曼昆的《微观经济学原理》课业笔记 英文版

Ch 1 Ten Principles of economic

?Scarcity: the limited nature of society’s resources

?Economics: the study of how society manages its scarce resources, e.g.

?There are 10 principle of economic which are needed to be remember throughout.

?People face trade-off

1. Individual(time,money) and society(efficiency vs equality).

?Cost of something is what your give up to get it.\

1. The opportunity cost of any item is whatever must be given up to

obtain it.

?Rational people thinking at margin(effect of one additional item)

1. This principle assume that everyone is rational people(made their

decision base on their interests) this was addressed on Adam Smith's

Wealth of Nation.

?People respond to incentives(诱惑物）

1. This statement reveals that human psychology is a important

feature in economic study.

?Trade can make everyone better-off

1.Ex: trade of agricultural product and technology between Japan and America,

it will break the law of PPF. It involved absolute advantages(low input) and

comparative advantage(low opportunity cost win)

?Markets are usually a good way to organize economy activity.

1.Markets can balance the price.

?Government can sometime improve market outcome.

? A country's standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services.

?Price rise when government print too much money.

Society Faces a Short-run Tradeoff Between Inflation and Unemployment

Ch2 Thinking like a economist

2018年2月6日

16:32

Economists play two roles:

1.Scientists: try to explain the world.

2.Policy advisors: try to improve it

Base on these two roles, they have two types of statement. Normative and positive. In my opinion, economists as a scientists tend to use positive statement, because positive statement is base on fact, and it is testable. Policy advisors use both positive and normative, because they need to give appropriate advice to improve overall standard of living. Therefore, they will come out with some normative statement to address their opinion, and use positive statement to prove their normative statement. Assumptions: because of the world is complex, there are two much variables, and its unlike to fit it in all one models. Therefore, economists need to make a simplify assumptions where most of the time only have two coordinates with two variables.

Ex: Countries A and countries B are trading products X and Y.

Ch3 Interdependence and the gains from trade 2018年2月6日

16:28

Absolute advantage:

The ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than another producer

Measures the cost of a good in terms of the inputs required to produce it

Principle of comparative advantage

Each good should be produced by the individual that has the smaller opportunity cost of producing that good

Comparative advantage

The ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer Principle of comparative advantage

Each good should be produced by the individual that has the smaller opportunity cost of producing that good

note：These idea were all following a principle that "trade" can make everyone better-off. Therefore, in a case of international trade, two countries are willing to produce product that has opportunity cost. Off course, in international market, the less opportuntiy cost, the more completitve of the prodcut or serivce.

Ch 4 Supply and demand

2018年2月10日

19:35

I.Markets and competition

a.What is a market

A market is a groups of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service.

The buyers as a group determine the demand for the product, and the sellers

as a group determine the supply of the product.

Organized market: where has middle man set the price and time for exchange

of product. Such as agricultural commodities. Usually have fairly large value

of product being exchanged.

Less organized market: Small town shops where sellers and buyers vary from

time to time. The price usually decide by sellers but most of the time driven

by competition.

II.What is competition

Competitive market: a market in which there are so many buyers and so

many sellers that each has a negligible impact on the market price.

There are conditions must be satisfy to be a perfect competition market.

(1) Thegoods offered for sale are all exactly the same, and (2) the buyers and

sellers areso numerous that no single buyer or seller has any influence over the

market

price

II.Demand

a.The demand curve: the relationship bet. Price and quantity demanded

Quantity demanded: any good is the amount of the good tat buyers are

willing and able to purchase.

Law of demand: the claim that, other things being equal, the quantity

demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises.

II.Market demand VS individual demand

Market demand = sum(individual demand)

c.Shifts in the demand curve

The market demand curve holds other things constant, but it was not always

the case. There may be something happened that will change the demand

curve. Either increase demand that will shift to the right or decrease demand

that will make curve shift to the left. Variables that will affect demand curve

are. such as

1)Income

Normal good vs inferior good: demand for a good falls when income

falls, this is called normal good. Demand for a good rises when income

falls, this good called inferior good. Example of inferior good may be a

bus rides. When people's income decrease they may less likely to buy a

ride or take cab, they tend to ride bus, because its cheap.

2)prices of related goods

Complements: when a fall in the price of one good raises the demand

for another good

Substitutes: two goods for which anincrease in the price ofone leads to

an increasein the demand for theother

3)Tastes

Whether your like or not.

4)expectations

Expectations about future may alter what you do now. if people

thinking that in the future, their income will raise, then they tend to buy

more. Therefore demand increase; in my opinion, stock market is all

about expectations, when buyer thinking stock price will go up, they

will buy more, therefore stock price may be overpriced. Other case may

have low expectations.

5)number of buyers.

III.Supply

a.The supply curve: The relationship bet. Price and quantity supplied

Quantity supplied: the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to

sell.

Law of supply: the claim that, other things being equal, the quantity supplied

of a good rises when the price of the good rises.

II.Market supply VS individual supply

Market supply = sum(individuals supply)

c.Shifts in the supply curve

1.Raises quantity supplied at every price, such as a fall in the price of sugar,

shifts they supply curve to the right called increase in supply.

2.Change that reduces the quantity supplied at every price shifts the supply

curve to the left called decrease in supply

There are some variables that will change supply curve.

1.Input prices: This in other word, cost of production, when price of production

decrease, producer tend to produce more product, because it become more

profitable, if price of production increase, the producer tend to produce less

product, because it wasn't as much as profitable.

