人口老龄化英文

An ageing population

An aging population is refers to the elderly population above 60 years old or 65 years old and in the process of the increase in the proportion of

late 20th cent

antly

in the new century the world is called the "silver crisis" of the "aging" problem. Population ageing is a product of human society development

Research status quo and

population ageing society to promote healthy and stable development has the vital significance. From five aspects carries on the comprehensive analysis of China's population aging problem.

emerging community, for example research present situation and characteristics of China's ageing population. The third part

the social effect and economic consequences of a China's ageing population. The fifth part put forward measures to deal

industry, change pension mode, strengthening human resources

at the same time draw lessons from foreign experience of an

the corresponding countermeasures, with the aging of the

promote the healthy development of population aging society.

Before the speech

in 980 by the central committee of the communist party of China issued "about controlling China's population growth in the open letter" to all the party members, communist youth league

tightening of the one-child or "one-

become strict birth control policy. On September 1, 2002 implementation of the law of the People's Republic of China on popul

life expectancy of the population is more and more long. In the decrease in the number of total population in young population,

- year - old population proportion of

the country or region in the aging society. According to 2010

1339724852 people aged 60 and above of the elderly population proportion of the total

among them 65 years and older population changes in

population aging process to speed up the step by step. [1] according to the sixth census data shows that China's elderly

population over the age of 60 percentage of the total population

for 9.14% of the total population of China's population aging trend is accelerating. Ageing is not only a social proble

also relates to the economic development and social stability of

ity sustained growth. Present situation and the cause analysis of

research settle well problems of an ageing population of healthy development of China's economy has important theoretical significance.

One the summary of the aging of the population Definition of relevant concepts

1. The meaning of an ageing population

In the field of demography, population aging has two meanings: one refers to the elderly population is relatively increased, the proportion of the population rising process, especially in age structure have been LaoNianXing population, the elderly population rising process, referred to as "an aging population. It is a dynamic concept reflects the change of population structure; Second is refers to the present state of elderly population structure of society, from the light pyramid structure gradually to LaoNianXing pyramid, entered the aging society. International standard is, when a country or region over 60 old people constituting 10% of the total population, or over 65 elderly

people account for 7% of the total population, which means that the population of the country or region in the aging society. Aging can show changes in the age structure in general population. Population aging is determined by the development level of productivity, is associated with economic development and the gradual process of development. An aging population is declining fertility, mortality, and average life expectancy is prolonged, phenomenon of population is a necessity.

2. The measure index of the aging of the population

In the process of study of the aging of the population, in addition to defining the concept of the aging of the population, but also determine the concrete indicators reflect the aging of the population. Here we are mainly expounded the main indicators reflecting the degree of population ageing.

It mainly includes the following two:

(1) the proportion of elderly people, that is, refers to the elderly people aged 60 or 65 years old and above its percentage of the total population. The proportion of change is used to measure of an ageing population or younger. Calculation formula is: the

, old and young, (2) population refers to the ratio of the elderly population and young population in children, young and old than can reflect the change of the proportion of population of elderly population and young children, it can reflect the population age structure aging or younger. [2] for LaoNianXing society, old and young ratio higher than 30%, less than 15% of the population

for light in between is ChengNianXing population structure. Its

computation formula is: young than = 60 or 65 and older population present population aged 0-14 years by 100%

3. The problem of population aging and the aging population

Aging problem including aging and the elderly, and aging and the elderly problems linked to each other already, and difference. Aging is reflecting the elderly population accounts for the proportion of the total population, reflecting the change of population structure is a dynamic concept. Ageing refers to as the population aging leads to a series of economic impact and social problems. Old people problem refers to the social security and rights and interests protection problems of the old. After an aging population, birth and death rates fell, the aging population is becoming more and more protection of the rights and interests of the elderly pension problems, problems such as the elderly problems followed. Old people problem is also one of problems we deal with an ageing population will handle.

