指人，which用于指物，that/as既可指人又可指物，在非正式文体中可省略关系代词。

2)．若先行词前有such, as, so，the same 等作修饰语，常用as作关系代词。

3). 做动词宾语的关系代词可以省略。

介词宾语

1)．He is the man to whom I gave the money.

2)．This is the shop from which I bought the pen.

3)．Which is correct?

He is the person I came across in the street last week.

He is the person across whom I came in the street last week

用法：

1)．介词前置时，whom用于指人，which用于指物，不能用that, who, 也不能省略

2). 如果定语从句中谓语动词为动词介词，即动词与介词不可分，则介词必须后置，不能与谓语动词分开置于关系代词前。

常用that作关系代词的几种情况

（1）先行词前含形容词最高级，序数词或有only, very, any, few, all, little, every, each, no, much, some, one of作修饰语。

This is the best film that I have ever seen.

This is the very book I am looking for.

He is the only person that passed the examination.

（2）先行词为指物的不定代词如all, anything, nothing, little, much, some, none, those等。

In a record, you put down something (that) you want to remember.

There is little that he can do for her.

I’ll do anything that I can.

（3）先行词为人和物的名词词组。

We talked of people and things that were in our elementary school.

（4）先行词是人或物，关系词在限制性定语从句中作表语时。

Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.

（5）主句中有疑问代词who 或which, 为了免重复，用that.

Who is the man that is standing over there?

Who that has the sense of honor can do such a thing?

常用who做关系词的情况。

先行词为指人的one, ones, anyone, somebody, everybody, anybody 或those, he时。

The ones who don’t work hard will fail in the exam.

Those who want to buy this book sign your names here.

Anyone who wants to go to college must study hard.

3．充当表语的关系代词

1）．He is no longer the simple-minded man that he was five years ago.

2）．It is not a profound book that you think it to be.

3). The town is about the same distance from Nanjing as Yangzhou is.

用法：

1)限制性定语从句中，多用that, 可以省略。

2) as 也可用作表语，同such, the same 连用，引导限制性定语从句。

4．充当名词修饰语的关系代词

1)．Mr. Johnson was the one whose house caught fire last night.

2)．This is the classroom whose windows are broken.

3). This is the house _in____ __which____ the windows face south.

用法：

1). 在限制性和非限制性定语从句中whose+名词做主语或宾语，在这个结构中，whose 对名词起限定特指作用，同时引导一个定语从句。

2). whose+名词的先行词也可以是物或抽象名词，此时可以和of +which结构互换

5．修饰整个主句的关系代词(as/which 区别)

1) 在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词which可修饰前面整个主句, 置于主句后，译为“这”

She went abroad, which surprised us all.

He was punished, which served him right.

as也可作关系代词修饰整个主句，译为：正如

She was frightened, as I could see from her eyes.

2) as 位置比较灵活，可以位于主句前面、中间、或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开。译为“正如……”

As we all know, he is famous for painting.

As was expected, he did not finish the work.

As is natural, the moon goes round the earth.

3) as后若为is或was+过去分词结构，is或was可以省略，但which不可。

The material is elastic, as shown in the figure.

4) 在一些习惯用法中常用as

As we know, as expected/reported, as is often the case, as has been pointed out,

6. 关系词but 用于否定句中but=who …not, which… not

There is none but wishes to help you.

There is not a single student but would like to study more.

There was not one house but was burnt down.

7. 关系词than 用于比较级中

There were more people injured in the accident than was/were reported.

She has more teeth than are necessary for any particular purpose.

8. 关系代词的省略

1). 作宾语时可以省略，但如果放在介词之后，不可省略

This is the girl with whom he worked.

This is the girl / he worked with

2). 作主语的关系代词不可省略

All of the flowers now raised here have developed from those that once grew in

the forest.

3). 作表语的关系代词that可以省略

He still talks like the man (that) he was ten years ago.

9. prep+which+to do 相当于一个定语从句

1). Allow me half an hour in which to wash the clothes.

2). He has a knife with which to defend himself.

10. such…as与such…that的区别:

1). Last term our math teacher set such a difficult examination problem none of us

could work it out.(that)

2). Last term our math teacher set such a difficult examination problem none of us

could work out.(as)

3). I have only a few photos, but can show you I have.

A. same as

B. such as

C. with which

D. that

4）. Her fear of flying was she always managed to travel by train or by boat.

A. such that

B. such as

C. so that

D. so as

二、关系副词when, where, why的用法

1). a. I’ll always remember the day when / on which I went to the college.

b. They have established elephant preserves, or areas of land set aside for herds of

elephants where / in which no one is allowed to harm them.

c. That’s the reason why / for which he dislikes me.