2.Technology: Better technology can help produce more product with less cost.

It follow idea of input prices.

3.Expectations: 4) number of sellers\

5.Supply and demand Together

a.Equilibrium: a situation in which the market price has reached the level at

which quantity supplied equals quantity demand.

Surplus: A situation in which quantity supplied >Qd

Shortage: A situation in which Quantity supplied

2.Three steps to analyzing changes in equilibrium

1.We decide whether the event shifts the supply curve,

the demand curve, or, in some cases, both curves.

2.Second, we decide whether the curve shifts to the right or to the left.

3.Third, we use the supply-and-demand diagram to compare the initial and the

new equilibrium, which shows how the shift affects the equilibrium price and

quantity

VI.Conclusion: How prices allocate Resource

1.This chapter has analyzed supply and demand in a single market.

2.One of the Ten Principles of Economics discussed in Chapter 1 is that markets are

usually a good way to organize economic activity

3.Similarly, prices determine who produces each good and how much is produced.

I.Summary

Ch5 Elasticity and its application

2018年2月10日

19:40

i.The elasticity of demand

a.The price elasticity of demand and its determinates

Elasticity: a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or

quantity supplied to a change in one of its determinates.

Price elasticity of demand: how much the quantity demanded of a good

or services responds to a change in the price of that good or services.

Some factories that can effect elasticity of demand

i.Availability of close substitutes

ii.Necessities versus luxuries

iii.Definition of the market: narrowly defined markets tend to have

more elastic demand than broadly defined market.

iv.Time horizon: goods tend to have more elastic demand over longer

time horizons.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4316891508.html,puting price elasticity of demand

Price elasticity of demand = percentage change in quantity

demand/ percentage change in price

c.The midpoint method: a better way to calculate percentage changes

and elasticities.

d.The variety of demand curves

i.Demand is elastic if price elasticity of demand is >1

ii.Demand is inelastic if elasticity of demand is < 1

iii.Demand has unit elasticity if price elasticity is = 1

e.Total revenue and the price elasticity of demand

i.For a price increase, if demand is elastic/result in decrease of total

revenue.

? E > 1: %change in Q > %change in P

?TR decreases: the fall in revenue from lower Q > the increase

in revenue from higher P

ii.For a price increase, if demand is inelastic/result in increase of

total revenue.

? E < 1: % change in Q < % change in P

?TR increase: the fall in revenue from lower Q < the increase in

revenue from higher P.

b.Elasticity and total revenue along a linear demand curve

c.Other demand elasticities

b.The elasticity of supply

?The price elasticity of supply and its determinates

Price elasticity of supply: How much the quantity supplied of a good

responds to a change in the price of that good

Calculation is same as elasticity in demand.

Greater price elasticity of supply if producer can easily change the

quantity they can be produce.

Elasticity of supply is greater in the long run than in the short run.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4316891508.html,puting the price elasticity of supply

c.The variety of supply curves

iii.Three applications of supply, demand, and elasticity

a.Can good news for farming be bad news for farmers?

b.Why did OPEC fail to keep the price of Oil high?

c.Does drug interdiction increase or decrease drug-related crime?

iv.Conclusion

v.Summary

Ch6 Supply,Demand,and government policies 2018年2月10日

19:46

i.Controls on prices

Price ceiling: a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold

Price floor: A legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold

i.How price ceilings affect market outcomes

The price ceiling will either have not effect on the equilibrium or cause

shortage. The shortage will led to even less supply and become more

unfair toward people who want the house to live most. Because supply

may rent to those who pay more, or who is relate to him/her. It may

potentially decrease the price of house.

ii.How price floors affect market outcomes

Ex: minimum wage.

The price floors will either have not affect on the equilibrium or causes

surplus. In the case of labor market, the surplus of supply will rise the

unemployment rate and threat people who needs work most.

c.Evaluating price controls

ii.Taxes

Tax incidence: the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among

participants in a market.

a.How taxes on sellers affect market outcomes

In a short-run, tax put on seller will decrease supply. Because the input

of the production has been increase.

b.How taxes on buyers affect market outcomes

In short-run, tax put on buyers will decrease demand. In long-run

c.Elasticity and tax incidence

Elasticity play important role in whether consumer pay for increase in

taxes or buyer pay for increase in taxes.

For example, if a product is a elastic, the change in price will largely

effect the quantity. In this case, producer pay more money for increase

in tax, because they won't increase that much of money if they pay more

taxes.

For a inelastic product, the change in price will have small effect on the

quantity. In this case, the consumer pay more money for increase in tax,

because producer will increase price on the product due to increase in

tax, and it only have little affect on their total revenue.

iii.Conclusion

Ch7 consumers, producers and the efficiency of market

2018年2月10日

19:48

In this chapter, we take up the topic of welfare economics, the

study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-

being. We begin by examining the benefits that buyers and sellers receive from engaging in market transactions. We then examine how society can make these benefits as large as possible. This

analysis leads to a profound conclusion: In any market, the

equilibrium of supply and demand maximizes the total benefits

received by all buyers and sellers combined.

i.Consumer surplus

a.Willingness to pay

Willingness to pay: The maximum amount that a buyer will

pay for a good.

