The Comparison of Family Education between China and Western Countries
The Comparison of Family Education between China and Western Countries
The Comparison of Family Education between China and Western Count ries
[Abstract] In the last few years, with the development of diathetic educat ion has stricken root into the hearts of the people, the family education ha s been a hot spot of society, in which tens of thousands of families' vital benefits and urgent need lie. Because, good family education is closely rel ated to children's quality and behaviour, and related to the future of our c ountry. At present, the situation of family education is good, large number of parents and schools have created successful experience, even many pa rents study the family education knowledge initiatively, the educational ide a has undergone the profound change. Nevertheless, the family education i s still a weak link, particularly, As the Western educational thought is pene trating through the East and facing the traditional and modern thought ab out family education, the Chinese parents are torn between the two choice s. Therefore, developing family education is either an opportunity, or a cha llenge. Moreover, Chinese and the Western family education each has its o wn good points, but in different aspects, the educational methods are diffe rent, so we need to understand the differences between Chinese and West ern family education, make up for one's deficiency by learning from others ' strong points, and push forward the family educational modernization inst antaneously, in that case, China will have the inestimable prospects.
[ key words] family education china and the west tradition differenc
e comparison
中西家庭教育的比较-提纲
中西家庭教育的比较(中文翻译版)
[ 摘要] 近几年来，随着素质教育的深入人心，家庭教育已经成为当今社会关注的一个热点，是千万家庭的切身利益和迫切需求所在。因为，良好的家庭教育直接关系到了孩子的素质和品行，更关系到祖国的未来。就中国目前来看，家庭教育的发展态势良好，一大批家长、学校创造了成功的经验，更有许多学生家长主动学习家庭教育知识，教育观念发生了深刻变化。但是尽管如此，家庭教育仍是一个薄弱环节，尤其是随着西方教育思想的传入，中国家长面对传统与现代家教思想，表现出无所适从的无奈。因此，对于开展家庭教育，既是机遇，又是挑战。而且，中西家庭教育各有千秋，在不同方面，教育方法也不同，所以我
们就需要深刻了解中西家庭教育的差异，取长补短，并且不失时机地推进家庭教育现代化，这样中国的未来才具有不可估量的发展前景。
[ 关键词] 家庭教育，中西，传统，差异，比较
From ancient times to modern times, family education has been playin g an important role in the national educational cause. A great man-Xiaopin g Deng said, “The basis of a country's modernization lies in talents, the ba sis of talents lies in education, and the basis of education lies in family. C hina is a country with emphasis on the home education. The outstanding h ome education in the deep education culture.” The family education, the sc hool education and the social education are the three big props of educati on. They are indispensable. Nowadays, increasing attention has been paid to family education by the modern society, and it gets a hot spot of societ y, which is closely related to tens of thousands of families' vital benefits a nd urgent need.
At present, family education maintains a good momentum of growth in China. It gets more and more important to Chinese
families. Throughout the ages, many men of insight work delightly in the f ield of home education, and accumulate quite substantial achievements. An d China is an oriental country with a long history, its deep educational cult ure includes the elements of excellent family education. As we all know, C hina’s ancient educatinal thought want through the ancient family educatio nal field.[ “Family Instruction of Yan” ,Zhitui Yan, Southern and Northern Dynasties] For example: moral instructions first; the respect for old; the care for the young; the cultivation of moral character; example setting; th e determination of being strong; learned profound knowledge, careful consi deration; and so on. These outstanding thoughts are go back to ancient ti mes.
Nevertheless, there are still a lot of problems emerging out in that famil y education, which is still weak. The education expert concerned, who mad e the long-term pursuit of investigations, thought that 2/3 family educatio n is improper. All the analysis justifies the conclusion : the first, malignant events erupt unceasingly. It not only indicates the importance of family e ducation, but indicates the importance and necessity of carrying on scientif ic family education; the second, in current home education, there is still er
roneous zone. It may be summarized as “three excess” and “one excessiv e height”: that is , quite some parents are excessively conc erned with the children, excessively reatrain and nosed into the children's affairs, excessiv ely chatter and criticize the children, and something excessive is expected of the childern. These problems are in need of immediate solution The thir d, under the market economy condition, there is the multiple concept of v alue, the only child community grows as well as the divorce families increa se and so on, all this brings about many unprecedented new situations an d new problems; The fourth, rural population account for 80%, the countr yside housing disperses, the condition is bad, guardian's cultural quality is somewhat low, the countryside's family education has become the key and difficult point n developing family education .
And at the same time, with the development of educational cause, Wester n educational thoughts penetrate slowly through the East. When facing the traditional and modern thoughts, chinese parents are at a loss as to what to choose. Therefore, directing at some bad phenomena, we regard it as necessary to make a comparison between chinese family education and we stern family education.
But, before the comparison,we need to know about the social backgroun d of China and Western Countries. As we all know, China is a socialist cou ntry and most Western countries belong to capitalist countries. And, they have different history and cultures. China advocates Confucianism and the western countries advocate the revival of literature and art. But the most i mportant point is that their attitude towards the position of family instituti on's position is also different. In china's traditional family, parents' authorit ative consciousness plays a leading role while western civilizations mainly emphasize struggle, equality, democracy and human rightslei=12&id=560e wsid=356Of course, home education is a kind of humanity'seducational pra ctice. China and the Western family education have many things in commo n. Generally speaking, it can be summed up as follows
1st, emphasis
is laid on family education.
No matter which country you come from, what nationality you belong to all think the family is a person's first school, and the parent is the first te acher. Either China or Western countries, either the ancient times or the modern times, family education is always in the most fundamental positio n.
2nd, family education should be started since childhood, perform the dut y promptly.
Family instruction of Yan said that,“ The parents should do the missionar y work, when the infant is young. Judging from his facial expression, we k now whether he is angry or happy, then give instructions.”[ “Family Instru ction of Yan” ,Zhitui Yan, Southern and Northern Dynasties] Because “it’s easy to concentrate a child’s attention. After he grows up, his attention i s easily dispersed, so a child must be caught early.” Dewey also thought t he family education should be executed early.
3rd, parents' unsuilable role division in education brings about some bad results.
Either in China or in the West mother is almost described in many cultur es as the main fosterer, and then father plays only a part. The father is t he main undertaker who teaches the child to know the rationality educatio n. Mother is responsible for child's food and drink in daily life, the material guarantee, the emotional satisfaction and so on, is also the main underta ker of child’s emotional cultivation. Its result is that the child holds his fat her in awe and veneration and causes the poor relation between child and father, and thus affects child's perfect development.
4th, pay attention to the training the children’s longing for knowledge, v alue reading.
The Chinese parents of ancient times, fully realized this truth, they guide d the childern in reading the Four Books and the Five Classics when they are young, all the various schools of thought, stimulated their desire for s eeking knowledge. The western parents also focus on family reading. The childern must listen to section of stories before sleeping, and this is a fine tradition of Western family education.
5th, attach importance to teaching by personal example as well as verbal instruction.
The parents are child's models, usually a simple movement is more effec tive than the inculcation of ten thousand instructions.
However, the traditional family education in China, on account of the res pective differences in more aspects is different from that in the West . The y have their own characteristics between regions and cultures.[/Article_Prin
t.asp?ArticleID=200
To begin with, the tendency of education is different.
The Chinese parents lay emphasis on social enlightenment, ignore the gr owth of children. The Chinese parents take the social compatible enlighten ment seriously, but often neglect the development of children's characterist ics, they often train the children under established forms , and lay down t he broad road for their growth.
The western parents provide the children a environment for growth resist ant to them, and foster their tenacious individuality and the good conduct, and they choose their idea and way of cultivation according to the chang e of society and the characteristic of children physical and mental.
Secondly, the value of family education is different.
The function of China’s family education is forced by the China’s tradition al culture. The Chinese
traditional Confucian culture emphasize “the cultivation of one’s moral char acter, the running of one’s family, the administration of a state, the peace and security of the world”. In this directional thought, the family educatio n is bestowed on the direct social significance. In addition, the Chinese tra ditional culture also regards the family education and children's individual growth as the direct correlative causes and effects. The Chinese parents ca re about the reputation in educating the child, thinking educating the child to become a useful person is their achievement, but if not, the parents fe el shameful. The education's goal is for earning their living, for honor.
The western family education is different from china in the educational g oal. Education is not the preparation for earning their living, but for surviv al. “The learned education” they emphasize has the value of molding one’s mind, one kind of value which has nothing to do with the utility or the oc cupation consideration.
Perhaps many Chinese parents deny this point, and think that I am talking nonsense and do not respect the elder. But the fact is actually so. As is known, the parents usually discuss their own child, and compare other chil d with their own child. Especially, the child's study is considered as the ob ject of comparison. I have a neighbor, whose child just goes to the eleme ntary school. But the child has carried his big bag to make up his lesson e very day and everywhere. Because, my neighbor had chats with his friend one day, and his friend told him, his child, who had not gone to school, c ould know 300 Chinese Characters, but also could read the ancient poetry, and let the child perform on the scene. Told of this, my friend was stimul ated. Due to his child is same age with that child, he was much more anx ious, and brought a book to test the child’s intelligence according to the w ay in this book. Besides these, if other’s child won the first prize, he woul
d hav
e the nightmare in the evening, because his child always came at th
e 20th o
f the list in the elementary school.