2). a. He’s got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane.

b. The university is introducing a tutorial system, where personal tutors can help students

better choose what to learn.

用法：

1). when、where、why在句中分别做时间、地点和原因状语，其结构相当于介词+关系代词。

2). 当先行词为situation, condition, occasion, outcome, system, case, circumstances, point, etc 等表示“情况，方面”的名词后，从句中又缺状语时，用where或适当的prep+which

三、关系词的选择

1). I will never forget the day (that/which) we spent together.

2). I want to spend my holiday on the beach, which is beautiful. / where I can enjoy the sunshine.

3). Only those______knew well could be let in.

a. who

b. he

c. that

d. what

用法：

1)是否选用关系副词还是关系代词决定于从句中缺什么成分，如果缺主语、宾语、表语，用关系代

词；如果缺状语，用关系副词。

2). 关系词的选择先看从句缺失的成分，再看先行词。

3). 从句中只能缺一个成分。

【综合定语从句练习】

1. Was it inside the garden that you picked the flowers?

2. Antarctic, about which we know very little, is covered with thick ice all the year round.

3. It’s the third time that you have arrived late for class this week.

4. It was in the lab which/that was taken charge of by Professor Black that they did the experiment.

5. It was in 1969 that the American astronauts succeeded in landing on the moon.

6. The man was looking for a house from which he could get to his office easily.

7. Please don’t mention the man that/who was mentioned by you.

8. Please put the note where he can easily find it.

9. There are millions of pain nerves in the body, and when any of them are even slightly disturbed, they flash a pain impulse to the brain.

10. According to the recent estimates, Great Miami has over 450,000 Spanish-speaking

residents, of which about 400,000 are Cubans.

11. The meeting yesterday was very successful as there was no one but had his opinion expressed.

12. As can be seen from his skin, the man must be from Africa.

13. The furniture which I ordered was sent to the wrong address.

14. I, who am a friend of yours, will offer all I can to help you.

15. He is the only one of the persons in my office who knows (know) four foreign languages.

16. The book belongs to the man whose name is John Smith.

17. This is Prof. Jackson from US, who I think has something interesting to tell us.

18. He is a man of rich knowledge, from whom a lot can be learned.

19. I shall never forget those days when I lived in the army with the soldiers, which has a great effect on my life.

20. The highest building, which we have ever built, is in the center of our city.

21. She is one of the girls of her class who play (play) the piano well.

22. Nearby were two boats in which they had come to the island.

23. Rose wrote an essay longer than required, which her teacher hadn’t expected.

24. What’s that which was flashed in the sky just now?

25. It was a most relaxing day for those students when for the first time in months they didn’t have to do extra assignments.

26. You can take any seat that is free.

27. The size of the audience, as I had expected, was well over ten thousand.

28. The old lady has two sons, one of whom is a teacher.

29. This is the train in which we went to Nanjing the other day.

30. The science of medicine, in which progress has been very rapid lately, is perhaps the most important of all the sciences.

31. The speed at which light travels is said to be the maximum in the universe.

32. The old doorman believed the reason which/that, as he found later, the well-dressed lady made up and let her in.

33. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, which, of course, made the people unhappy.

34. They promised to help us, for which we were thankful.

35. Mr. Hill is recognized as punctual for almost everything. How can it be that he was late for the wedding ceremony yesterday?

36. There are many research stations in the area where the soil is studied.

37. They have started an investigation, the details of which are being kept secret.

38. Many others we met lived much the same life as the people here did several hundred years ago.

39. I was struck by the limited use that the Indians made of their natural resources.

40. The daughter was so angry at all that her mother was doing that she walked out of the house without saying anything.

41. I have bought the same dress as she is wearing.

42. Most of the classmates wanted to know the way in which/that/不填he learns new course.

43. To make up an objective test, the teacher writes a series of questions, each of which has only one correct answer.

44. Is the shop around here where Ann bought her new dress?

45. Nothing should be done in a hurry that can be done slowly.

46. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than exists in the public mind today.

47. Students should involve themselves in community activities where they can gain experience for growth.

48. There are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ.

49. This is the most important position that a graduate has ever been offered.

50. I have never been to Rome but that’s the city which I’d like to visit most.

【阅读语法】

(1)

The behavior of a building’s users may be at least as important as its design when it comes to energy use, according to new research from the UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC). The UK promises to reduce its carbon emissions (排放）by 80 percent by 2050, part of ___1___ will be achieved by all new homes being zero-carbon by 2016. But this report shows that sustainable building design on its own —____2____ extremely important- is not enough to achieve such reductions: the behavior of the people using the building __3____ ______ change too.

The study suggests that the ways that people use and live in their homes ____4__(ignore) by

existing efforts ____5___(improve) energy efficiency (效率)，which instead focus on architectural and technological developments.

‘Technology is going to assist but it is not going to do everything,’explains Katy Janda, a UKERC senior researcher，‘consumption patterns of building users can defeat ____6_____(careful)design. ’In other words，old habits die hard, even in the best-designed eco-home.

Another part of the problem is information. Households and bill-payers don’t have the knowledge they need to change their energy-use habits. ____7___specific information，it’s hard to estimate the costs and benefits of making different choices. Feedback facilities, like smart meters and energy monitors，could help bridge this information gap by helping people see how ___8___(change)their behavior directly affects their energy use; some studies have shown that households can achieve up to 15 percent energy savings using smart meters.

Social science research has added a further dimension，__9____(suggest) that individuals’behavior in the home can be personal and cannot be predicted 一____10____people throw open their windows rather than turn down the thermostat (恒温器) , for example. Janda argues that education is the key. She calls for a focused programme to teach people about buildings and their own behavior in them.

Which though/athough have to are ignored/have been ignored to improve the most careful without changing suggesting whether

(2)

Most damagingly, anger weakens a person's ability to think clearly and keep control over his behavior. The angry person loses objectivity in evaluating the emotional significance of the person or situation ___1___arouses his anger.

Not everyone experiences anger in the same way; ___2__ angers one person may amuse another. The specific expression of anger also differs from person to person based on biological and cultural forces. In contemporary culture, physical expressions of anger are generally considered too socially harmful ____3____ (tolerate). We no longer regard duels(决斗) as an appropriate expression of anger ____4___(result) from one person's awareness of insulting behavior on the part of another.

Anger can be identified in the brain, ___5___ the electrical activity changes. Under most conditions EEG (脑电图) measures of electrical activity show balanced activity between the right and left prefrontal (额叶前部) areas. Behaviorally this corresponds to the general even-handed disposition （意向）___6___ most of us possess most of the time. But when we are angry the EEG of the right and left prefrontal areas aren't balanced and. as a result of this, we're likely to react. And our behavioral response to anger is different from our response to other emotions, whether positive or negative.

Most positive emotions are associated with approach behavior: we move closer to people we like. Most negative emotions, in contrast, are associated with avoidance behavior: we move away from people and things that we dislike or that make us anxious. But anger is an exception __7__ this pattern. The angrier we are, the more likely we are ____8___ (move)

towards the object of our anger. This corresponds to what psychologists refer to ___9___offensive anger: the angry person moves closer in order to influence and control the person or situation causing his anger. This approach-and-confront behavior is accompanied by a leftward prefrontal asymmetry (不对称) of EEG activity. Interestingly, this asymmetry lessens if the angry person ___10____ experience empathy (同感) towards the individual who is bringing forth the angry response. In defensive anger, in contrast, the EEG asymmetry is directed to the right and the angry person feels helpless in the face of the anger-inspiring situation.

That, what, to be tolerated, resulting, where, that/which, to, to move, as, can

【翻译】

1.这家慈善机构向买不起食物的人提供免费食物（this charity）

This charity provides free food for people who can’t afford to buy it.

2.只有受过特殊训练的人，才能胜任这份工作。（special training）

Only those who have received the special training qualify for this task/ are adequate to this task / are fit for this task.

3.这企业使用的方法与十年前它应对经济危机时所使用的方法相似。（similar）

The approach used by the business is similar to the one it used when dealing with the economic crisis ten years ago.

4.因为缺少实践，他没有通过驾驶考试。(The reason why)

The reason why he didn’t pass the driving test was that he lacked practice.

5.智力在很大程度上是与生俱来的东西. (extent)

To a large extent, intelligence is something that people are born with.

6.中国的经济每年增长百分之八左右，这使世界上许多正遭受经济危机的国家非常震惊。(which)

The economy of China increases / is increasing by about 8 / eight % / percent every year, which shocks many countries that are suffering from economic crisis in the world.

7.“中国好声音”迷倒了许多年轻人，它也是2012年在中国最受观众喜爱的娱乐节目之一。( fascinate）

The Voice of China fascinated a large number of young people, which is also one of the audience's favorite entertainment programmes in China in 2012.

8.在各种新的网络语层出不穷的时代，如果你不知道这些网络语就会落伍。(emerge)

In the age when a variety of new Internet languages keep emerging, you will fall behind if you don’t know them.

9.他及时给了我们帮助，没有他的帮助我们是不可能成功的。(timely)

He offered us help in time, without which we could not have succeeded.

10.当你每天服这种药时，是否考虑过它可能引起的副作用? ( side effect)

Have you thought of the side effect that this medicine may cause when you take it every day?

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