Consumer surplus: the amount a buyer is willing to pay for

a good minus the amount the buyer actually pays for it. This

measure benefit that consumer gain from the trading.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4316891508.html,ing the demand curve to measure consumer

surplus(downward curve)

Consumer surplus is the area above the price and below the

demand curve.

c.How a lower price raises consumer surplus

This question is simply, let's assume that your willing to

spend 100 dollars on a Broadway ticket. Compare price

between 50 and 25, what is ur consumer surplus according to

these price that your actually get the ticket. For a price of 50,

your consumer surplus is 50, and for 25, your consumer

surplus is 75. Therefore, the lower the price that your gets a

product or service, that higher consumer surplus that you

have for that product or service.

d.What does consumer surplus measure?

The consumer surplus helps us judge the desirability of the

market outcome. The higher the consumer surplus = more

desire for that product or service.

Overall the consumer surplus is a good tools to measure wellbeing of the society. The higher consumer surplus, the happier consumer does. But, there are one gray area for the consumer surplus, addict drug. From the standpoint of society, willingness to pay in this

instance is not a good measure of t he buyers’ benefit, and

曼昆《经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)》(第6版)笔记(第26章 储蓄、投资和金融体系)

曼昆《经济学原理（宏观经济学分册）》（第6版） 第26章储蓄、投资和金融体系 复习笔记 跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。 以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。 一、美国经济中的金融机构 金融体系（financial system）是指经济中促使一个人的储蓄与另一个人的投资相匹配的一组结构。金融体系由帮助协调储蓄者与借款者的各种金融机构组成。金融机构可以分为两种类型——金融市场和金融中介机构。 1．金融市场 金融市场（financial markets）是储蓄的人可以借以直接向想借款的人提供资金的机构。经济中两种最重要的金融市场是债券市场和股票市场。 （1）债券市场 债券（bond）是规定借款人对债券持有人负有债务责任的证明。 债券就是借据（IOU），规定了贷款偿还的时间，称为到期日，以及在贷款到期之前定期支付的利息的比率。 在美国经济中有几百万种表面上不同的债券，这些债券由于三个重要特点而不同。 ①第一个特点是债券的期限——债券到期之前的时间长度。一些债券是短期的，也许只有几个月，而另一些债券的期限则长达30年。（英国政府甚至发行了永不到期的债券，称为永久债券。这种债券永远支付利息，但从不偿还本金。）债券的利率部分取决于它的期限。长期债券的风险比短期债券大，因为长期债券持有人要等较长时间才能收回本金。如果长期债券持有人在到期日之前需要钱，他只能把债券卖给其他人，也许还要以低价出卖，此外别无选择。为了补偿这种风险，长期债券支付的利率通常高于短期债券。 ②第二个重要特点是它的信用风险——借款人不能支付某些利息或本金的可能性。这种不能支付称为拖欠。借款人可以通过宣布破产来拖欠他们的贷款。当债券购买者觉察到拖欠的可能性很高时，他们就需要高利率来补偿这种风险。由于一般认为美国政府有安全的信用风险，所以政府债券倾向于支付低利率。而财务状况不稳定的公司通过发行垃圾债券来筹集资金，这种债券支付极高的利率。债券购买者可以通过各种私人机构（如标准普尔公司）的核查来判断信用风险，这些机构可以评定不同债券的信用风险。 ③第三个重要特点是它的税收待遇——税法对待债券所赚到的利息的方式。大多数债券的利息是应纳税收入，因此债券所有者必须将一部分利息用于交纳所得税。与此相反，当州政府和地方政府发行市政债券时，这种债券的所有者不用为利息收入支付联邦所得税。由于这种税收利益，州政府和地方政府发行的债券支付的利率低于公司或联邦政府发行的债券。 （2）股票市场 ①股票 股票（stock）是企业部分所有权的索取权。出售股票来筹资称为股本筹资，而出售债

曼昆经济学原理英文版文案加习题答案22章

WHAT’S NEW IN THE S EVENTH EDITION: A new Case Study on Left-Digit Bias has been added and a new In the News feature on "Can Brain Science Improve Economics" has been added. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of this chapter, students should understand: how to examine problems caused by asymmetric information. the market solutions to asymmetric information. why democratic voting systems may not represent the preferences of society. why people may not always behave as rational maximizers. CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Chapter 22 is the last chapter in the microeconomics portion of the text. It is the second of two unrelated chapters that introduce students to advanced topics in microeconomics. These two chapters are intended to whet their appetites for further study in economics. The purpose of Chapter 22 is to give students a taste of three topics on the frontier of microeconomic research. The first topic addressed is asymmetric information , a situation when one person in an economic relationship has more relevant knowledge than the other person does. The second topic is political economy , the application of economic tools to the understanding of the functioning of government. The third topic addressed is behavioral economics , the introduction of psychology into the study of economic issues. 22 FRONTIERS OF MICROECONOMICS