When the child goes to college, the parents’ comparison is more intense. “Which university does your child attend?” If the child studies in Qinghua, Beijing University, or other famous universities, the parents will take a pri de in their child; if the child has not been matriculated in a famous univer sity, the parents will feel sad and ashamed of facing relatives. Above all, we can know Chinese parents put their faces in the first place. And in the western countries, these things never happen. An American friend, who is only graduated from a specialized middle school, works in a small store. I n my opinion, he is almost below the life’s “the safety line”, and has little to be proud of. But his parents appreciate actually him much more. Why? Because he takes part in the piano performance in the community frequen tly, and obtains the reward many times. The main
All this shows that the comparison of the Chinese family is often again st udies, the aspect is unitary, and the comparison of the Western family oft en pays great attention to the comprehensive quality. The Chinese family l ikes to compare their own child's merits with other child's shortcomings, in which the parents may seek self-consolation. The western family often int rospect their own child's merits and success, is not accustomed to seeking to do others down. To summarize, China's family often
wants to highlight own image, disparages others unintentionally in the com parison; the western family often pays great attention to his own self-resp ect, self-possession, own happy.
In fact, Western family does not make the comparison painstakingly, but the Chinese family’s comparison has brought about a serious problem: Co mpeting
Thirdly, the view of who is the main body of the family and the reciproc ity of education are different.
The Chinese traditional family culture is following the dominant pattern, displays the family’s internal authority consciousness. It emphasis obedienc e and respects, takes the external control serious. The chief educator is pa rents in china’s traditional culture. The Chinese parents' guardian-conscious ness is extremely intense. They regard the child as their own private prop erty, regard him as their accessory. Therefore, the parents think highly of shaping the child unlaterally, affects the child's individuality construction. T hey pay attention to their own image, has neglected the child and adult's i nteraction, its process and comprenensiveness, so it causes the child to be in the passive position, disregard of the child's individual existence.
Whereas, the western civilization takes the child as the main body, emph asizes individual struggle, emphasizes equality, democracy and respects th e individual right. The western parents think of the child as an equal mem ber in the family, respect the child's personality and dignity, can let the ch ild think independently and choose freely. They respect the child's right, d o not do the compulsory education. They respect the child's self-respect, a dvocate child's instinct development, and the natural development. Parents' responsibility only lies in discovering and guiding the child's interests and potential ties, creating the advantageous environment for the child, paying attention the communication with the child, and the educational reciprocit y. In the western home education, the parents are not child's dominations, but his friends.
Fourthly, the focal point of education is different.
What the China’s traditional cult ure grasps is life and morals, so the Chin ese value life and the human relations extremely. Therefore, the Chinese p
arents have regarded the morals as the highest value orientation in the ed ucation. Especially, in the Chinese mind, “the good child” is a ch ild who is obedient and sensible at first, aims at the community, liked at first sight. In that case, the guardian trains the child to practice the moral culture, cu ltivates mental poise, self-restraining, emphasizes reservation, and the idea of social ran k. The main connotation of Chinese family education is “the mercy, righteousness, the ritual, the wisdom, the honesty, loyalty, forgiven ess”, and the Chinese child was taught by historical story, ethics, loyalty, f ilial piety and integrity when he was young. The child was influenced by th e ice-cold moral law and the rules and regulations, and studied 3-characte r classic and Younger brother Cuckoo since childhood.
Yet, what the western culture grasps is knowledge, the family mainly arou ses the child’s the cu riosity about and the imagination of nature. As we all know knowledge creation comes from curiosity. So parents by making chil dren interested in the nature and fairy stories, let the children have a bro ader imagination space, so as to help the knowledge
creation. In addition, they regard the psychological development as the hig hest direction, so the cultivation of child's interest and the creativity is the main point of Western family education.
Fifthly, the difference in proportion between family and the individual.
The China’s traditional culture takes the family as the focus, pays great attention to individual responsibility and duty. This is performed in the val ue orientation: (1) family education function is strengthened. In the Chines e tradition of society, family shoulders many kinds of social functions. It h as the bright characteristics of building the country and family with concert ed efforts. But the children education is a part of family life's extension, s o the home education's vital role al so lies in achieving the goal“the family education is lasting”. It is a tool with which the positions of family and so cial politics are maintained and developed family culture is presented and carried forward. (2) Education takes family benefit as the main value orien tation. “Bring honor to ancestors”, “the illustrious family status” are schola r's goal to pursue . The personal interest and the family benefit are mergi ng into one organic whole. It is closely related to “the view of immotality”of Chinese traditional culture.
The western culture takes individual as a focus paying great attention to individual freedom and right. And in education, the westerners’ place the e ducated in prominent status, with the emphasis of the cultivation of individ uality. The Individuals standard and family transforms are closely correlativ e. This educational tradition was established, which experienced “Renaissan ce movements” from the 14th to the 16th centuries, “Franch bourgeois ide ology Enlightenment” in the 18th century as well as the “ideological trend s” and so on at the beginning of 20th century. Then, Rousseau initiated th e natural and free education. Dewey proposed that education is growth, e ducation is life, individual is the main body who grasps his own experience construction. But the individual standard is not equal to individualism, doe s not equate itself to taking the child as the center. The family needs the individual of rich individuality, who can tame himself, control himself, surp ass himself, a modern man with perfect moral quality, healthy individuality . Instead of a selfish and dependent utilitarian.
Sixthly, the cultivation of independent consciousness is different.
The Chinese guardians think the value of education is studying for enteri ng a higher school, they only ask the child to study attentively, without bo thering about other things. So the childern’s consciousness of all-round de velopment is faint. So the child has no opportunity to develop and enhanc e his qualities in many aspect. The Chinese parents place their hopes on t he child, the sense of responsibility for education is overloaded. The unsuit able extending of guardian role, the replacements of the child to arrange e verything in daily life, to stipulate the study content. and to settle the dev elopment direction. Therefore, the child becomes all dependent individual, l acks independent character. It causes the child to be able to do nothing b ut knowledge study. The meticulous concern, helps to form the habit of rel ying on others. So when facing the storm, he is unable to do anything. Be ing unableto get the help, he will blame everyone and everything but hims elf.
The western parents pay great attention to raising children's independent consciousness since childhood. In the Western family, you may see the c hild addresses his visit relatives and friend by name, bolds expresses his o wn opinion, participates in family discussion as adults do. He solves some
problems all by himself. The parents do not reprove the child casually. The y leave the child an opportunity of undergoing a process of tempering. All this enables the child to dare to rush, dare to do, dare to take a risk, dar e to display himself. Let the child learn how to make a living since childho od, have the strong physique,the quality of bearing hardships and standing hard work, and good psychological quality, thus moves towards life with p erfect composure. Such independent individuality causes the child to pay g reat attention to individual ability and the struggle when he moves toward s the society.
Seventhly, the difference in emotional education and corporal punishment.
Why family education is different from school education? An important ch aracteristic is that family education is love education. However, maybe the Chinese traditiona l culture emphasizes “reserve”, the Chinese family is not good at expressing love, and the emotional education is very weak. The c ommunication between Chinese parents and the child is characteristic of C hina. And in the Chinese family , such characters as “no”, “cannot”, “won’t do”, “do not ”appear repeatedly, the Chinese collective education is accus tomed to saying to the child “should” besides using the negative term to i nstruct the child's behavior. This is the manifeslation of guardian authoritat ive colouring. Such raw and cold order phrases cause the emotional educat ion to be blocked. But “one can not become a useful person without being beaten”, “the club helps the child to be loyal son” bring about the difficult y in strengthening the emotional educaton.
According to the investigation, in the Western family, parents show the t heir appreciation to the children by using the encouraging language. The w estern parents pay great attention to individual quality and the emotional communication. The family lays emphasis on the construction and the culti vation of emotion. They can vacate their time to talk with the child, listen attentively to the child's aspirations, and emphasize heart to heart commu nication. In Western countries, the corporal punishment also offends the la w. Moreover, the Western parents are very happy praising their own child in front of others, they think that this may raise child's self-confidence. Bu t the Chinese modest attitude causes the guardian not to be glad to do thi s, because they think that it can cause the child to be arrogant, they like nitpicking and strengthening child's weakness.
Eighthly, education method is different.
The Chinese traditional education method is a type of education in, which people repeat what the book says and imbue the child with it. It emphasi zes mechanical memorizing. That is to say, the child receives the study. T here is an ancient proverb. If the book is read hundreds of times, its mea ning is shown naturally”. Zhu Xi also said “read frequently then read again, if you can’t recite, until you can”. Therefore, the Chinese guardians most like seeing the child sit in
front of the desk, either reciting with his head wagging, or bending over t he desk doing exercises. The eyes do not leave the books; the hands do n ot leave the books. “Dig into books of saints oblivious of what is happenin g outside”. Load the stomach with ancient's knowledge and sage's experie nce without knowing whether they can be digested or not.
The west emphasizes the child’s “power of understanding”. They like letti ng the child practise by himself, going to the nature, seeking the knowled ge from life. Their study resides in many kinds of forms. The western fami ly has the special cooking class, the hardwork class and the playroom. The y do not think that play and study are conflicting with each other, and enc ourage the child to study outside, pay great attention to the child’s ability to ponder. The parents usually lead the child in seeking the nature’s myst ery, help them know about the s ociety. They carry out Dewey’s “education is life”, “school is society”. They encourage the child to go to the library, the museum to read the books he is interested in, and participate in the s ocial practice.
In addition, the western family education differs from china's in many as pects. From instance, Some time ago, there was a program from“Shi hua Shi shuo” of CCTV about family education. A South Korean youth, named Shen **, and his mother were invited to the scene of the program, talking about his life in America. During the talk, we know, his parents sent him to an American military academy to study. There were many “the question students” in that school. Mr. Shen said that when he just arrived there, h e was looked down upon and beaten frequently with no reasons by strang ers. Therefore, he and his schoolmates fought with each other frequently,
the fiercest of all was that his bridge of the nose was broken 13 Times. T he Chinese audience present all felt astonished, some one asked his moth er, “Why did you send the child to such a school to study?” His mother sa id, the child had to be tempered.
Of course, when the child is growing, fight is inevitable. The Chinese an d the foreign families’ attitude towards it is entirely different. If the child fi ght, Chinese parents will stop it at once, because the Chinese family and t he Chinese education think that “a good child will not fight”. If the parents see that their own child is beaten, or injured. At the scene of fighting, th e child's parents will take pa rt in the “war” involuntary. Because, the pare nts educate the child “the tolerance has the limitation”, “fight with others, if he fails in fighting he will lose the dignity, it is a kind of incompetent pe rformance, showing he won't have a foothold in the s ociety in the future?”Afterwards, the parents, whose child was beaten, often go to the school t o have it out and ask the teacher to punish the child who beats their child. However, the parents, whose child beats others or you can say, wins oth ers, are often pleased and praise the child secretly at home, because his c hild had not suffered a loss, some parents instigated the child to the actio n openly like this. Most of Chinese parents fear their own child will suffer l osses, and also fear hurting others. Ho wever some parents like Mr. Shen’s parents, they knew obviously that the school is “a fiery pit”, and still sent the child there, letting the child get beaten. It is simply
inconceivable.[ “Mother's Management Art”,Sunqing, Chongqing Publishing House, May 1st,2005, P32]
When American parents see the child fight, they will stand by. My youn ger uncle works in US. His child once came under attack, he said to the c hild: “Came under attack? Hit him!” Once my younger uncle returned to vi sit the family, and mentioned the matter about the child's fights, he said: “You should educate the child like this: “Who hits you, you will hit him.” “Can you instigate the child to mass fighting? Absolutely, that won’t do!” I expressed the intense opposition.
When the child is fighting, the Western teacher will also stand by, obser ving carefully and they do not stop usually unless there is the danger. Aft erwards, they will talk with students, and analyse the gains and losses of f
ighting. If the student fight, so long as he reports to the teacher afterwar ds, this is OK, if not, even if he comes under attack, and is reasonable, h e will also receive teacher's criticism and the penalty.
About fight, Chinese parents and teachers are act as “ pacificator”, “jud ge”, American parents and the teachers are act as “teacher”. The thought of dealing with fightst in Chinese families, is based on the Confucianist ide a of “frendly and farmonious relations are valued ”; That the American gu ardians may stand by, or “instigate” the child “to fight back”, is based on the ideal of maintaining the personal interest prominently, achieving and s afeguarding individual rights and interests from any injuries ; China's famil y thinks it's all right if one stops to compromise, so beg as there's peace. The American thinks only individual rights and interests are protected and respected, then there will be the harmony in society and equality of each person.[ “the Difficult Problem of Child's Education,”XiaoFeng, People's Mil itary Doctor Publishing House, June 25th,2004]
Next, education in managing money matters is different.
The Chinese gentleman does not care about fame and fortune. fixed the thinking type of being loyal to others causes the Chinese parents simply to not have the idea of financial transaction. In China, earning money to su pport one's family and managing the wealth are adult's matter. When havi ng no money they can ask the parents for some. Even if after getting mar ried, they can also do this. The Chinese parents always render economic a ssistance gratis to the children, and try every means to satisfy the childre n with the money, and indulge the child's excessive consuming desire.
In the West, especially in US, the education of financial transaction is on e of the family educational branches. Therefore, the Western parents extre mely focus this. They do not supply the money for the child regularly, but issue the child a fixed fund regularly. And they help the child to set up t he correct consciousness of managing finances, foster a good habit of man aging money matters, besides these, they also pay great attention to raisi ng basic quality of managing money matters. The western parents teach t he child to make plans for budget items, learn to spend money reasonably; They encourage the child to work outside to gain income by themselves; They educate the child to store up the wealth, not to spend money freely; They help the child learn to donate, help other people;
They educate the child to be honest, have the self-respect facing money;
They tell the child saving money is a virtue; And they teach the child to hold the opportunity of managing money matters and make the corr ect decision, and be ready to serve others.
Lastly, religious thought and scientific education
Although the Chinese culture begins with religion, we emphasize the scie ntific nature in education. The People's Republic of China’s compulsory Edu cational law stipulates explicitly that, education and religion must be separ ated.
The western religious tradition still retains the formidable influence even i n modern times. It permeats through each aspect of educational activities. It not only has the strong religious coloring, but also it entrusts Western education with the internal spiritual value. Because of this, the western mi ssionary schools have had a great vogue. The parents also focus this spirit ual belief religious very much in the home education. For example, they m ust thank God before eating, when doing anything, they must judge from the God's standard, and every weekend, all members of the family must g o to the church to make the Mass, so as to, maintain the pure land of mi nd forever. Therefore, this intense religious idea often causes some educati onalists to think religion education may be in harmony with each other.
From what has been discussed above, we may see that either the Chinese tradition of family education or that of the Western family education tradi tion has its own strong points, they all take root in respective traditional c ultural soil. At present, the undesirable phenomenon we meet in the family education lies mainly in the incorrect teaching method.[ http://bbs.dieche https://www.sodocs.net/doc/481948336.html,/dispbbs.asp?boardid=22&ID=1326]
Therefore, in my opinion, on the one hand, we need inherit and develop the fine educational tradition of ancient China, on the other hand, we need derive the essence from Western family education, and promote the refor m family education characteristic of China. So Chinese family education sh ould be adjusted reasonably, it mainly include the following 4 aspects:
(1) First of all, family educational idea should be modernized, we sh
ould reject obsolete educational idea, keep pace with the times. The m odern home education content and method in modern family education need science, and educational method needs modernization. Establish modern family educational mechanism, make family educational manag ement standardized. Establish family educational service system, lay do wn the institution for ensuring the implement of measures.
(2) Establish guardian's concept of law in education, and solve the proble m of the parent's doing educational work in accordance with the law; Enha nce family educational consciousness of democracy, respect child, equal co mmunication, change the set of bad style of educating the child in an over simplified and crude way or in concisemeasure or even in corporal punish ment;
(3) Set up the new family educational idea, take “teach the child to live straight” a s the most important of family education; Make use of the adv antage of love education, develop personalization education, develop child’s individuality, and raise different kinds of useful talent for the country;Ado pt the scientific method of encouragement, guidance, and tolerance, develo p the patient education, enhance the child’s self
-respect, the self-confidence and the desire to do better unceasingly;
(4)Follow closely development of the knowledge economy and the infor mation age, further open up the family educational mentality, enhance ope ning consciousness, enhance the family educational compatibility; Solve the education tendency - “regard wisdom and belittle morality”, promote orga nic synthesis between intelligence factors and the non-intelligence factors, and educate the child to learn to study and seek knowledge; Inherit Chine se outstanding family educational tradition. Meanwhile the child must also face the world, absorb and introduce the quintessence foreign ideology and culture, and carry out the communication between Eastern and Western f amily education.[ https://www.sodocs.net/doc/481948336.html,/home/post_read.asp?lei=12&id=560 2&Newsid=3566
]
【Conclusion 】All in all, there are many differences between China and Western family education and each has its strong points and weak
points. We should reject the dross and absorb the cream of them, ad vance the family educational modernization instantaneously.