Two, present situation and the trend of China's ageing population

Since the 1990 s, China's aging process was accelerated. 65 years and older elderly population increased from 1990 in 62.99 million to 2000 in 88.11 million, the proportion of the total population increased to 5.57% from 6.96%, at present the population of China has entered the LaoNianXing. The death of the differences between gender makes women older people the vast majority of elderly population. Predicts 2040, aged 65 years and above old people population proportion more than 20% of

the total population. At the same time, the elderly population aging trend is increasingly obvious: 80 and older - year - old man was increased at an annual rate of 5%, by 2040 will increase to more than 7400, ten thousand people.

Aging trend, the rapid development of the population and the fertility and birth rates decline, as well as the decline in death rates and increased life expectancy are closely related. At present China's fertility rate has fallen below the replacement level, life expectancy and mortality was close to levels in the developed countries. As the peak in the middle of the 20th century was born population gradually go into old age, predictably, early in the 21st century will be one of the fastest

The Chinese government attaches great importance to and solve the problem of an aging population, aging positive development, initially formed a government-led, social participation, the development of universal concern the work pattern of aging. Countries established the national working committee on aging, old-age work goal, task and basic policy; Enacted the law of the People's Republic of China on the elderly rights and interests guarantee act (nrega), established the China aging development of "the tenth five-year plan outline, the aging clear into the overall planning of economic and social development and the sustainable development strategy.

To guarantee the basic living of the elderly. City preliminarily established endowment insurance system and medical insurance system, including the elderly, and residents' minimum living security system; Rural land security based "family pension is given priority to with social support of old-age

security system. In many places still to help impoverished old

Elderly services has developed rapidly. Chinese government amended the specification for design of old buildings, specification for design of urban roads and buildings obstacles and related regulations, convenient old people live and travel. Community, nursing home, the elderly activity center, elderly elderly service facilities such as schools, elderly leisure square gradually increased, the service of the elderly volunteers.

Three, the influence of China's ageing population and the countermeasures

(a) establish strategic overall planning, policy to form a complete set. Including his time ", LaoYouSuoYi and teaching, this paper, their, old-aged's providing "content, this is the comprehensive summary, China's old-age work is an important content of sustainable economic and social development, is the main train of thought to solve the problem of good population aging in our country.

First, improve the understanding of the aging problem. Must strengthen the publicity and guidance, the stress of the gravity of the trend of population aging in our country to speed up, the urgency of the impact on the social and economic development, as well as the importance of implement the strategy of healthy aging, improve all levels of government and leadership of ideological understanding, strengthen the consciousness of the aging of the whole society.

Second, clear the direction of national old-age work. Will implement the strategy of healthy aging into the state's "tenth five-year plan and long-term development plan, combined with the economic development process and the different situation, elaborate design and construct a work system of aging in our country, clearly put forward the target requirements, priorities, investment, inspection standard.

Third, carry out to local development plan. Requirements at all levels of government attaches great importance to, the region's old-age work on the agenda, according to the requirement of the state, combined with their own reality, into the local economy and social development plans, the division is responsible for and manages concertedly, for old-age work management and services, measures and inspection.

2) the formation of social, family, dual mode, play to Chinese tradition, filial first, social form a complementary mechanism. Established on the basis of family pension, community endowment service network for auxiliary, public welfare facilities of endowment means as supplement, social insurance system to protect the pension system that occupy the home, the elderly themselves, family, society and the country's role in organic combination rises, make it play the best effect.

First, the pension that occupy the home environment. In order to make the elderly daily life convenient, residential design should fully consider convenient old people and satisfies the demand for adults and children can door can be divided into, place arrangement convenient public facilities for the elderly activities, makes the vast majority of the elderly living in their own family, continue to play a family endowment functions, to advocate

healthy way of life, improve with respect for the elderly to respect the traditional family pension system.

Second, accelerate the construction of community elderly service. In urban construction planning should fully consider population aging trend, reasonable planning community blueprint, and make the elderly can get to the nearest consultation, shopping, cleaning and accompany, care, emergency care services, and for the old learning, stylistic, recreation demand, contacts, and other social activities provide conditions, gradually built up for different characteristics between urban and rural areas, multi-level and multi-function, many community service system for elderly people.

