完整word版2019考研英语一真题及参考答案

Use of English

Section I

Directions:

and numbered blank Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

other maps, and Today, we live in a world where GPS systems, digital

walk us of just navigation apps are all available on our smartphones. 1

and on batteries, straight into the woods without 2 a phone. But phones

you get lost without a phone or a 3 batteries can die faster than we realize. navigate you tricks may 4 help can't find north, a few you compass, and

to civilization, one of which is to follow the land. 5

area of 7 When you find yourself 6 a trail, but not in a completely this in is downhill, Which you have to answer two questions: land,8

particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly , if you head downhill, and live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 see signs of people.

O you find, you should 10 follow any H2 you before, keep an eye out for familiar sights –If you've explored the arearestore tree can distinctive rock or 11 how quickly identifying a may be

your bearings.

: Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. Another 12

13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.

18 , assuming you're lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the

19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can

20 you to civilization.

英语（一）试题-1-（共14 页）

B. Most

C. Some

D. All 1. A. Few

D. come C. run B. take 2. A. put

D. If B. Until 3. A. Since C. Though

D. relatively B. literally A. formally C. gradually 4.

D. next 5. B. away C. back A. around

D. off C. across A. onto B. along 6.

D. uncrowded 7. C. unchanged B. unfamiliar A. unattractive

D. place B. point A. way C. site 8.

D. Besides 9. B. Yet C. So

A. Instead

D. intentionally C. unexpectedly B. eventually 10. A. immediately

D. confused C. surprised A. frightened 11. B. annoyed

D. option C. view 12. A. problem B. result

D. In contrast A. Above all 13. C. On average B. For example

D. separate 14. B. avoid C. bridge A. spot

D. through B. under A. from 15. C. beyond

D. links B. breaks C. shades A. posts 16.

D. limited B. mysterious A. hidden 17. C. artificial

D. Generally 18. B. Consequently A. Finally C. Incidentally

D. marks A. memories 19. B. belongings C. notes

D. exposeC. restrict

A. lead 20.

B. adapt

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

英语（一）试题-2-（共14 页）

Text 1

Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback”rule is to hold bankers accountable for

harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term decision-making, not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations. “Short-termism,”or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England's top economist, Andrew Haldane.

He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once”rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.

The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm's efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism.”

In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,”said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.

In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies

to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism.”In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street

Journal finds that “a substantial part”of executive pay is now tied to performance.

Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,”such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.

Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain's new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.

英语（一）试题-3-（共14 页）

21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is to

A. guarantee the bonuses of top executives.

B. enhance bankers' sense of responsibility.

C. build a new system of financial regulation.

D. help corporations achieve larger profits.

22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate

A. the solid structure of publicly traded companies.

B. governments' impatience in decision-making.

C. the conditions for generating quick profits.

D. “short-termism”in economic activities.

23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be

A. minimal.

B. indirect.

C. adverse.

D. temporary.

24. The US and France examples are used to illustrate

A. the approaches to promoting “long-termism.”

B. the prevalence of short-term thinking.

C. the significance of long-term thinking.

D. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism.”

25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

A. Decisiveness Required of Top Executives

B. Failure of Quarterly Capitalism

C. Patience as a Corporate Virtue

D. Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers

英语（一）试题-4-（共14 页）

Text 2

the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) Grade inflation –in era a consumer often considered a product of is over the past few decades –higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But

talogs called “grade a policy often buried deep in course caanother, related force –is helping raise GPAs.

forgiveness”–Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a

that only one the the highest grade is low grade, and the most recent grade or

l GPA.

counts in calculating a student's overalas recent years, practice has accelerated in The

use of this little-known

colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in

But college-level courses. their transition to their first year if they struggled in

now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates,

and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.

College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less courses retake encouraging students to the grade itself and more about about penalty. big incurring a degree program and graduation without critical to their “Ultimately,”said Jack Miner, Ohio State University's registrar, “we see students subsequent better in a course and do success achieve more because they retake courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges' own

needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their better so –retention such as graduation rates and student on success metrics grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that who, at the end of the day, are paying the raises GPAs will likely make students –they've gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another bill feel –big concern for colleges.

Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding parents and Since students education. consumers' to expectations for higher

expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn

or at least appear to be. On this, out graduates who are as qualified as possible –to be aligned.

students' and colleges' incentives seem

英语（一）试题-5-（共14 页）

26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?

A. Colleges' neglect of GPAs.

B. The influence of consumer culture.

C. Students' indifference to GPAs.

D. The change of course catalogs.

27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?

A. To maintain colleges' graduation rates.

B. To increase universities' income from tuition.

C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.

D. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.

28. According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges to

A. obtain more financial support.

B. improve their teaching quality.

C. boost their student enrollments.

D. meet local governments' needs.

29. What does the phrase “to be aligned”(Line 5, Para. 6) most probably mean?

A. To counterbalance each other.

B. To be contradictory to each other.

C. To be identical with each other.

D. To complement each other.

30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by

A. assessing its feasibility.

B. listing its long-run effects.

C. comparing different views on it.

D. analyzing the causes behind it.

英语（一）试题-6-（共14 页）

Text 3

Frankenstein; This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of

, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the or, The Modern Prometheus electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction

that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.

fundamental raises intelligence (AI) the rapid growth of artificial Today questions: “What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?”would that intelligence, machines being called artificial general What is imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans,

fi TV series such as “Westworld”similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-and “Humans.”alone understood, let too complex to be Just how people think is still far

reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn't mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren't at hand. The

coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may

be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences,

. AI “vision”today is not and what their eyes and ears tell them in that momentimaginable every And to anticipate as sophisticated as that of humans. nearly driving situation is a difficult programming problem.

Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot

-based of ethical questions,”notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singaporeagency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use

are mega-corporations governments and AI. Along with Singapore, other of

ethics a data Britain is setting up guidelines. beginning to establish their own center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.

cause would deploy AI”that “design June 7 Google pledged not to or On

-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that “overall harm,”or to develop AIuse AI whose not also pledged to deploy norms. would violate international It would violate international laws or human rights.

While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea

that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.

To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity's highest values? Only then will they be useful

servants and not Frankenstein's out-of-control monster.

英语（一）试题-7-（共14 页）

is mentioned because it

Frankenstein's novel 31. Mary Shelleyinvolves some concerns raised by AI today.

A.

has remained popular for as long as 200 years. B.

fascinates AI scientists all over the world. C.

has sparked serious ethical controversies. D.

s opinion, our current knowledge of consciousness

In David Eagleman'32.

helps explain artificial intelligence. A.

is too limited for us to reproduce it. B.

inspires popular sci-fi TV series. C.

can be misleading to robot making. D.

The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles