附录(中英文对照)

附录A

EuroPean Tunnelling Review

Quality，Environment and Safety Focus

Bill Weburn

(Vinci Construction Grands ProjetsF一92851，France)

Abstract This paper provides an overview Of tunnelling projects with some of the themes covered by the Chengdu Tunnelling Conference.

(a)Environmental issues and tunnels under high groundwater

pressure((Hallandsas Rail Tunnel，Sweden)

(b)Fire-fighting and tunnel safety on long highway tunnels(Socatop Tunnel，West

Paris)

(c)Mechanised tunnelling below the world’s largest airport (HeathrowTS)of a

quality that avoids disruption to its operation.

Each of these overviews show an enhanced performance in regard to projects specific events or objectives. Particularly，in tunnelling，project owners expect more than just a facility delivered on time for Iheir money: they expect an all roundperformance respecting deadlines，budget，environmental protection，safety，qualily and community harmony. Funding agencies do not always have the same agenda as project owners，acknowledging peripheral selection criteria but often demanding that the lowest bidder be awarded work. All round Performance requires all round project selection criteria.

Hallandsas Rail Tunnel，Sweden

The Hallandsas Rail Tunnel is located between Malmo and Gothenburg and is part of the Swedish high speed rail link between the Oresund crossing to Denmark and Oslo.

Vinci Construction Grands Projets and Skanska are currently working in a joint venture to complete this tunnel，on which work had stopped during the 1905s, after damage to the environment had been sustained.

The idea for a tunnel through the Hallandsas Ridge had first heen reviewed as early as 1975,and by 1988，the Swedish National Railway Administration(“ NRA”)drew up a conceptual design for the tunnel. The Hallandsa ridge is primary horst formation consisting of mainly fractured gneiss partly weathered into clay and amphibolite.It is considerably more aquiferous than most Swedish primary rock formations，which makes the area on the ridge and the Bj re peninsula highly suitable for cultivation.

In 1992，the NRA initiated construction with its first contractor who commissioned an open-mode TBM for an unlined tunnel,designed with lateral rock grippers. In mid 1993,it became stuck after advancing 16m, when the machine sank into the machine sank into the highly weathered surrounding ground. Work continued by conventional tunnelling until the end of 1995，when with 3,000 metres bored，the contractor withdrew.

By 1996，work recommenced and a central access gallery was exeavated to open four additional tunneling faces using conventional tunnelling methods.High rates of water ingress at 601/ second，instead of the amounts Provided for in the contract at less than 331/second，seeped into the tunnel and hampered progress. This water inflow caused a draw down of the water table locally and dried a number of wells in the vicinity. Over 80 different grouting agents were tested for suitably low enough viscosity to penetrate all fractures，before Rhoca-Gil(bi-component chemical sealing agent) was used.This grout sealing agent polluted the ground water，Poisoned livestock and high levels of acrylamide(toxic additive)were subsequently found in water flowing from the tunnel.This ecological scandal in october 1997 drove the media into a frenzy and，with substantial local stakeholder protest，caused work on the project to be suspended with only 6 000m bored.

Decontamination of the tunnel and water table was carried out in 1998-99，by removing active acrylamide and installing a waterproof lining in a re-dimensioned tunnel in zones of high water ingress.Decontomination consisted of draining the ground

in grouted areas to try to recover the toxic additive .Tunnel lining had been requested by the NRA over some 750m of each tunnel at the northern section ,which had reduced water ingress to 131/second by March 2000.Less than one year later, the project was to be halted again,since it was recognized that excavation could no longer continue by conventional methods.

By early 200l，the railway link between Malm and Gothenburg had been 90% complete with 30 km outstanding，of which 10 km comprised the Hallandsas Rail Tunnel.Despite hostile public opinion，and under intense media and political pressure，the NRA was committed to completing the Project with no further mistakes.Water ingress had been limited to 131/second for the four tubes and the central accesses.Water table levels had been recharged and the site was now pollution free. Completing the Project

The Swedish NRA initiated a European tendering process that was won by Skanska-Vinci JV(”JV”) in July 2002.