2018届高考文言文翻译之典型例题：2016年高考真题
2018届高考文言文翻译之典型例题：2016年高考真题 2018届高考文言文翻译之典型例题：2016年高考真题 2018届高考文言文翻译之典型例题：2016年高考真题 一、（2016年高考新课标I卷）阅读下面的文言文，完成4～7题。 曾公亮，字明仲，泉州晋江人。举进士甲科，知会稽县。民田镜湖旁，每患湖溢。公亮立斗门，泄水入曹娥江，民受其利。以端明殿学士知郑州，为政有能声盗悉窜他境至夜户不闭尝有使客亡橐中物移书诘盗公亮报吾境不藏盗殆从之者度耳索之果然 公亮明练文法，更践久，习知朝廷台阁典宪，首相韩琦每咨访焉。仁宗末年，琦请建储，与公亮等共定大议。密州民田产银，或盗取之，大理当以强。公亮日：此禁物也，取之虽强，与盗物民家有间矣。固争之，遂下有司议，比劫禁物法，盗得不死。契丹纵人渔界河，又数通盐舟，吏不敢禁，皆谓：与之校，且生事。公亮言：萌芽不禁，后将奈何？雄州赵滋勇而有谋，可任也。使谕以指意，边害讫息。英宗即位，加中书侍郎兼礼部尚书，寻加户部尚书。帝不豫，辽使至不能见，命公亮宴于馆，使者不肯赴。公亮质之曰：锡宴不赴，是不虔君命也。人主有疾，而必使亲临，处之安乎？使者即就席。熙宁三年，拜司空兼侍中、河阳三城节度使。明年，起判永兴军。居一岁，还京师。旋以太傅致仕。元丰元年卒，年八十。帝临哭，辍朝三日。公亮方厚庄重，沉深周密，平居谨绳墨，蹈规矩；然性吝啬，殖货至巨万。初荐王安石，及同辅政，知上方向之，阴为子孙计，凡更张庶事，一切听顺，而外若不与之者。常遣子孝宽参其谋，至上前略无所异，于是帝益信任安石。安石德其助己，故引擢孝宽至枢密以报之。苏轼尝从容责公亮不能救正，世讥其持禄固宠云。 （节选自《宋史曾公亮传》） 7.把文中画横线的句子翻译成现代汉语。 （1）锡宴不赴，是不虔君命也。人主有疾，而必使亲临，处之安乎? 译文：________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ （2）苏轼尝从容责公亮不能救正，世讥其持禄固宠云。 译文：________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 二、（2016年高考新课标卷）阅读下面的文言文，完成4～7题。 陈登云，字从龙，唐山人。万历五年进士。除鄢陵知县，征授御史。出按辽东，疏陈安攘十策，又请速首功之赏。改巡山西。还朝，会廷臣方争建储。登云谓议不早决，由贵妃家阴沮之。十六年六月遂因灾异抗疏，劾妃父郑承宪，言：承宪怀祸藏奸窥觊储贰且广结术士之流曩陛下重惩科场冒籍承宪妻每扬言事由己发用以恐喝勋贵簧鼓朝绅 不但惠安遭其虐焰，即中宫与太后家亦谨避其锋矣。陛下享国久长，自由敬德所致，而承宪每对人言，以为不立东宫之效。干挠盛典，蓄隐邪谋，他日何所不至？疏入，贵妃、承宪皆怒，同列亦为登云危，帝竟留中不下。久之，疏论吏部尚书陆光祖，又论贬四川提学副使冯时可，论罢应天巡抚李涞、顺天巡抚王致祥，又论礼部侍郎韩世能、尚书罗万化、南京太仆卿徐用检。朝右皆惮之。时方考选科道，登云因疏言：近岁言官，壬午以前怵于威，则摧刚为柔；壬午以后昵于情，则化直为佞。其间岂无刚直之人，而弗胜龃龉，多不能安其身。二十年来，以刚直擢京卿者百止一二耳。背公植党，逐嗜乞怜，如所谓‘七豺’‘八狗’者，言路顾居其半。夫台谏为天下持是非，而使人贱辱至此，安望其抗颜直绳，为国家锄大奸、歼巨蠹哉！与其误用而斥之，不若慎于始进。因条数事以献。出按河南。岁大饥，人相食。
英美文学专业开题报告
英美文学专业开题报告 引导语：各民族的文学中都有许多惊险、恐怖的故事,但似乎没有哪一种文学像英美文学那样不仅创作出数量众多、质量优秀的恐怖文学作品,而且还形成了一个持续发展、影响广泛的哥特传统。以下 是的为大家找到的英美文学专业开题报告。希望能够帮助到大家! 论文题目theApplicationandInnovation 一、选题的意义和研究现状 1.选题的目的、理论意义和现实意义长时期以来,人们视艾米莉?勃朗特为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。关于她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜,许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究,得出了不同的结论,因而往往是旧谜刚解,新谜又出,解谜热潮似永无休止。 本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉,指出艾米莉?勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统,同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力,将现实 与超现实融为一体,给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜 活力,达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一,使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”,又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”,从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。 2.与选题相关的国内外研究和发展概况 各民族的文学中都有许多惊险、恐怖的故事,但似乎没有哪一种文学像英美文学那样不仅创作出数量众多、质量优秀的恐怖文学作品,而且还形成了一个持续发展、影响广泛的哥特传统
(Gothictradition)。哥特文学现在已经成为英美文学研究中的一个重要领域。对哥特文学的认真研究开始于20世纪二三十年代,到70年代以后,由于新的学术思潮和文学批评观念的影响,该研究出现了前所未有而且日趋高涨的热潮。 根据在国际互联网上的搜索,到2000年9月为止,英美等国的学者除发表了大量关于哥特文学的论文外,还至少出版专著达184部,其中1970年以后为126部,仅90年代就达59部,几乎占总数的三分之一。当然,近年来哥特文学研究的状况不仅在于研究成果迅速增加,更重要的是它在深度和广度方面都大为拓展,并且把哥特传统同英美乃至欧洲的历史、社会、文化和文学的总体发展结合起来。 二、研究方案 1.研究的基本内容及预期的结果(大纲)研究的基本内容:本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉,指出艾米莉?勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统,同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力,将现实与超现实融为一体,给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力,达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一,使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”,又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”,从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。 预期的结果(大纲): 1.ASurveyofGothic1.1DefinitionofGothic 1.2theOriginofGothicNovels
初中语文古文赏析曹操《短歌行》赏析(林庚)
教育资料 《短歌行》 《短歌行》赏析(林庚) 曹操这一首《短歌行》是建安时代杰出的名作，它代表着人生的两面，一方面是人生的忧患，一方面是人生的欢乐。而所谓两面也就是人生的全面。整个的人生中自然含有一个生活的态度，这就具体地表现在成为《楚辞》与《诗经》传统的产儿。它一方面不失为《楚辞》中永恒的追求，一方面不失为一个平实的生活表现，因而也就为建安诗坛铺平了道路。 这首诗从“对酒当歌，人生几何”到“但为君故，沉吟至今”，充分表现着《楚辞》里的哀怨。一方面是人生的无常，一方面是永恒的渴望。而“呦呦鹿鸣”以下四句却是尽情的欢乐。你不晓得何以由哀怨这一端忽然会走到欢乐那一端去，转折得天衣无缝，仿佛本来就该是这么一回事似的。这才是真正的人生的感受。这一段如是，下一段也如是。“明明如月，何时可掇?忧从中来，不可断绝。越陌度阡，枉用相存。契阔谈宴，心念旧恩。月明星稀，乌鹊南飞。绕树三匝，何枝可依。”缠绵的情调，把你又带回更深的哀怨中去。但“山不厌高，海不厌深”，终于走入“周公吐哺，天下归心”的结论。上下两段是一个章法，但是你并不觉得重复，你只觉得卷在悲哀与欢乐的旋涡中，不知道什么时候悲哀没有了，变成欢乐，也不知道什么时候欢乐没有了，又变成悲哀，这岂不是一个整个的人生吗?把整个的人生表现在一个刹那的感觉上，又都归于一个最实在的生活上。“我有嘉宾，鼓瑟吹笙”，不正是当时的情景吗?“周公吐哺，天下归心”，不正是当时的信心吗? “青青子衿”到“鼓瑟吹笙”两段连贯之妙，古今无二。《诗经》中现成的句法一变而有了《楚辞》的精神，全在“沉吟至今”的点窜，那是“青青子衿”的更深的解释，《诗经》与《楚辞》因此才有了更深的默契，从《楚辞》又回到《诗经》，这样与《鹿鸣》之诗乃打成一片，这是一个完满的行程，也便是人生旅程的意义。“月明星稀”何以会变成“山不厌高，海不厌深”?几乎更不可解。莫非由于“明月出天山”，“海上生明月”吗?古辞说：“枯桑知天风，海水知天寒”，枯桑何以知天风，因为它高；海水何以知天寒，因为它深。唐人诗“一叶落知天下秋”，我们对于宇宙万有正应该有一个“知”字。然则既然是山，岂可不高?既然是海，岂可不深呢?“并刀如水，吴盐胜雪”，既是刀，就应该雪亮；既是盐，就应该雪白，那么就不必问山与海了。 山海之情，成为漫漫旅程的归宿，这不但是乌鹊南飞，且成为人生的思慕。山既尽其高，海既尽其深。人在其中乃有一颗赤子的心。孟子主尽性，因此养成他浩然之气。天下所以归心，我们乃不觉得是一个夸张。 .
高中文言文精短翻译练习100道题
高中文言文精短翻译练习100篇 1、范仲淹有志于天下 原文：范仲淹二岁而孤，母贫无靠，再适常山朱氏。既长，知其世家，感泣辞母，去之南都入学舍。昼夜苦学，五年未尝解衣就寝。或夜昏怠，辄以水沃面。往往糜粥不充，日昃始食，遂大通六经之旨，慨然有志于天下。常自诵曰：当先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐。 翻译：范仲淹二岁的时候死了父亲。母亲很穷，没有依靠。就改嫁到了常山的朱家。（范仲淹）长大以后，知道了自己的生世，含着眼泪告别母亲，离开去应天府的南都学舍读书。（他）白天、深夜都认真读书。五年中，竟然没有曾经脱去衣服上床睡觉。有时夜里感到昏昏欲睡，往往把水浇在脸上。（范仲淹）常常是白天苦读，什么也不吃，直到日头偏西才吃一点东西。就这样，他领悟了六经的主旨，后来又立下了造福天下的志向。他常常自己讲道：“当先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐。” 2、陈蕃愿扫除天下 原文：藩年十五，尝闲处一室，而庭宇芜岁。父友同郡薛勤来候之，谓藩曰：“孺子何不洒扫以待宾客？”藩曰：“大丈夫处世，当扫除天下，安事一室乎？”勤知其有清世志，甚奇之。 译文：陈藩十五岁的时候，曾经独自住在一处，庭院以及屋舍十分杂乱。他父亲同城的朋友薛勤来拜访他，对他说：“小伙子你为什么不整理打扫房间来迎接客人？”陈藩说：“大丈夫处理事情，应当以扫除天下的坏事为己任。不能在乎一间屋子的事情。”薛勤认为他有让世道澄清的志向，与众不同。 3、班超投笔从戎 原文：班超字仲升，扶风平陵人，徐令彪之少子也。为人有大志，不修细节。然内孝谨，居家常执勤苦，不耻劳辱。有口辩，而涉猎书传。永平五年。兄固被召诣校书郎，超与母随至洛阳。家贫，常为官佣书以供养。久劳苦，尝辍业投笔叹曰：“大丈夫无它志略，犹当效傅介子、张骞立功异域，以取封侯，安能久事笔研间乎？”左右皆笑之。超曰：“小子安知壮士志哉！” 翻译：班超为人有远大的志向，不计较一些小事情。然而在家中孝顺勤谨，过日子常常辛苦操劳，不以劳动为耻辱。他能言善辩，粗览了许多历史典籍。公元62年(永平五年)，哥哥班固被征召做校书郎，班超和母亲也随同班罟到了洛阳。因为家庭贫穷，班超常为官府抄书挣钱来养家。他长期抄写，劳苦不堪，有一次，他停下的手中的活儿，扔了笔感叹道：“大丈夫如果没有更好的志向谋略，也应像昭帝时期的傅介子、武帝时期的张骞那样，在异地他乡立下大功，以得到封侯，怎么能长期地在笔、砚之间忙忙碌碌呢？”旁边的人都嘲笑他，班超说：“小子怎么能了解壮士的志向呢！” 4、宗悫（què）乘风破浪 原文：宗悫字元干，南阳涅阳人也。叔父炳高尚不仕。悫年少时，炳问其志。悫曰：“愿乘长风破万里浪。”炳曰：“汝若不富贵，必破我门户。”兄泌娶妻，始入门，夜被劫，悫年十四，挺身与拒贼，十余人皆披散，不得入室。时天下无事，士人并以文艺为业，炳素高节，诸子群从皆好学，而悫任气好武，故不为乡曲所称。 翻译：宗悫，字元干，是南阳涅阳人。他的叔父宗炳，学问很好但不肯做官。宗悫小的时候，宗炳问他长大后志向是什么？他回答：“希望驾着大风刮散绵延万里的巨浪。”（宗炳说：“就算你不能大富大贵，也必然会光宗耀祖。”）有一次宗悫的哥哥宗泌结婚，结婚的当晚就遭到强盗打劫。当时宗悫才14岁，却挺身而出与强盗打斗，把十几个强盗打得四下溃散，根本进不了正屋。当时天下太平，有点名望的人都认为习文考取功名是正业。宗炳因为学问高，大家都喜欢跟着他读儒家经典。而宗悫因为任性而且爱好武艺，因此不被同乡称赞。 5、祖逖闻鸡起舞 原文：范阳祖逖，少有大志，与刘琨俱为司州主簿，同寝，中夜闻鸡鸣，蹴琨觉曰：“此非恶声也！”因起舞。及渡江，左丞相睿以为军谘祭酒。逖居京口，纠合骁健，言于睿曰：“晋室之乱，非上无道而下怨叛也，由宗室争权，自相鱼肉，遂使戎狄乘隙，毒流中土。今遗民既遭残贼，人思自奋，大王诚能命将出师，使如逖者统之以复中原，郡国豪杰，必有望风响应者矣！”睿素无北伐之志，以逖为奋威将军、豫州刺史，给千人廪，布三千匹，不给铠仗，使自召募。逖将其部曲百余家渡江，中流，击楫而誓曰：“祖逖不能清中原而复济者，有如大江！”遂屯淮阴，起冶铸兵，募得二千余人而后进。 翻译：当初，范阳人祖逖，年轻时就有大志向，曾与刘琨一起担任司州的主簿，与刘琨同寝，夜半时听到鸡鸣，他踢醒刘琨，说：“这不是令人厌恶的声音。”就起床舞剑。渡江以后，左丞相司马睿让他担任军咨祭酒。祖逖住在京口，聚集起骁勇强健的壮士，对司马睿说：“晋朝的变乱，不是因为君主无道而使臣下怨恨叛乱，而是皇亲宗室之间争夺权力，自相残杀，这样就使戎狄之人钻了空子，祸害遍及中原。现在晋朝的遗民遭到摧残伤害后，大家都想着自强奋发，大王您确实能够派遣将领率兵出师，使像我一样的人统领军队来光复中原，各地的英雄豪杰，一定会有闻风响应的人！”司马睿一直没有北伐的志向，他听了祖逖的话以后，就任命祖逖为奋威将军、豫州刺史，仅仅拨给他千人的口粮，三千匹布，不供给兵器，让祖逖自己想办法募集。祖逖带领自己私家的军队共一百多户人家渡过长江，在江中敲打着船桨说：“祖逖如果不能使中原清明而光复成功，就像大江一样有去无回！”于是到淮阴驻扎，建造熔炉冶炼浇铸兵器，又招募了二千多人然后继续前进。 6、画家赵广不屈 原文：赵广，合肥人。本李伯时家小史，伯时作画，每使侍左右。久之遂善画。尤工画马。几能乱真，建炎中陷贼，贼闻其善画，使图所虏妇人，广毅然辞以实不能画，胁以白刃，不从遂断右手拇指遣去，而广平生适用左手。乱定，惟画观音大士而已。又数年，乃死，今士大夫所藏伯时观音，多广笔也。 翻译：赵广是合肥人，本来是李伯时家里的书童。李伯时作画的时候就侍奉在左右，时间长了就擅长画画了，尤其擅长画马，几乎和李伯时所作的一样。建炎年间，他落在金兵手里。金兵听说他擅长画画，就让他画掳来的妇人。赵广毅然推辞作画，金兵用刀子威胁，没得逞，就将他的右手拇指砍去。而赵广其实是用左手作画的。局势平定以后，赵广只画观音大士。又过了几年，赵广死了，如今有地位的知识分子所藏的李伯时的观音画，大多是赵广的手笔。 7、苏武牧羊北海上
完善版美国文学期末重点
2014 Final Exam Study Guide for American Literature Class Plan of Final Exam 1.Best Choice Question 10% 2.True or False Question 10% 3.Definition 10% 4.Give Brief Answers to Questions 30% 5.Critical Comments 40% American Literature Review Poe’s Poetic Ideas; Major Ideas in Emerson’s “Nature”; Whitman’s Style; Formal Features of Dickinson’s Poetry; Analysis of “Miniver Cheevy” by Edwin Arlington Robinson; Comment on “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” by Robert Frost; Naturalistic reading of Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser; The Theme and Techniques in Eliot’s “The Waste Land”; Theme and Technique in The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald; Comment on Hemingway’s style and theme in A Farewell to Arms; Analysis of “Dry September” by William Faulkner; Literary terms: Transcendentalism American Naturalism The Lost Generation The Jazz Age Free Verse The Iceberg Analogy