Third, the moderate development of welfare facilities of public pension. For government to set up nursing homes provide for the aged, such as elderly institutions and facilities, according to the local economic development level and public welfare institutions need to raising the old man, the government will continue to increase investment, efforts to improve facilities conditions, gradually improve the level. To encourage and support social non-governmental public pension facilities, formulate preferential policy to actively develop the

welfare-oriented public pension facilities, formed the old man's aid security system of family maintenance difficulties.

Fourth, perfect the old social security system. To take various measures to improve the town basic pension of retirees normal growth mechanism, perfecting relatively independent orgnaization of agency of pension, pension is responsible for the collection, payment, operation and management, in the form of a debt to establish endowment insurance fund, guarantee sum

shall be paid on schedule. Rural to gradually introduce self saving and family security is given priority to, collective allowance is complementary, national policy support of the rural old-age security system, and actively promote urban and rural pension, social insurance and commercial insurance for health care, build up the urban and rural social security system of the old.

3) cultivate a service, product, market of an ageing population. Aging industry in order to meet the demand of the elderly spiritual and material life and form of industry, including both productive industry, including service industries, and is the important means to solve the problem of an ageing population. Developing aging industry, one is from the actual conditions in our country, so as to meet the needs of old people's spiritual and material life for the purpose; 2 it is to take the market as the guidance, in accordance with the law of economic and other three is to ensure that pension costs of the rational use, improve the elderly's consumption ability. Specific recommendations are: First, the market mechanism to drive the aging industry development. Countries are on the developing trend of an aging population, around the old material needs and spiritual needs, for some of the industry structure adjustment, development and production of applicable right all sorts of old products, to encourage and guide the older product market development. Economic management departments should use the market mechanism, establish some necessary preferential policies to support characteristics to welfare for the old service industry development.

Second, social welfare to aging industry development. Urban and rural old-age social service industrialization development path to walk step by step, the finance gives necessary support at the same time, encourage social organizations and individuals to participate in, to startup the mechanism of aging industry to set up social welfare facilities, whoever investment management, conduct business in accordance with the law, to mobilize the enthusiasm of each respect.

Third, efforts to reduce costs for the old service industry development. Should make full use of existing social resources developing aging industry, multi-level and multi-channel to raise funds for development of industry of aging, improve capital utilization. Make full use of financial leverage, on tax collection policy, support the development of the old service industry. (4) accelerate the aging system of laws and regulations. The rule of law is the basic strategy for China's socialist modernization construction, in accordance with the governance of an aging population brings social and economic problems, should be the next century old-age work important content. Specific recommendations are:

First, strengthen the enforcement of laws and regulations related to old age. Legal department to illegal ACTS resolutely sanctions infringes upon the lawful rights and interests of the elderly, in accordance with the reasonable adjustment of the relationship between senile group and other groups, the elderly, strengthen civil mediation work, and promote family harmony and social stability

Second, to speed up the pace of legal system of the elderly. Around 2005 time, countries as soon as possible for endowment insurance, medical insurance, social relief, the elderly welfare and other relevant aspects of the social security laws and regulations, make the life of old people get cogent safeguard; Around the year 2010 in time, make the elderly to participate in social development law, new old career development programs such as most of the old laws and regulations, forms in the elderly rights and interests protection legal system for the elderly of the basic law.

Third, further carry forward the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation to respect pension. Intensify popularization in old method, will the old rules and regulations listed in the state the

franco-prussian education plan, strengthen the law enforcement inspection supervision, actively carry out the elderly the law education and political ideological education work, for respect endowment advanced typical, desolation and elder abuse behavior must be punished in accordance with the law, create a good social environment of healthy aging.