The JV and Herrenknecht developed a mixed shield capable of functioning as a hard rock machine in open mode(anticipated over 80% of the drive)and as a slurry machine in closed mode.The TBM has been designed to operate under 8 bars Pressure and can drive in short lengths at pressures of up to 13 bars.The machine has been custom designed to accommodate 6 drills for probing and ground treatment as follows: ·3 on the back-up，with each having 44 drilling positions，distributed over 360 degrees(30 through the shield and 14 through the cutterhead);

·2 Inside the Shield,each with 12 drilling positions through the cutterhead;

·1 at the TBM centre，with 6 drilling directlons.

However，a specific part of the tunnel，known as the Mollebackzonen，comprised of highly weathered and highly fractured rock，will still need ground treatment prior to the TBM drive.This will require a 20m Pilot gallery to be excavated from the North drive by conventional tunnelling methods and the creation of two small chambers.Thereafter，the ground will be frozen over 100 m in the highly weathered and

highly fractured zone，and then grouted over the further 200m in the highly fractured zone.The TBM will then drive through to complete the full size tunnel.

The segmental lining is 54cm thick 2,20m wide and composed of 7 standard segments and 1 key. Segments，are designed to resist 15 bars pressure and rings are fitted with a gasket which will be tested at 45 bar.

Enviromental Protection Requirements

In addition to monitoring and controlling noise，vibration，air quality and waste management，a rigorous and thorough environmental protection programme is now operated，requiring a detailed review and chemical analysis of all products used for the Works. Currently，more than 500 materials submittals sheets have been issued requesting approval of proposed materials.

Management of water discharges from the tunnel is now subject to rigorous and continuous control and six environmental engineers are permanently stationed on site.Water inflow from the tunnels is monitored quantitatively and qualitatively twice a week and continuously for discharges.Inflows during construction are specified not to exceed 100/second over 4 week period on average and a maximum of 2801/second daily，A water treatment plant is installed on site to purify wate r．

Tunnelling Management

In order to respect the maximum water inflows，the JV has developed the following tunnelling strategy:

·Probe forward to estimate impending water inflow and to assess the ground;

·Carry out ground treatment from the TBM ,if necessary;

·Monitor effect by probe drilling;

·Drive in open mode if impending water inflow and/or geological conditions are suitable，and otherwise drive in closed mode.

It is necessary to bear in mind that payment is made in accordance with specified boring and grouting classes，proposed by the JV for the NRA's agreement，and referred to a technical panel for resolution of Payment class in the event of

disagreement.Payment classes for boring.

Endword

The Hallandsas Railway Tunnel represents a new challenge in tunnelling at 13 bars and a state-of-the-art TBM is being manufactured by Herrenknecht for this purpose.In addition，a high standard of environmental monitoring and management is being implemented to safeguard local ecology，after a series of infelicitous mishaps during previous development of the Project.The Project is now back on track with tunneling having started in March 2004 and all efforts have been made and precautions taken to make this tunnel operational.

A86 Socatop Tunnel

The A86 autoroute is a ring-road skirting the Creater Paris region known as the Ile de France. Most of this ring road is in operation，with the remaining uncompleted section hetween Rueil Malmaison and Versailles designed underground in the interests of residential and environmental harmony 。This last section consists of a Westem Tunnel for all traffic types ruuning form Ruen Malmaison to Bailly，and，an Eastern Tunnel for cars and light vehicles only running from Rueil Malmaison to Versailles.

Vinci Construction Grands Projets is leader of the Socatop JV currendy constructing the Eastern and Westem tunnels for Cofiroute.

The Eastern tunnel has been designed such that vehicles will circulate at two different levels，with one carriageway superimposed above the other.

The tunnel is constructed with a multi-mode (EPB/slurry/compressed air/open mode)Herrenknecht TBM and a pre-cast concrete lower carriageway slab fitted behind the back-up, advancing com,mensurately with tunnel ring-building. The pre-cast slabs are placed on a supporting platform.

Preparation

To create a safe environmemt for those working in the tunnel，the formwork for the carriageway slab was purposefully designed as a closed unit.The Socatop management organised many workshop sessions with in stitutional industrial and

construction safety executives，together with the local fire fighting authorities to identify enhanced safety measures and to promote familiarrty with each other and the Project.With regard to emergency procedures and ventilation design，four fire scenarios were assessed at an early stage contemporaneously with TBM development.

(l)on the TBM，(2)between the TBM and the carriageway slab，(3)above and(4)below the carriageway slab.