曼昆版经济学原理宏观经济学分册第七版 课后题及答案

章三二十并解释之。)?(如果有影响的话1下列每种交易会影响CDP的哪一部分 A．家庭购买了一台新冰箱。答：家庭购买了一台新冰箱会增加GDP中的消费(C)部分，因为家庭用于家用电器的支出计算在消费的耐用品类中。 B．杰妮姑妈买了一所新房子。答：杰妮姑妈买了一所新房子会增加GDP中的投资(1)部分，因为家庭住宅能长期供人居住，提供服务。它比一般耐用消费品的使用寿命更长，因此把住宅房屋的投资计算在投资中。福特汽车公司由其存货中出售了一部雷鸟牌汽车。C.答：福利汽车公司由其存货中出售了一部雷鸟牌汽车会减少现期GDP中的投资，因为销 GDP。售中间物品存货时，企业的存货投资是负的，因而减少了当期的 C．你买了一个比萨饼。答：我买了一个比萨饼会增加GDP中的消费(C)，因为我用于购买食品的支出计算在消费的非耐用品类中。101号高速公路。D．加利福尼亚重新铺设了答：加利福尼亚重新铺设了101号 高速公路增加了GDP中的政府购买(G)，因为修建高速公路是政府的行为。．．你的父母购买了一瓶法国红酒。E答：我的父母购买了一瓶法国红酒会减少GDP中的净出口(NX)，因为法国红酒是进口食品，它的购买增加了美国的进口。．本田公司扩大其在俄亥俄州马利斯维尔的工厂。F答：本田公司扩大其在俄亥俄州马利斯维尔的工厂增加了GDP中的净出口(NX)，因为本田公司是一家日本企业，它在美国的投资减少了美国对日本本田汽车的进口，使NX增加2．GDP 组成部分中的“政府购买”并不包括用于社会保障这类转移支付的支出。想想GDP? 的定义，解释为什么转移支付不包括在政府购买内答：因为转移支付并不是要交换现在生产的物品或劳务，从宏观经济的角度看，转移支付就像税收和回扣一样。转移支付和税收一样改变了家庭收入，但并没有反映经济的生产。由于GDP是要衡量在某一既定时期一个国家从物品与劳务的生产中得到的收入，所以，不把转移支付包括在政府购买内。的数据：GDP6．考虑以下美国 A．1996年 到1997年间名义收入增长率是多少?(注意：增长率是一个时期到下一个时期 百分比的变动。。．86%1997答：1996年到年间名义收入增长率是5?平减指数的增长率是多少GDP年间，1997年到1996．B． 。．8%GDP平减指数的增长率是1年间，答：1996年到1997? GDP是多少年的价格衡量，1996年的实际C．按1992亿元。5年的实际收入是69654．答：按1992年的价格衡量，1996? 是多少年的实际GDP1997D．按1992年的价格衡量，亿元。772419．答：按1992年的价格衡量，1997年的实际收入是? GDP增长率是多少1996年到1997年间实际E．。97%．1997年间实际收入增长率是3答：1996年到并解释之。增长率?GDPG．名义GDP增长率高于还是低于实际H．答：名义收入增长率高于实际收入增长率，因为名义收入中运用的是现期价格，实际收入运用的是基期价格，因而名义收入增长率高于实际收入增长率。.二十四章．假设人们只消费三种物品，如下表所示：1?物价总水平变动的百分比是多少A．这三种物品每一种价格变动的百分比是多少?答：网球价格变动的百分比 为0，网球拍价格变动的百分比为50%，加多力饮料价格变。50%100%动的百分比是。物价总水平变动的百分比是B．相对于加多力饮料，网球拍变得更昂贵了还是更便宜了?相对于一些人的福利，另一些并解释之。?人的福利有什么变动．答：相对于加多力饮料，网球拍变得更便宜了。相对于爱喝加多力饮料的人来说，爱因为网球拍和网球的价格上涨幅度小于加多力饮料的上涨幅度。打网球的人的福利增加了，5．用以下海一种情况说明在编制CPI中会出现什么问题?并解释

曼昆微观经济学英文版课后练习题第一章

曼昆微观经济学英文版课后练习题第一章

————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期： 1

1 Chapter 1 Ten Principles of Economics Multiple Choice 1. The word that comes from the Greek word for "one who manages a household" is a. market. b. consumer. c. producer. d. economy. ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 1-0 TOP: Economy MSC: Definitional 2. The word “economy” comes from the Greek word oikonomos , which means a. “environment.” b. “production.” c. “one who manages a househol d.” d. “one who makes decisions.” ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 1-0 TOP: Economy MSC: Definitional 3. Resources are a. scarce for households but plentiful for economies. b. plentiful for households but scarce for economies. c. scarce for households and scarce for economies. d. plentiful for households and plentiful for economies. ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 1-0 TOP: Resources, Scarcity MSC: Interpretive 4. Economics deals primarily with the concept of a. scarcity. b. poverty. c. change. d. power. ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 1-0 TOP: Scarcity MSC: Definitional 5. Which of the following questions is not answered by the decisions that every society must make? a. What determines consumer preferences? b. What goods will be produced? c. Who will produce the goods? d. Who will consume the goods? ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 1-0 TOP: Economies MSC: Interpretive 6. The overriding reason as to why households and societies face many decisions is that a. resources are scarce. b. goods and services are not scarce. c. incomes fluctuate with business cycles. d. people, by nature, tend to disagre e. ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 1-0 TOP: Scarcity MSC: Interpretive 7. The phenomenon of scarcity stems from the fact that a. most economies’ production methods are not very good. b. in most economies, wealthy people consume disproportionate quantities of goods and services. c. governments restricts production of too many goods and services. d. resources are limited. ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 1-0 TOP: Scarcity MSC: Interpretive