(5) to further strengthen the old-age work of leadership. Facing the trend of population aging in our country, the old-age work can only be strengthened and not weakened. Party committees and governments at all levels should fully understand well the importance of old-age work, further strengthen and improve the old-age work of leadership. Specific recommendations are: First, strengthen the leadership of the CPC central committee to the old-age work. 2000 years ago, a letter or document issued in the name of the party central committee, the party organizations at all levels, government at all levels and the vast majority of

DangTuanYuan from a strategic and political height to do a good job of aging. The old-age work into the population of the political bureau of the central committee of the NPC held in March each year seminar content, resources, environment, in a timely manner to our country old-age work for major deployment. Second, improve the government's old affairs management institutions. Countries should set up high-level deliberation and coordination agency of elderly affairs as soon as possible, to formulate guidelines and policies of China's aging development, coordination on some major issues. Reorganized the Chinese elderly association for elderly affairs bureau directly under the state council, as a deliberation and coordination agency of the national aging affairs offices, authorizing the necessary administrative functions, system of old-age work management system, enrich the aging full-time staff, strengthen the management of the old work, education and services.

Third, expand old-age work socialization service team. Arrange some laid-off workers and social all aspects of the volunteer force, to undertake the related work of community service for the elderly, a neighborhood committees and village committees organizing young elderly people to carry out self-service. In some universities of older professional management personnel training, strengthening the construction of old-age scientific research institutions, the combination of all aspects of experts and scholars, in-depth development of scientific research on aging. Perfecting legislation, supervision and administration institution, strengthening of legislation for elderly affairs and legal supervision, promote aging embarked on a track of legal system management.

Four, the countermeasures to cope with the aging of the population

A

consumption and increase savings and investment rates, and achieve rapid economic growth, our country implemented the strict family planning policy. In 1980 the CPC central committee's decision, points out that after 30 years (2010) problem of population growth effectively relief, can adopt different population policy. After 30 years of reform and opening up, China's birth control policy which was formulated by the great changes have taken place in economic and social environment. No longer population growth too fast in our country, the natural population growth rate from 11.87% in 1980 to 2008, the growth rate has dropped to 5.08% during the same period the total fertility rate has dropped from 2.31 to 1.6 or so. The type has been a fundamental shift of economic growth. Gross domestic product (GDP) in 1980 from $1980 in 2008 to 30.067 trillion yuan. Important product of average per capita production is greatly increased in our country, the influence of the main causes of resource consumption and environmental pollution is not total population, but the production technology and way of life. Based on the above analysis, our country had established to implement the main reason why the birth control policy is no longer. Demographers, zuo xuejin, vice President of the Shanghai academy of social sciences think that per capita energy consumption, pollution and so on the rapid growth of the main reason is not many, but the extensive mode of economic growth.

China center for economic research of Peking University professor chenrui,

step by step "2 child later pregnancy a soft landing". (1) policy recommendations about two child later pregnancy soft landing, 1. The gradual transition to urban and rural women over the age of 28 years old is allowed to have two children has no direct relation with loosen two child policy of the national women's reproductive age 20 to 26 the one-child peaked in 2012. As a loosening of target population aged 27 to 30 second child number of reproductive age women between 2008 and 2013 in the trough, then up to the peak in 2018. Over the next five years, apparently, is a great time to start fertility policy adjustment smooth transition. Positive adjustment allowed to have two children of lower limit age to 2015 years before and after the implement of the 28 - year - old woman in urban and rural allowed to have two children to a soft landing. If we begin now 2 children late childbirth a soft landing, new baby into the working age in 20 years when the "demographic liability period"

only will not increase employment pressure, and it will greatly reduce the pressure of a shrinking labor force resources and population aging. (1) (2) through the propaganda education and social economic incentive mechanism promoting appropriate delay intervals in order to avoid the masses for fear of the policy change, the family to take birth accumulation, suggested that the government department began formally announced over the age of 28, women can have two child's new policy is unlikely to tighten, to reduce the difficulty of the second child a soft landing. 2030 years later we will inevitably enter the rapidly rising elderly population proportion and percentage, number of working-age

population, and the rapid decline in the population of "liability". Improved demographic problems from the suit the remedy to the case of fertility policy adjustment implementation there is a lag period of 20 years, namely, babies born today have until 20 years later to become labor resources. If now begin to implement two children later pregnancy soft landing

working age in 20 years as "liabilities" population period, not only will not increase employment pressure, shrinking and will greatly reduce the labor resources and the pressure of population aging. [12] chenrui China center for economic research of Peking University professor and professor of population and development research center, renmin university