Collectively，the foregoing parties reviewed the TBM design，other tunnelling equipment，tunnelling support services，procedures and training.Accoordingly，the project management:

·Installed on the TBM

·an autonomously operated and supplied water curtain on the back-u p

·a fire-fighting system supplemented by specifically chosen extinguishers at strategic locations.

·Installed on the service train

·a fire-fighting module

·Powder extinguishers

·Installed a ventilation and extraction system below and ventilation system above carriageway slab;

·Placed breathing apparatus in the tunnel reces ses，on the TBM and on the carriageway slab formwork;

·Identified TBM man-locks as refuge in procedures;

·Co-ordinated monthly workshops with‘the fire-fighting authorities to promote familiarity with the project and contact with operatives.

·Arranged for weekly checking of fire safety equipment.

·Organised fire drills regularly to familiarise personnel with safety routines.

·Held induction courses and training sessions for all personnel specific to their needs.

·Established a site based crisis management group to handle emergencies.

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目录 一、生产制造---------------------------------2 二、门端、后端-------------------------------2 三、锁杆装置---------------------------------3 四、铰链-------------------------------------4 五、紧固件-----------------------------------4 六、前端-------------------------------------4 七、侧墙-------------------------------------5 八、顶部-------------------------------------6 九、底部-------------------------------------6 十、焊接-------------------------------------7 十一、打砂-------------------------------------7 十二、油漆-------------------------------------8 十三、地板-------------------------------------9 十四、密封胶-----------------------------------9 十五、门封-------------------------------------9 十六、材料、部件-------------------------------10 十七、机器设备、工具---------------------------10 十八、试验-------------------------------------11 十九、标贴-------------------------------------12 二十、缺陷及维修-------------------------------13 其他-------------------------------------15二十 一、 二十罐箱-------------------------------------18

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Measurement in degrees of the movement of a balance and spring assembly: amplitude is the angle between the position of equilibrium and its maximum elongation.测量摆轮游丝装置的摆动角度：摆幅即是游丝装置的平衡位置与最大距角之间的角度。 Analogue - 指针式时间显示 Refers to time display using hands.指采用指针来显示时间。 Aperture - 视窗、孔径

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Ribeye/Cube Roll 眼肉 Ribs 带骨肋脊肉 Scalded Aorta 牛心管 Short Cut Front Feet 短切猪手 Short Plate/Brisket Navel End /Navel 胸腹肥牛Shortloin 带骨前腰脊肉 Shortribs 带骨牛小排 Small Intestine 小肠 Snout 猪脸 Split Stomachs 片肚 Striploin 西冷 Super Pastrimi 精修胸腹肥牛 Tails 火鸡尾 Tenderloin 牛柳 Tip-on Tongues 猪舌 Tom / Hen / Regular Drums 公 /母 /常规火鸡琵琶腿Tom / Hen 2-Joint Wings 公 /母火鸡两节翅 Tom / Hen Necks 公 /母火鸡颈 Tom / Hen Thigh 公 /母火鸡大腿 Tom / Hen Wings 公 /母火鸡全翅 Tom/Hen Gizzards 公/母火鸡胗 Tom/Hen Whole Turkey Birds 公 /母整火鸡 Tongues 牛舌 Top Blade Muscle/ Digital Muscle 板腱 Tripe Pieces 肚片 Tripes 牛肚 Tunic Tissue/ Diaphragm Membrane 横隔筋 Un-washed Whole Hearts 未洗整猪心 Whole Wings 整翅 Wing Middle Joint 翅中 Wing Tips 翅尖

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常用机床术语中英文对照 机床中英文对照表 （您可以使用CTRL+F来查找） （1）：按英文字母排序 3-Jaws indexing spacers 三爪、分割工具头 A.T.C.system 加工中心机刀库 Aluminum continuous melting & holding 连续溶解保温炉furnaces Balancing equipment 平衡设备 Bayonet 卡口 Bearing fittings 轴承配件 Bearing processing equipment 轴承加工机 Bearings 轴承 Belt drive 带传动 Bending machines 弯曲机 Blades 刀片 Blades,saw 锯片 Bolts,screws & nuts 螺栓,螺帽及螺丝 Boring heads 搪孔头 Boring machines 镗床 Cable making tools 造线机 Casting,aluminium 铸铝 Casting,copper 铸铜 Casting,gray iron 铸灰口铁 Casting,malleable iron 可锻铸铁 Casting,other 其他铸造 Casting,steel 铸钢 Chain drive 链传动

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