高中语文文言文曹操《短歌行(对酒当歌)》原文、翻译、赏析
曹操《短歌行【对酒当歌】》原文、翻译、赏析译文 原文 面对美酒应该高歌，人生短促日月如梭。对酒当歌，人生几何？ 好比晨露转瞬即逝，失去的时日实在太多！譬如朝露，去日苦多。 席上歌声激昂慷慨，忧郁长久填满心窝。慨当以慷，忧思难忘。 靠什么来排解忧闷？唯有狂饮方可解脱。何以解忧？唯有杜康。 那穿着青领（周代学士的服装）的学子哟，你们令我朝夕思慕。青青子衿，悠悠我心。 正是因为你们的缘故，我一直低唱着《子衿》歌。但为君故，沉吟至今。 阳光下鹿群呦呦欢鸣，悠然自得啃食在绿坡。呦呦鹿鸣，食野之苹。 一旦四方贤才光临舍下，我将奏瑟吹笙宴请宾客。我有嘉宾，鼓瑟吹笙。 当空悬挂的皓月哟，你运转着，永不停止；明明如月，何时可掇？ 我久蓄于怀的忧愤哟，突然喷涌而出汇成长河。忧从中来，不可断绝。 远方宾客踏着田间小路，一个个屈驾前来探望我。越陌度阡，枉用相存。 彼此久别重逢谈心宴饮，争着将往日的情谊诉说。契阔谈讌，心念旧恩。 明月升起，星星闪烁，一群寻巢乌鹊向南飞去。月明星稀，乌鹊南飞。 绕树飞了三周却没敛绕树三匝，何枝
翅，哪里才有它们栖身之 所？ 可依？ 高山不辞土石才见巍 峨，大海不弃涓流才见壮阔。（比喻用人要“唯才是举”，多多益善。）山不厌高，水不厌深。 只有像周公那样礼待贤 才（周公见到贤才，吐出口 中正在咀嚼的食物，马上接 待。《史记》载周公自谓： “一沐三握发，一饭三吐哺， 犹恐失天下之贤。”），才 能使天下人心都归向我。 周公吐哺，天 赏析 曹操是汉末杰出的政治家、军事家和文学家，他雅好诗章，好作乐府歌辞，今存诗22首，全是乐府诗。曹操的乐府诗多描写他本人的政治主张和统一天下的雄心壮志。如他的《短歌行》，充分表达了诗人求贤若渴以及统一天下的壮志。 《短歌行》是政治性很强的诗作，主要是为曹操当时所实行的政治路线和政策策略服务的，但是作者将政治内容和意义完全熔铸在浓郁的抒情意境之中，全诗充分发挥了诗歌创作的特长，准确而巧妙地运用了比兴手法，寓理于情，以情感人。诗歌无论在思想内容还是在艺术上都取得了极高的成就，语言质朴，立意深远，气势充沛。这首带有建安时代"志深比长""梗概多气"的时代特色的《短歌行》，读后不觉思接千载，荡气回肠，受到强烈的感染。 对酒当歌，人生几何？ 譬如朝露，去日苦多。 慨当以慷，幽思难忘。 何以解忧，唯有杜康。 青青子衿，悠悠我心。 但为君故，沈吟至今。 呦呦鹿鸣，食野之苹。 我有嘉宾，鼓瑟吹笙。 明明如月，何时可掇？ 忧从中来，不可断绝。 越陌度阡，枉用相存。 契阔谈，心念旧恩。 月明星稀，乌鹊南飞， 绕树三匝，何枝可依？ 山不厌高，海不厌深， 周公吐哺，天下归心。 《短歌行》是汉乐府的旧题，属于《相和歌?平调曲》。这就是说它本来是一个乐曲的名称，这种乐曲怎么唱法，现在当然是不知道了。但乐府《相和歌?平调曲》中除了《短歌行》还有《长歌行》，唐代吴兢《乐府古题要解》引证古诗“长歌正激烈”，魏文帝曹丕《燕歌行》“短歌微吟不能长”和晋代傅玄《艳歌行》“咄来长歌续短歌”等句，认为“长歌”、“短
外国文学名著鉴赏期末论文
外国文学名著鉴赏期末论文院—系：数学学院 科目：外国文学名著鉴赏（期末论文）班级： 08级数学与应用数学A班 姓名：沈铁 学号： 200805050149 上课时段：周五晚十、十一节课
奋斗了，才有出路 ——读《鲁宾逊漂游记》有感小说《鲁宾逊漂游记》一直深受人们的喜爱。读完这篇小说，使我对人生应该有自己的一个奋斗历程而受益匪浅。当一个人已经处于绝境的时候，还能够满怀信心的去面对和挑战生活，实在是一种可贵的精神。他使我认识到，人无论何时何地，不管遇到多大的困难，都不能被困难所吓倒，我们要勇敢的面对困难，克服困难，始终保持一种积极向上、乐观的心态去面对。在当今社会只有努力去奋斗，才会有自己的出路！ 其实现在的很多人都是那些遇到困难就退缩，不敢勇敢的去面对它。不仅如此，现在很多人都是独生子女，很多家长视子女为掌上明珠，不要说是冒险了，就连小小的家务活也不让孩子做，天天总是说：“我的小宝贝啊，你读好书就行了，其它的爸爸妈妈做就可以了。”读书固然重要，但生活中的小事也不能忽略。想一想，在荒无人烟的孤岛上，如果你连家务活都不会做，你能在那里生存吗？读完这部著作后，我不禁反问自己：“如果我像书中的鲁宾逊那样在大海遭到风暴，我能向他那样与风暴搏斗，最后逃离荒岛得救吗？恐怕我早已经被大海所淹没；如果我漂流到孤岛，能活几天？我又能干些什么？我会劈柴吗？会打猎做饭吗？我连洗洗自己的衣服还笨手笨脚的。”我们应该学习鲁宾逊这种不怕困难的精神，无论何时何地都有坚持地活下去，哪怕只有一线希望也要坚持到底，决不能放弃！我们要像鲁宾
逊那样有志气、有毅力、爱劳动，凭自己的双手创造财富，创造奇迹，取得最后的胜利。这样的例子在我们的生活中屡见不鲜。 《史记》的作者司马迁含冤入狱，可它依然在狱中完成《史记》一书，他之所以能完成此书，靠的也是他心中那顽强的毅力，永不放弃的不断努力的精神。著名作家爱迪生从小就生活在一个贫困的家庭中，可是他从小就表现出了科学方面的天赋。长大后爱迪生着力于电灯的发明与研究，他经过了九百多次的失败，可它依然没有放弃，不断努力，最后终于在第一千次实验中取得了成功。 鲁宾逊在岛上生活了二十八年，他面对了各种各样的困难和挫折，克服了许多常人无法想象的困难，自己动手，丰衣足食，以惊人的毅力，顽强的活了下来。他自从大船失事后，找了一些木材，在岛上盖了一间房屋，为防止野兽，还在房子周围打了木桩，来到荒岛，面对着的首要的就是吃的问题，船上的东西吃完以后，鲁宾逊开始打猎，有时可能会饿肚子，一是他决定播种，几年后他终于可以吃到自己的劳动成果，其实学习也是这样，也有这样一个循序渐进的过程，现在的社会，竞争无处不在，我们要懂得只有付出才会有收获，要勇于付出，在战胜困难的同时不断取得好成绩。要知道只有付出，才会有收获。鲁宾逊在失败后总结教训，终于成果；磨粮食没有石磨，他就用木头代替；没有筛子，就用围巾。鲁宾逊在荒岛上解决了自己的生存难题，面对人生挫折，鲁宾逊的所作所为充分显示了他坚毅的性格和顽强的精神。同样我们在学习上也可以做一些创新，养成一种创新精神，把鲁宾逊在荒岛，不畏艰险，不怕失败挫折，艰苦奋斗的精
中考文言文翻译实用方法经典讲解(带试题实例!)