2005-2007 in jiuquan, hebei, shanxi, hebei chengde, hubei enshi city second child pilot areas such as research, according to the results of two child policy to a soft landing will not result in a shortage of rebound in the population, resources and environmental problems such as out of control, and is conducive to stimulating domestic demand, expanding employment. Therefore, the government can according to the actual circumstances of the wuzhou, adjust policy boost birth

Through the propaganda education and social economic incentive mechanism, vigorously advocate the appropriate delay interval. Survey found that 72% of people think that to adjust the current family planning policy is one of the most effective

loit the elderly consumer market promote the development of

old-age industry face the population aging of the Chinese

vigorously develop the aging industry. So-

industry is a drive by the elderly consumer market demand

the demand of the elderly special production, management,

market survey industry has

operators of the city's response to the elderly consumer market

have the corresponding support to guide policy. With the aging of the population accelerated

elderly with a huge consumer market. The government should take corresponding measures to encourage and guide

elderly physical, cultural and consumption demand think in terms of industrial production, consumption, employment and

consumers throughout the country each year, 10 billion in

are un

we lack of specialized services for the elderly, the professional

-to-door service of health care institutions. Elderly people in the market, it is difficult to buy the food rarely

older drugs, elderly health care products to other old products are in a state of lack. Aging industry is an important part of old

and social progress. Developing aging industry's fundamental

government should create conditions to support the development of old-

elderly living service industry to low tax or tax preferential

endowment patterns of China's endowment pattern mainly

enter the elderly rely mainly on lining in the family woman. Children's income level and the degree of filial piety of the endowment model has great influence. The future trend of population aging will inevitably bring great challenge family

carry out a variety of pension mode. 1. Community endowment

to change our traditional concept of retirement. We should attach great importance to the endowment patterns of traditional family endowment,

government and the society to do a good job of supporting

supervision, social supervision and legal supervision for the elderly family endowment provide necessary policy support. At

should actively explore the new way that the elderly social endowment. Community to community care services, diversification of spiritual comfort, learning interest in communication, social participation in voluntary, life content

environment for the elderly to provide comprehensive,

multi-level, many forms of service. [14] community can be

due to illness, the residual, weak, bereavement, the psychological problems caused by some kind of disability of the elderly with traditional housework service, personal life and

to establish the elderly health file in a timely manner to master

ure art sports and

endowment services brought about by the warm and happy.

actively carry out legal aid for the poor and the assistive and visit the old people who live alone. Consists of 680 members of the volunteer team and volunteer service. Spring Festival every year to carry out the community elderly association of science and technology cooperation with China, to carry out entertainment activities, guess riddles, garden, the chess game and cantonese opera performances, etc. Love literature and art group regularly throughout the emerging square in theatrical performances. Horn mouth health center to carry out the science knowledge

-to-door free clinic care knowledge, establish a residents' health records. These activities are in accordance with, this paper, the old-aged's providing something for older patients. 2. Increase the pluralistic investment,

development institutions endowment with the speeding up of

government departments and private investment and give up the old man welfare and provide

elderly spent remaining years in comfort. Institution endowment is the social responsibility of positive performance. [15] do institutional pension must work from the management, investment and services. Pension institution refers to provide food for the elderly living, clean sanitation, life care, health management and entertainment activities, etc. Comprehensive

also be attached to the medical institutions, enterprises and institutions, social groups or organizations, a division of a comprehensive social welfare institutions or branches. [16]

inc

-in service for the

paper, the old-aged's providing, to improve health, anti-aging

for dealing with the aging of the population 1. Strengthening

of the working of human

Chinese society is the golden period of economic development.

economy to give priority to investment on man's all-round

. As soon as

economic development lags behind the population aging