曼昆《经济学原理》笔记

曼昆《经济学原理》汇总 第一章 个人做出决策的四个原理： 1) 人们面临权衡取舍（做出决策的时候人们不得不在不同的目标之间做出取舍） 2) 某种东西的成本是为了得到它而放弃的东西（比如读大学，要考虑到不能工作带来的工资损失） 3) 理性人考虑边际量（比如应该读到什么时候才能拿到最好的工资，博士，硕士呵呵） 4) 人们会对激励做出反应（比如去超市买东西很便宜，于是我们去买，结果买了很多的不需要的东西，反倒花了更多的钱） 经济相互交易的三个原理： 5) 贸易能使每个人的状况更好（想想如果没有贸易，我们还处于自然经济的状况，那么我们需要做所有的事情，需要去做冰箱，彩电……不可能吧。没有贸易就没有竞争了，那么我们就可能在某一领域被人们垄断，想想封闭的中国，我们可能不能得到很多的先进的科技，但是我们现在和很多的国家贸易，这样我们可以享用更多的先进的技术） 6) 市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法（这个东西从我学过的邓小平理论当中可以反复地看到，无形的手，价格！） 7) 政府有的时候可以改善市场结果（我们需要政府来维持这个社会的治安……，抄一句：促进效率和促进公平〈尽管很多的时候他们是一对矛盾，有的时候政府也不一定能做到这一点〉市场失灵） 整体经济如何运行的三个原理： 8) 一国的生活水平取决于它生产的物品与劳务的能力（就是劳动生产率，你工作一个小时，那么你能够创造出多少的财富。那么我们要提高生活水平，我们就需要去得到良好教育，现在我就在这么做，呵呵，拥有生产工

具——我现在需要一台电脑，速度要快些，屏幕要液晶的更好，以及获取最好技术的机会——这我需要向导师和图书馆，师兄多多请教了，还要自己去争取机会！）

曼昆经济学原理英文版第11章

Examine why people tend to use common r esour ces too much Consider some of the impor tant common r esour ces in our economy Consider some of the impor tant public goods in our economy Lear n t he def ini ng characteristics of public goods and common r esour ces Examine why private markets fail to pr ovide public goods See why the cost-benefit analysis of public goods is both necessar y and dif ficult An old song lyric maintains that “the best things in life are free.” A moment’s thought reveals a long list of goods that the songwriter could have had in mind. Na-ture provides some of them, such as rivers, mountains, beaches, lakes, and oceans.The government provides others, such as playgrounds, parks, and parades. In each case, people do not pay a fee when they choose to enjoy the benefit of the good.Free goods provide a special challenge for economic analysis. Most goods in our economy are allocated in markets, where buyers pay for what they receive and sellers are paid for what they provide. For these goods, prices are the signals that guide the decisions of buyers and sellers. When goods are available free of charge,however, the market forces that normally allocate resources in our economy are absent. In this chapter we examine the problems that arise for goods without market prices. Our analysis will shed light on one of the Ten Principles of Economics P U B L I C G O O D S A N D C O M M O N R E S O U R C E S 225

曼昆《经济学原理》宏观部分重点整理

23一国收入的衡量 一、经济的收入和支出 〃GDP衡量：经济中所有人的总收入和用于经济中物品与劳务产出的总支出。 〃对一个整体经济而言，收入必定等于支出。 〃GDP衡量货币流量。 〃两种计算GDP方法：加总家庭对于物品和劳务的总支出或加总企业支付工资、租金和利润的总收入。 一、国内生产总值的衡量 1、国内生产总值：在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值。 2、几点说明 〃GDP使用市场价格。 〃GDP不包括非法生产与销售的东西和家庭内的生产和消费。 〃GDP只包括最终物品的价值。 〃GDP包括有形的物品和无形的劳务。 〃GDP不包括过去（一年或一个季度之外）生产的东西的交易。 〃用两种算法算出的GDP差额为统计误差。 3、其他收入衡量指标 〃国民生产总值GNP：一国永久居民所赚到的总收入。= GDP + 本国公民在国外赚到的收入- 外国人在本国赚到的收入 〃国民生产净值NNP：= GNP –折旧（经济中设备和建筑物存量的磨损或消耗） 〃国民收入：一国居民在物品与劳务生产中赚到的总收入。= NNP –间接的企业税+ 企业补贴 〃个人收入：家庭和非公司制企业得到的收入。= 国民收入–留存收益（公司获得但未支付给其所有者的收入）- 公司所得税–对社会保障的支付+ 家庭从其持有的政府债券中得到的利息收入+ 家庭从政府转移支付项目中得到的收入 三、GDP组成部分 〃GDP = 消费+ 投资+ 政府购买+ 净出口= C + I + G + NX = Y 〃消费：家庭除购买新住房之外用于物品与劳务的支出。 〃投资：用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出，包括家庭用于购买新住房的支出。 〃政府购买（政府消费支出和总投资）：地方、州和联邦政府用于物品与劳务的支出。 〃转移支付：改变家庭收入却没有反映经济的生产，不用于交换现期生产的物品与劳务，不计入政府购买。 〃净出口：外国人对国内生产的物品的支出（出口）–国内居民对外国物品的支出（进口）。 四、真实GDP与名义GDP

曼昆微观经济学课后练习英文答案(第七章)

rkets WHAT’S NEW IN THE SIXTH EDITION: There are no major changes to this chapter. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of this chapter, students should understand: the link between buyers’ willingness to pay for a good and the demand curve. how to define and measure consumer surplus. the link between sellers’ costs of producing a good and the supply curve. how to define and measure producer surplus. that the equilibrium of supply and demand maximizes total surplus in a market. CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Chapter 7 is the first chapter in a three-chapter sequence on welfare economics and market efficiency. Chapter 7 employs the supply and demand model to develop consumer surplus and producer surplus as a measure of welfare and market efficiency. These concepts are then 7 CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, AND THE EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS

曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》(第6版)笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解

第4篇公共部门经济学 第10章外部性 10.1 复习笔记 跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。 以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。 1．外部性的含义 外部性是指一个经济主体的行为对其他人产生了影响，但并不为此承担相应成本或获得相应收益。外部性分为正的外部性和负的外部性。正的外部性是指经济主体的行为对其他人产生了好的影响，但并没有获得相应收益；负的外部性是指经济主体的行为对其他人产生了不好的影响，但并没有为此承担相应成本。 2．外部性与经济效率 外部性的影响会造成私人成本和社会成本，或私人收益与社会收益之间的不一致，因此容易造成市场失灵，使市场无效率。负外部性使生产的社会成本大于私人成本，所以社会供给曲线位于市场供给曲线之上，市场生产的数量大于社会合意的数量，该产品的生产出现过剩。正外部性使生产的社会收益大于私人收益，所以社会价值曲线位于市场需求曲线之上，市场生产的数量小于社会合意的数量，该产品的生产出现短缺。 3．解决外部性的方法 （1）科斯定理 科斯定理是揭示市场经济中产权安排、交易成本和资源配置效率之间关系的原理。其内容是：在交易费用为零时，只要产权初始界定清晰，并允许经济当事人进行谈判交易，就可以导致资源的有效配置。科斯定理在于说明，只要假设条件成立，市场势力就足够大，从而外部性问题总能通过市场自身来解决，而不需要政府的干预。 （2）私人解决外部性的方法 ①用道德规范和社会约束来解决； ②慈善行为； ③通过依靠有关各方的私利来解决外部性问题； ④利益各方签订合约。 私人经济主体可能通过以上方式解决外部性问题，但在现实中，由于一些限制性因素，使得私人主体并不能很好地解决外部性引起的问题。比如交易成本可能很昂贵；各方都可能竭力使自身利益最大化而使谈判破裂；或者因为所涉及的利益主体太多，要协调各方利益不太可能。因此，需要政府的介入来解决外部性问题，使外部性内在化，进而达到帕累托最优。 （3）政府解决外部性的方法 ①征收庇古税（矫正税） 庇古税是用于纠正外部性影响的税收。按照庇古的观点，当企业的活动具有外部性时，

曼昆微观经济学第四版关键概念中英文对照

微观经济学关键概念中英文对照 CHAPTER 1 scarcity稀缺性 economics经济学 efficiency效率 equity平等 opportunity cost机会成本 rational people理性人 marginal changes边际变动 incentive激励 market economy市场经济 property rights产权 market failure市场失灵 externality外部性 market power市场势力 productivity生产率 inflation通货膨胀 business cycle经济周期

CHAPTER 2 circular-flow diagram循环流向图production possibilities frontier生产可能性边界 microeconomics微观经济学 macroeconomics宏观经济学 positive statements实证表述 normative statements规范表述 CHAPTER 3 absolute advantage绝对优势 opportunity cost机会成本 comparative advantage比较优势 imports进口 exports出口 CHAPTER 4 market市场 competitive market竞争市场 quantity demanded需求量 law of demand需求定理 demand schedule需求表 demand curve需求曲线

normal good正常物品 inferior good低档物品 substitutes替代品 complements互补品 quantity supplied供给量 law of supply供给定理 supply schedule供给表 supply curve供给曲线 equilibrium均衡 equilibrium price均衡价格 equilibrium quantity均衡数量 surplus过剩 shortage短缺 law of supply and demand供求定理 CHAPTER 5 elasticity弹性 price elasticity of demand需求价格弹性 total revenue总收益 income elasticity of demand需求收入弹性cross-price elasticity of demand需求的交叉价格弹性price elasticity of supply供给价格弹性

曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》(第6版)笔记(第13章 生产成本)

曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》（第6版） 第13章生产成本 复习笔记 跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。 以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。 一、成本 1．总收益、总成本和利润 总收益（total revenue）：企业从销售其产品中得到的货币量。 总成本（total cost）：企业用于生产的投入品的市场价值。 利润（profit）：企业的总收益减去其总成本。 经济学家通常假设，企业的目标是利润最大化，而且这个假设在大多数情况下都能很好地发挥作用。 2．作为机会成本的成本 一种东西的机会成本是指为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的所有东西。当经济学家提到某个企业的生产成本的时候，它们包括该企业生产其物品与劳务的所有机会成本。 显性成本（explicit costs）：需要企业支出货币的投入成本。 隐性成本（implicit costs）：不需要企业支出货币的投入成本。 经营的总成本是显性成本和隐性成本之和。 经济学家关注于研究企业如何做出生产和定价决策。由于这些决策既考虑了显性成本又考虑了隐性成本，因此，经济学家在衡量企业的成本时就包括了这两种成本。与此相反，会计师的工作是记录流入企业和流出企业的货币。因此，他们衡量显性成本，但往往忽略隐性成本。 3．作为一种机会成本的资本成本 几乎每一个企业都有一项重要的隐性成本，那就是已经投资于企业的金融资本的机会成本。经济学家和会计师以不同的方式来看待和处理成本。 4．经济利润与会计利润 由于经济学家和会计师用不同的方法衡量成本，他们也用不同的方法衡量利润。经济学家衡量企业的经济利润（economic profit），即企业的总收益减去生产所销售物品与劳务的总机会成本（显性的与隐性的）。会计师衡量企业的会计利润（accounting profit），即企业的总收益仅仅减去企业的显性成本。 由于会计师忽略了隐性成本，所以，会计利润通常大于经济利润。从经济学家的角度看，要使企业有利可图，总收益必须弥补全部机会成本，包括显性成本与隐性成本。