一.增就是增补，在翻译时增补文言文省略句中的省略成分。 注意：补出省略的成分或语句，要加括号。 1、增补原文省略的主语、谓语或宾语 例1：“一鼓作气，再而衰，三而竭。”“再”“三”后省略了谓语“鼓”，翻译时要补上。 例2：“见渔人，乃大惊，问所从来。”译句：“（桃源中人）一见渔人，大为惊奇，问他是从哪里来的。” 例3：“君与具来。”“与”后省略了宾语“之”。 2、增补使语义明了的关联词 例：“不治将益深”是一个假设句，译句：“（如果）不治疗就会更加深入”。 二 .删就是删除，凡是古汉语中的发语词、在句子结构上起标志作用的助词和凑足音节的助词等虚词，因在现代汉语中是没有词能代替，故翻译时无须译出，可删去。 例1：“师道之不传也久矣。”译句：“从师学习的风尚已经很久不存在 了。”“也”为句中语气助词，起到舒缓语气的作用，没有实在意义。在翻译时，完全可以去掉。 例2：“孔子云：何陋之有？”译句：“孔子说：有什么简陋的呢？”“之”为宾语前置的标志，删去不译。 例3：“夫战，勇气也。”译句：“战斗，靠的是勇气”。“夫”为发语词，删去不译。 三.调就是调整，在翻译文言文倒装句时，应把古汉语倒装句式调整为现代汉语句式，使之符合现代汉语的表达习惯、译句通顺。这就需要调整语句语序， 大体有三种情况：
1、后置定语前移例：“群臣吏民，能面刺寡人之过者，受上赏。”可调成“能面刺寡人之过群臣吏民，受上赏。” 2、前置谓语后移例：“甚矣！汝之不惠。”可调成“汝之不惠甚矣。” 3、介宾短语前移。例：“还自扬州”可调成“自扬州还”。 4、前置宾语后移例：“何以战？”可调成“以何战？” 四.留就是保留，凡是古今意义相同的词、专有名词、国号、年号、人名、物名、人名、官职、地名等，在翻译时可保留不变。 例：“庆历四年春，滕子京谪守巴陵郡。”译句：“庆历四年的春天，滕子京被贬到巴陵郡做太守。”“庆历四年”为年号，“巴陵郡”是地名，可直接保留。 五.扩就是扩展。 1、言简义丰的句子，根据句义扩展其内容。 例：“怀敌附远，何招而不至？”译句：“使敌人降服，让远方的人归附，招抚谁，谁会不来呢？” 2、单音节词扩为同义的双音节词或多音节词。 例：“更若役，复若赋，则如何？”译句：“变更你的差役，恢复你的赋税，那么怎么样呢？”“役”“赋”扩展为双音节词。 六.缩就是凝缩，文言文中的有些句子，为了增强气势，故意实用繁笔，在翻译时应将其意思凝缩。 例：“有席卷天下，包举宇内，囊括四海之意，并吞八荒之心。”译句：“（秦）有吞并天下，统一四海的雄心。” 七.直即直译，就是指紧扣原文，按原文的词句进行对等翻译的今译方法。对于文言文的实词、大部分虚词、活用词和通假字，一般是要直接翻译的，否则， 在考查过程中是不能算作准取得翻译。 例：“清荣峻茂，良多趣味。”译句：“水清，树茂，山高，草盛，实在是趣味无穷。”
高中英语选修课：英语文学欣赏 Sister Carrie 学生版讲义资料
Chapter III WEE QUESTION OF FORTUNE--FOUR-FIFTY A WEEK Once across the river and into the wholesale district, she glanced about her for some likely door at which to apply. As she contemplated the wide windows and imposing signs, she became conscious of being gazed upon and understood for what she was--a wage-seeker. She had never done this thing before, and lacked courage. To avoid a certain indefinable shame she felt at being caught spying about for a position, she quickened her steps and assumed an air of indifference supposedly common to one upon an errand. In this way she passed many manufacturing and wholesale houses without once glancing in. At last, after several blocks of walking, she felt that this would not do, and began to look about again, though without relaxing her pace. A little way on she saw a great door which, for some reason, attracted her attention. It was ornamented by a small brass sign, and seemed to be the entrance to a vast hive of six or seven floors. "Perhaps," she thought, "They may want some one," and crossed over to enter. When she came within a score of feet of the desired goal, she saw through the window a young man in a grey checked suit. That he had anything to do with the concern, she could not tell, but because he happened to be looking in her direction her weakening heart misgave her and she hurried by, too overcome with shame to enter. Over the way stood a great six- story structure, labelled Storm and King, which she viewed with rising hope. It was a wholesale dry goods concern and employed women. She could see them moving about now and then upon the upper floors. This place she decided to enter, no matter what. She crossed over and walked directly toward the entrance. As she did so, two men came out and paused in the door. A telegraph messenger in blue dashed past her and up the few steps that led to the entrance and disappeared. Several pedestrians out of the hurrying throng which filled the sidewalks passed about her as she paused, hesitating. She looked helplessly around, and then, seeing herself observed, retreated. It was too difficult a task. She could not go past them. So severe a defeat told sadly upon her nerves. Her feet carried her mechanically forward, every foot of her progress being a satisfactory portion of a flight which she gladly made. Block after block passed by. Upon streetlamps at the various corners she read names such as Madison, Monroe, La Salle, Clark, Dearborn, State, and still she went, her feet beginning to tire upon the broad stone flagging. She was pleased in part that the streets were bright and clean. The morning sun, shining down with steadily increasing warmth, made the shady side of the streets pleasantly cool. She looked at the blue sky overhead with more realisation of its charm than had ever come to her before. Her cowardice began to trouble her in a way. She turned back, resolving to hunt up Storm and King and enter. On the way, she encountered a great wholesale shoe company, through the broad plate windows of which she saw an enclosed executive
曹操《短歌行》其二翻译及赏析
曹操《短歌行》其二翻译及赏析 引导语：曹操(155—220)，字孟德，小名阿瞒，《短歌行 二首》 是曹操以乐府古题创作的两首诗， 第一首诗表达了作者求贤若渴的心 态，第二首诗主要是曹操向内外臣僚及天下表明心迹。 短歌行 其二 曹操 周西伯昌，怀此圣德。 三分天下，而有其二。 修奉贡献，臣节不隆。 崇侯谗之，是以拘系。 后见赦原，赐之斧钺，得使征伐。 为仲尼所称，达及德行， 犹奉事殷，论叙其美。 齐桓之功，为霸之首。 九合诸侯，一匡天下。 一匡天下，不以兵车。 正而不谲，其德传称。 孔子所叹，并称夷吾，民受其恩。 赐与庙胙，命无下拜。 小白不敢尔，天威在颜咫尺。 晋文亦霸，躬奉天王。 受赐圭瓒，钜鬯彤弓， 卢弓矢千，虎贲三百人。 威服诸侯，师之所尊。 八方闻之，名亚齐桓。 翻译 姬昌受封为西伯，具有神智和美德。殷朝土地为三份，他有其中两分。 整治贡品来进奉，不失臣子的职责。只因为崇侯进谗言，而受冤拘禁。 后因为送礼而赦免， 受赐斧钺征伐的权利。 他被孔丘称赞， 品德高尚地位显。 始终臣服殷朝帝王，美名后世流传遍。齐桓公拥周建立功业，存亡继绝为霸 首。
聚合诸侯捍卫中原，匡正天下功业千秋。号令诸侯以匡周室，主要靠的不是 武力。 行为磊落不欺诈，美德流传于身后。孔子赞美齐桓公，也称赞管仲。 百姓深受恩惠，天子赐肉与桓公，命其无拜来接受。桓公称小白不敢，天子 威严就在咫尺前。 晋文公继承来称霸，亲身尊奉周天王。周天子赏赐丰厚，仪式隆重。 接受玉器和美酒，弓矢武士三百名。晋文公声望镇诸侯，从其风者受尊重。 威名八方全传遍，名声仅次于齐桓公。佯称周王巡狩，招其天子到河阳，因 此大众议论纷纷。 赏析 《短歌行》 (“周西伯昌”)主要是曹操向内外臣僚及天下表明心 迹，当他翦灭群凶之际，功高震主之时，正所谓“君子终日乾乾，夕惕若 厉”者，但东吴孙权却瞅准时机竟上表大说天命而称臣，意在促曹操代汉 而使其失去“挟天子以令诸侯”之号召， 故曹操机敏地认识到“ 是儿欲据吾著炉上郁!”故曹操运筹谋略而赋此《短歌行 ·周西伯 昌》。 西伯姬昌在纣朝三分天下有其二的大好形势下， 犹能奉事殷纣， 故孔子盛称 “周之德， 其可谓至德也已矣。 ”但纣王亲信崇侯虎仍不免在纣王前 还要谗毁文王，并拘系于羑里。曹操举此史实，意在表明自己正在克心效法先圣 西伯姬昌，并肯定他的所作所为，谨慎惕惧，向来无愧于献帝之所赏。 并大谈西伯姬昌、齐桓公、晋文公皆曾受命“专使征伐”。而当 今天下时势与当年的西伯、齐桓、晋文之际颇相类似，天子如命他“专使 征伐”以讨不臣，乃英明之举。但他亦效西伯之德，重齐桓之功，戒晋文 之诈。然故作谦恭之辞耳，又谁知岂无更讨封赏之意乎 ?不然建安十八年(公元 213 年)五月献帝下诏曰《册魏公九锡文》，其文曰“朕闻先王并建明德， 胙之以土，分之以民，崇其宠章，备其礼物，所以藩卫王室、左右厥世也。其在 周成，管、蔡不静，惩难念功，乃使邵康公赐齐太公履，东至于海，西至于河， 南至于穆陵，北至于无棣，五侯九伯，实得征之。 世祚太师，以表东海。爰及襄王，亦有楚人不供王职，又命晋文登为侯伯， 锡以二辂、虎贲、斧钺、禾巨 鬯、弓矢，大启南阳，世作盟主。故周室之不坏， 系二国是赖。”又“今以冀州之河东、河内、魏郡、赵国、中山、常 山，巨鹿、安平、甘陵、平原凡十郡，封君为魏公。锡君玄土，苴以白茅，爰契 尔龟。”又“加君九锡，其敬听朕命。” 观汉献帝下诏《册魏公九锡文》全篇，尽叙其功，以为其功高于伊、周，而 其奖却低于齐、晋，故赐爵赐土，又加九锡，奖励空前。但曹操被奖愈高，心内 愈忧。故曹操在曾早在五十六岁写的《让县自明本志令》中谓“或者人见 孤强盛， 又性不信天命之事， 恐私心相评， 言有不逊之志， 妄相忖度， 每用耿耿。
2008年浙师大《外国文学名著鉴赏》期末考试答案
（一）文学常识 一、古希腊罗马 1．（1）宙斯(罗马神话称为朱庇特)，希腊神话中最高的天神，掌管雷电云雨，是人和神的主宰。 （2）阿波罗，希腊神话中宙斯的儿子，主管光明、青春、音乐、诗歌等，常以手持弓箭的少年形象出现。 （3）雅典那，希腊神话中的智慧女神，雅典城邦的保护神。 （4）潘多拉，希腊神话中的第一个女人，貌美性诈。私自打开了宙斯送她的一只盒子，里面装的疾病、疯狂、罪恶、嫉妒等祸患，一齐飞出，只有希望留在盒底，人间因此充满灾难。“潘多拉的盒子”成为“祸灾的来源”的同义语。 （5）普罗米修斯，希腊神话中造福人间的神。盗取天火带到人间，并传授给人类多种手艺，触怒宙斯，被锁在高加索山崖，受神鹰啄食，是一个反抗强暴、不惜为人类牺牲一切的英雄。 （6）斯芬克司，希腊神话中的狮身女怪。常叫过路行人猜谜，猜不出即将行人杀害；后因谜底被俄底浦斯道破，即自杀。后常喻“谜”一样的人物。与埃及狮身人面像同名。 2．荷马，古希腊盲诗人。主要作品有《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》，被称为荷马史诗。《伊利亚特》叙述十年特洛伊战争。《奥德赛》写特洛伊战争结束后，希腊英雄奥德赛历险回乡的故事。马克思称赞它“显示出永久的魅力”。 3．埃斯库罗斯，古希腊悲剧之父，代表作《被缚的普罗米修斯》。6．阿里斯托芬，古希腊“喜剧之父”代表作《阿卡奈人》。 4．索福克勒斯，古希腊重要悲剧作家，代表作《俄狄浦斯王》。5．欧里庇得斯，古希腊重要悲剧作家，代表作《美狄亚》。 二、中世纪文学 但丁，意大利人，伟大诗人，文艺复兴的先驱。恩格斯称他是“中世纪的最后一位诗人，同时又是新时代的最初一位诗人”。主要作品有叙事长诗《神曲》，由地狱、炼狱、天堂三部分组成。《神曲》以幻想形式，写但丁迷路，被人导引神游三界。在地狱中见到贪官污吏等受着惩罚，在净界中见到贪色贪财等较轻罪人，在天堂里见到殉道者等高贵的灵魂。 三、文艺复兴时期 1．薄迦丘意大利人短篇小说家，著有《十日谈》拉伯雷，法国人，著《巨人传》塞万提斯，西班牙人,著《堂?吉诃德》。 2．莎士比亚，16-17世纪文艺复兴时期英国伟大的剧作家和诗人，主要作品有四大悲剧——《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》《麦克白》、《李尔王》，另有悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等，喜剧有《威尼斯商人》《第十二夜》《皆大欢喜》等，历史剧有《理查二世》、《亨利四世》等。马克思称之为“人类最伟大的戏剧天才”。 四、17世纪古典主义 9．笛福，17-18世纪英国著名小说家，被誉为“英国和欧洲小说之父”，主要作品《鲁滨逊漂流记》，是英国第一部现实主义长篇小说。10．弥尔顿，17世纪英国诗人，代表作：长诗《失乐园》，《失乐园》，表现了资产阶级清教徒的革命理想和英雄气概。 25．拉伯雷，16世纪法国作家，代表作：长篇小说《巨人传》。 26．莫里哀，法国17世纪古典主义文学最重要的作家，法国古典主义喜剧的创建者，主要作品为《伪君子》《悭吝人》（主人公叫阿巴公）等喜剧。 五、18世纪启蒙运动 1）歌德，德国文学最高成就的代表者。主要作品有书信体小说《少年维特之烦恼》，诗剧《浮士德》。 11．斯威夫特，18世纪英国作家，代表作：《格列佛游记》，以荒诞的情节讽刺了英国现实。 12．亨利·菲尔丁，18世纪英国作家，代表作：《汤姆·琼斯》。 六、19世纪浪漫主义 （1拜伦， 19世纪初期英国伟大的浪漫主义诗人，代表作为诗体小说《唐璜》通过青年贵族唐璜的种种经历，抨击欧洲反动的封建势力。《恰尔德。哈洛尔游记》 （2雨果，伟大作家，欧洲19世纪浪漫主义文学最卓越的代表。主要作品有长篇小说《巴黎圣母院》、《悲惨世界》、《笑面人》、《九三年》等。《悲惨世界》写的是失业短工冉阿让因偷吃一片面包被抓进监狱，后改名换姓，当上企业主和市长，但终不能摆脱迫害的故事。《巴黎圣母院》 弃儿伽西莫多，在一个偶然的场合被副主教克洛德.孚罗洛收养为义子，长大后有让他当上了巴黎圣母院的敲钟人。他虽然十分丑陋而且有多种残疾，心灵却异常高尚纯洁。 长年流浪街头的波希米亚姑娘拉.爱斯梅拉达，能歌善舞，天真貌美而心地淳厚。青年贫诗人尔比埃尔.甘果瓦偶然同她相遇，并在一个更偶然的场合成了她名义上的丈夫。很有名望的副教主本来一向专心于"圣职"，忽然有一天欣赏到波希米亚姑娘的歌舞，忧千方百计要把她据为己有，对她进行了种种威胁甚至陷害，同时还为此不惜玩弄卑鄙手段，去欺骗利用他的义子伽西莫多和学生甘果瓦。眼看无论如何也实现不了占有爱斯梅拉达的罪恶企图，最后竟亲手把那可爱的少女送上了绞刑架。 另一方面，伽西莫多私下也爱慕着波希米亚姑娘。她遭到陷害，被伽西莫多巧计救出，在圣母院一间密室里避难，敲钟人用十分纯朴和真诚的感情去安慰她，保护她。当她再次处于危急中时，敲钟人为了援助她，表现出非凡的英勇和机智。而当他无意中发现自己的"义父"和"恩人"远望着高挂在绞刑架上的波希米亚姑娘而发出恶魔般的狞笑时，伽西莫多立即对那个伪善者下了最后的判决，亲手把克洛德.孚罗洛从高耸入云的钟塔上推下，使他摔的粉身碎骨。 （3司汤达，批判现实主义作家。代表作《红与黑》，写的是不满封建制度的平民青年于连，千方百计向上爬，最终被送上断头台的故事。“红”是将军服色，指“入军界”的道路；“黑”是主教服色，指当神父、主教的道路。 14．雪莱，19世纪积极浪漫主义诗人，欧洲文学史上最早歌颂空想社会主义的诗人之一，主要作品为诗剧《解放了的普罗米修斯》，抒情诗《西风颂》等。 15．托马斯·哈代，19世纪英国作家，代表作：长篇小说《德伯家的苔丝》。 16．萨克雷，19世纪英国作家，代表作：《名利场》 17．盖斯凯尔夫人，19世纪英国作家，代表作：《玛丽·巴顿》。 18．夏洛蒂?勃朗特，19世纪英国女作家，代表作：长篇小说《简?爱》19艾米丽?勃朗特，19世纪英国女作家，夏洛蒂?勃朗特之妹，代表作：长篇小说《呼啸山庄》。 20．狄更斯，19世纪英国批判现实主义文学的重要代表，主要作品为长篇小说《大卫?科波菲尔》、《艰难时世》《双城记》《雾都孤儿》。21．柯南道尔，19世纪英国著名侦探小说家，代表作品侦探小说集《福尔摩斯探案》是世界上最著名的侦探小说。 七、19世纪现实主义 1、巴尔扎克，19世纪上半叶法国和欧洲批判现实主义文学的杰出代表。主要作品有《人间喜剧》，包括《高老头》、《欧也妮·葛朗台》、《贝姨》、《邦斯舅舅》等。《人间喜剧》是世界文学中规模最宏伟的创作之一，也是人类思维劳动最辉煌的成果之一。马克思称其“提供了一部法国社会特别是巴黎上流社会的卓越的现实主义历史”。