曼昆的《微观经济学原理》课业笔记 英文版

Ch 1 Ten Principles of economic ?Scarcity: the limited nature of society’s resources ?Economics: the study of how society manages its scarce resources, e.g. ?There are 10 principle of economic which are needed to be remember throughout. ?People face trade-off 1. Individual(time,money) and society(efficiency vs equality). ?Cost of something is what your give up to get it.\ 1. The opportunity cost of any item is whatever must be given up to obtain it. ?Rational people thinking at margin(effect of one additional item) 1. This principle assume that everyone is rational people(made their decision base on their interests) this was addressed on Adam Smith's Wealth of Nation. ?People respond to incentives(诱惑物） 1. This statement reveals that human psychology is a important feature in economic study. ?Trade can make everyone better-off 1.Ex: trade of agricultural product and technology between Japan and America, it will break the law of PPF. It involved absolute advantages(low input) and comparative advantage(low opportunity cost win) ?Markets are usually a good way to organize economy activity. 1.Markets can balance the price. ?Government can sometime improve market outcome. ? A country's standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services. ?Price rise when government print too much money.

曼昆宏观经济学读书笔记(DOC)

曼昆宏观经济学读书笔记 宏观经济学之所以成为宏观，是因为它的研究对象是一国经济运行，包括通货膨胀、经济增长等，而不仅仅是一个企业、市场或家庭的经济行为。宏观经济学滥觞于凯恩斯，至今已经和微观经济学分庭抗礼，而且宏观经济政策在经济活动中作用十分巨大。 曼昆经济学原理宏观部分开篇讨论宏观经济中各种数据，当然，在宏观经济学中数据始终扮演十分重要的角色，在指标监控基础上形成的各种宏观经济政策调控工具是决策者的宠儿。 第二十三章中，曼昆论述了一国收入的衡量。一般来说，衡量一国国民经济可以从收入和支出两个角度来计算，而在一个经济活动中必然有一个收入对应一个支出，所以两种方法得到的结论是一样的。在这里，无论微观还是宏观，基本上都逃不掉如下这幅图： 接下来，曼昆讨论了国民生产总值的含义。众所周知，国家会统计每季度的GDP，并在年末获得年度GDP。国民生产总值是在一定时间内一个国家所生产的所有最终商品和劳务的市场价值。深刻理解国民生产总值含义要抓住每一个词汇，这是宏观里非常重要的概念。与GDP相似的还有如下几个收入概念：

GNP GDP NNP GNP NI NNP PI NI =+=-=-=-本国国民民国外所得-外国国民本国所得 折旧 企业间接税+企业贴补 企业留存收益+其他所得 可支配收入=PI-个人所得税 按照四部门经济模型，我们可以有如下GDP 构成： GDP C I G NX =+++ 这里必须强调投资和我们平时所讲的投资是有区别的，这里投资主要是购买用于生产物品的物品，也就购买生产资料，包括机械、建筑等。 在第二十三章最后一节里，曼昆阐述了三个非常重要的概念：名义GDP 、真实GDP 和GDP 平减指数。概而言之，名义GDP 是以当年价格乘以生产数量而得到的数字；真实GDP 主要排除了价格的影响，以一个年份的价格作为不变价格，乘以当年生产数量从而得到真实GDP ，主要反映生产数量的变化，可以更好的衡量一国的经济福利；GDP 平减指数是用来衡量价格变动的指标，GDP 100GDP GDP =?名义平减指数真实。需要指出， GDP 平减指数可以用来测量通货膨胀的一个指标，这就要通过以下公式计算GDP 平减指数的变动： 100%GDP GDP GDP GDP -=?第二年平减指数第一年平减指数平减指数第一年平减指数 当然，GDP 并不是完美的，在环境、收入分配等环节上是无法通过GDP 反映的。虽然如今很多经济学家都在呼吁绿色GDP 或者GDP 重新改革，而目前我们国家还有太多需要发展，经济水平还是偏下，在东部也许可以重新衡量GDP 统计，在中西部则还是弊大于利。GDP 衡量体系一旦变化，这些地区将面临更加不利发展的经济环境。这就好比教导三岁小孩要先天下之忧而忧，他又真能做到如此？经济就像人生，经历波澜壮阔、起起伏伏之后才能把握住最美、最好的一幕，让一个还没有发展的经济区域妄谈环境、低碳必会引来因噎废食。 接着在二十四章里，曼昆谈论了消费物价指数（Consumer Prize Index ）。这是一个非常有大众缘的指数，无论是国内还是国外媒体CPI 的确是一个抢眼的词汇。首先，曼昆介绍了消费物价指数含义和计算方法。所谓的消费物价指数，是消费者购买一篮子商品和劳务所支付的总价格。根据各种商品在消费者消费中重要程度高低赋予一定的权重，计算出当年总支出。再确定某一个基期价格，利用下面公式： 消费者物价指数=（当期总物价/基期总物价）×100 然后通过计算相邻年份或月份CPI 的变动率，也就是通货膨胀率就可以衡量一定时期内价格变动的比率。当然，消费者物价指数有其固有的弱点。消费者物价指数反映不了消费偏向导致的消费结构的变化，所以一揽子商品必须适时而变。消费者物价指数无法反映新产品和质量的变动。 如消费者物价指数，GDP 平减指数也是反映通货膨胀一个指数，而且这两个指数可以相互配合来确定当年物价变动状况。而两者又存在一些差别。从对象上看，GDP 平减指数反映的是所有生产的物品和劳务，而CPI 仅仅是消费者购买的物品和劳务，这就导致石油价格上涨时非产油国的CPI 与GDP 平减指数有较大的

曼昆-十大经济学原理,中英文对照

十大经济学原理。 曼昆在《经济学原理》一书中提出了十大经济学原理，他们分别是： 十大经济学原理一 ：人们面临权衡取舍。人们为了获得一件东西，必须放弃另一件东西。决策需要对目标进行比较。 People Face Trade offs. To get one thing, you have to give up something else. Making decisions requires trading off one goal against another. 例子：这样的例子很多，典型的是在“大炮与黄油”之间的选择，军事上所占的资源越多，可供民用消费和投资的资源就会越少。同样，政府用于生产公共品的资源越多，剩下的用于生产私人品的资源就越少；我们用来消费的食品越多，则用来消费的衣服就越少；学生用于学习的时间越多，那么用于休息的时间就越少。 十大经济学原理二 ：某种东西的成本是为了得到它所放弃的东西。决策者必须要考虑其行为的显性成本和隐性成本。 The Cost of Something is what You Give Up to Get It. Decision-makers have to consider both the obvious and implicit costs of their actions. 例子：某公司决定在一个公园附近开采金矿的成本。开采者称由于公园的门票收入几乎不受影响，因此金矿开采的成本很低。但可以发现伴随着金矿开采带来的噪声、水和空气的污染、环境的恶化等，是否真的不会影响公园的风景价值？尽管货币价值成本可能会很小，但是考虑到环境和自然生态价值会丧失，因此机会成本事实上可能很大。 十大经济学原理三 ：理性人考虑边际量。理性的决策者当且仅当行动的边际收益超过边际成本时才采取行动。 Rational People Think at Margin. A rational decision-maker takes action if and only if the marginal benefit of the action exceeds the marginal cost. 例子：“边际量”是指某个经济变量在一定的影响因素下发生的变动量。例如，人在饥饿时吃一个包子的边际量（此时又叫边际效用）比在温饱时吃一个包子的边际量要大。 十大经济学原理四 ：人们会对激励作出反应。当成本或收益变动时，人们的行为也会发生变动。 People Respond to Incentives. Behavior changes when costs or benefits change. 例子：比如一个学生，如果老师在课堂上表扬了他，他会感到很高兴，然后会更加努力，也可能因受表扬而骄傲退步。 十大经济学原理五 ：交易能使每个人状况更好。交易使每个人专攻于他或她最擅长的领域。通过和他人的交易，人们可以购买更多样的产品和服务。

曼昆《经济学原理》读书笔记

曼昆《经济学原理》读书笔记 文管2班修翔宇 早有网友对曼昆的著作《经济学原理》作出过这样的感叹：假如早几年读到这本书，也许我的人生是另外一种选择。 读一本好书就如同交一个挚友，而《经济学原理》就是这样一本值得你去品读的好书。 本书开篇就介绍了经济学的十大原理，后面的叙述都围绕这十大原理展开，在后文中又反复提及，思路清晰，重点分明，内容简单易懂，对于初次接触经济学的人来说，它是一本不可多得的好书。 在本书开头，曼昆教授就给出了作为一个21世纪初的学生学习经济学的三个原因：一、它有助于你了解你所生活在其中的世界；二、它将使你更清明地参与经济：三、它将使你更好地理解经济政策的潜力与局限性。 作为一名文化产业管理专业的学生，一定要对国内和国外的文化产业市场有所了解，而学习经济学的理论知识便是帮你更好地去了解国内外文化市场的第一步。 曼昆所提出的经济学十大原理 一、人们如何做出决策。 原理1：人们面临权衡取舍。 原理2：某种东西的成本是为了得到它所放弃的东西。 原理3：理性人考虑边际量。 原理4：人们会对激励做出反应。 二、人们如何相互交易。 原理5：贸易能使每个人状况更好。 原理6：市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法。 原理7：政府有时可以改善市场结果。 三、整体经济如何运行。 原理8：一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力。 原理9：当政府发行了过多货币时，物价上升。 原理10：社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍。 本书开篇所列出的经济学十大原理和我们课堂上所学习的一致，这就进一步地说明了曼昆教授的经济理论得到了现代大多数人的认可，是主流的经济理论。 开门见山地提出了经济学十大原理之后，曼昆教授开始提醒我们，如何像一个经济学家一样思考和解释经济现象和经济问题。这对我们无论是学习经济学理论还是实践应用都有这极大的帮助。 以下是我对该书主要内容的一些摘录（大部分是从原文复制）： 市场如何运行 1、在竞争市场中，供应和需求共同作用，影响最终的市场结果 此时，调节供应和需求平衡的是价格 供应和需求平衡时，获得最大的消费者剩余和生产者剩余之和。 2、竞争市场中，企业是价格的接受者。它的边际收益等于市场价格。在长期均衡中，市场价格等于 最低平均总成本